Introduction

References

• AGREN , H. 1986 . “ Empiricism and speculation in traditional East Asian medicine ” . In History of Traditional Medicine: Proceedings of the 1st and 2nd International Symposia on the Comparative History of Medicine--East and West , Edited by: TEIZO , O. Osaka : Taniguchi Foundation, Division of Medical History .
   Google Scholar
• APPADURAI , A. 1990 . “ Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy ” . In Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity , Edited by: FEATHERSTONE , M. London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• BARNES , L. 1998 . The psychologizing of Chinese healing practices in the United States . Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry , 22 : 413 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARTH , F. 1989 . The analysis of culture in complex societies . Ethnos , 54 : 120 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• BARTH , F. 1993 . Balinese Worlds , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• BASHAM , A. L. 1976 . “ The practice of medicine in ancient and medieval India ” . In Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study , Edited by: LESLIE , C. Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• BATES , D. , ed. 1995 . Knowledge and the Scholarly Medical Traditions , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• BECK , U. 2000 . What is Globalization? , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• BOURDIEU , P. 1972 . Outline of a Theory of Practice , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• BOWEN , W. M. 1993 . The Americanization of Chinese medicine: a discourse-based study of culture-driven medical change , Riverside : University of California . PhD dissertation
   Google Scholar
• BOWMAN , N. H. 1915 . The history of Korean medicine . Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch , 6 : 1 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• CHOW , E. 1980 . Acupuncture: Its History and Educational Significance to Health Practices in the United States , Ann Arbor : University Microfilms International . PhD dissertation in 1975
   Google Scholar
• CONRAD , L. I. 1993 . “ Arab-Islamic medicine ” . In Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine , Edited by: BYNUM , W. F. and PORTER , R. Vol. 1 , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• CUNNINGHAM , A. and ANDREWS , B. 1997 . Western Medicine as Contested Knowledge , Manchester : Manchester University Press .
   Google Scholar
• DUNN , F. L. 1976 . “ Traditional Asian medicine and cosmopolitan medicine as adaptive systems ” . In Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study , Edited by: LESLIE , C. Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• FARDON , R. , ed. 1995 . Counterworks: Managing the Diversity of Knowledge , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• FEATHERSTONE , M. 1991 . Consumer Culture and Postmodernism , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• FINKLER , K. 2000 . Diffusion reconsidered: variation and transformation in biomedical practice, a case study from Mexico . Medical Anthropology , 19 : 1 – 39 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FRANK , R. and STOLLBERG , G. 2002 . “ German medical doctors' motives for practising homeopathy, acupuncture or Ayurveda ” . Unpublished Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• FRANK , R. and STOLLBERG , G. Conceptualising hybridisation--on the diffusion of Asian medical knowledge to Germany . International Sociology , forthcoming
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GEERTZ , C. 1973 . The Interpretation of Cultures , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• GEISER , C. R. 1989 . Acupuncture in Florida: history, regulation, and policy , University of South Florida . PhD dissertation
   Google Scholar
• GIDDENS , A. 1979 . Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis , London : MacMillan Education .
   Google Scholar
• GIDDENS , A. 1984 . The Constitution of Society: An Outline of the Theory of Structuration , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• GIDDENS , A. 1990 . The Consequences of Modernity , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• HANNERZ , U. 1990 . “ Cosmopolitans and locals in world culture ” . In Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity , Edited by: FEATHERSTONE , M. London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• HARE , M. L. 1993 . The emergence of an urban United-States Chinese medicine . Medical Anthropology Quarterly , 7 (1) : 30 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARE , M. L. 1998 . East Asian Medicine Among Non-Asian New Yorkers: A Study in Transformation and Translation , New York : New School for Social Research . PhD dissertation in 1991 Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International
   Google Scholar
• HEISE , T. 1985 . Zur Rezeption der Traditionellen Chinesischen Medizin in der BR Deutschland, 1950-1982 , Doktorarbeit : Universität Bochum .
   Google Scholar
• HOWELL , S. 1995 . “ Whose knowledge and power? A new perspective on cultural diffusion ” . In Counterworks: Managing the Diversity of Knowledge , Edited by: FARDON , R. London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• HSU , E. 1992 . “ The reception of western medicine in China: examples from Yunnan ” . In Science and Empires , Edited by: PETITJEAN , P. , JAMI , C. and MOULIN , A. M. Dordrecht : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• UNSCHULD , P. U. 1985 . Medicine in China: A History of Ideas , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• WUJASTYK , D. 1998 . The Roots of Ayurveda. Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• YAMADA , K. 1979 . The formation of the Huang-ti Nei-ching . Acta Asiatica , 36 : 67 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• YOSHIDA , M. 1998 . The conceptual foundation of physicians' use of acupuncture: a study of New York State , Columbia University . PhD dissertation
   Google Scholar
• ZIMMERMANN , F. 1987 . The Jungle and the Aroma of Meats: An Ecological Theme in Hindu Medicine , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• ZYSK , K. G. 1998 . Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery , Delhi : Motilal Benarsidass .
   Google Scholar
• ROBERTSON , R. 2001 . “ Globalization theory 2000 + : major problematics ” . In Handbook of Social Theory , Edited by: RITZER , G. and SMART , B. London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• ROBERTSON , R. and KHONDKER , H. H. 1998 . Discourses on globalization: preliminary considerations . International Sociology , 13 : 25 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHARMA , U. 1992 . Complementary Medicine Today: Practitioners and Patients , London : Tavistock/Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• SHIN , D.-W. Modernization of Korean traditional medicine, 1900-1956 . Unpublished paper delivered at the 2002 workshop on the Modernization of East Asian Medical Cultures . 20-21 December . Harvard University Asia Center . Unpublished
   Google Scholar
• SIVIN , N. 1995 . Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections , Aldershot : Variorum .
   Google Scholar
• STEWART , C. 1995 . “ Relocating syncretism in social science discourse ” . In Syncretism and the Commerce of Symbols , Edited by: AIJMER , G. Göteborg : Institute for Advanced Studies in Social Anthropology (IASSA) .
   Google Scholar
• SUGIMOTO , M. and SWAIN , D. L. 1978 . Science and Culture in Traditional Japan, A.D. 600-1854 , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• HSU , E. 1995 . “ The manikin in man: cultural crossing and creativity ” . In Syncretism and the Commerce of Symbols , Edited by: AIJMER , G. Göteborg : Institute for Advanced Studies in Social Anthropology (IASSA) .
   Google Scholar
• HSU , E. 1996 . Innovations in acumoxa: acupuncture analgesia, scalp and ear acupuncture in the Peoples Republic of China . Social Science and Medicine , 42 : 421 – 430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HSU , E. 1999 . Transmission of Chinese Medicine , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• HSU , E. , ed. 2001 . Innovation in Chinese Medicine , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• HØG , E. 1998 . Contested boundaries: an anthropological analysis of competence & legitimacy in Danish acupuncture , University of Copenhagen . M.A. thesis
   Google Scholar
• HØG , E. 2002 . “ Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in Denmark: conditions in a new host culture ” . In Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine , Edited by: CHAN , A. K. L. , CLANCEY , G. K. and HUI-CHIEH , L. Singapore : Singapore University Press . Singapore: World Scientific
   Google Scholar
• JANES , C. R. 1995 . The transformations of Tibetan medicine . Medical Anthropology Quarterly , 9 : 6 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JEON , S.-W. 1998 . “ Korean alchemy and medicine ” . In History of Science in Korea , Seoul : Jimoondang .
   Google Scholar
• LESLIE , C. , ed. 1976a . Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• LESLIE , C. 1976b . “ The ambiguities of the medical revivalism in modern India ” . In Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study , Edited by: LESLIE , C. Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• LESLIE , C. and YOUNG , A. 1992 . Paths to Asian Medical Knowledge , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• LOCK , M. 1980 . East Asian Medicine in Urban Japan , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• LONG , N. 1992 . “ From paradigm lost to paradigm regained? The case for an actor-oriented sociology of development ” . In Battlefields of Knowledge: The Interlocking of Theory and Practice in Social Research and Development , Edited by: LONG , N. and LONG , A. London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• MEYER , F. 1992 . “ Introduction: the medical paintings of Tibet ” . In Tibetan Medical Paintings. Illustrations to the Blue Beryl Treatise of Sangye Gyamtso (1653-1705) , Edited by: PARFIONOVITCH , Y. , DORJE , G. and MEYER , F. London : Serindia .
   Google Scholar
• NING , A. M. 1993 . Regulating health professions and Chinese medicine in Ontario , York University . MA thesis
   Google Scholar
• OBERLÄNDER , C. 1995 . Zwischen Tradition und Moderne: Die Bewegung für den Fortbestand der Kanpo-Medizin in Japan , Stuttgart : Franz Steiner .
   Google Scholar
• ORTNER , S. B. 1994 . “ Theory in anthropology since the sixties ” . In Culture, Power, History: A Reader in Contemporary Social Theory , Edited by: DIRKS , N. B. , ELEY , G. and ORTNER , S. B. Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• PIETERSE , J. N. 1995 . “ Globalization as hybridization ” . In Global Modernities , Edited by: FEATHERSTONE , M. , LASH , S. and ROBERTSON , R. London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• REDDY , A. 2002 . “ Asian medicine in America: the Ayurvedic case ” . In Global Perspectives on Complementary and Alternative Medicine. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Special Issue , Edited by: SHEEHAN , H. E. and BRENTON , B. P. Thousand Oaks : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• ROBERTSON , R. 1992 . Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• ROBERTSON , R. 1995 . “ Glocalization: time--space and homogeneity--heterogeneity ” . In Global Modernities , Edited by: FEATHERSTONE , M. , LASH , S. and ROBERTSON , R. London : Sage .
   Google Scholar