A case-control study of paternal and maternal age as risk factors in mood disorders

References

• Abel, E. L., Kruger, M., & Burd, L. (2002). Effects of maternal and paternal age on Caucasian and Native American preterm births and birth weights. American Journal of Perinatology, 19, 49–54. doi:10.1055/s-2002-20173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman, D. (1991). Practical statistics for medical research. London, Chapman and Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Angst, J. (1978). The course of affective disorders. II. Typology of bipolar manic-depressive illness. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 226, 65–73. doi:10.1007/BF00344125
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Archer, N. P., Langlois, P. H., Suarez, L., Brender, J., & Shanmugam, R. (2007). Association of paternal age with prevalence of selected birth defects. Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology, 79, 27–34. doi:10.1002/bdra.20316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldessarini, R. J., Salvatore, P., Khalsa, H. M., Imaz-Etxeberria, H., Gonzalez-Pinto, A., & Tohen, M. (2012a). Episode cycles with increasing recurrences in first-episode bipolar-I disorder patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136, 149–154. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldessarini, R. J., Undurraga, J., Vazquez, G. H., Tondo, L., Salvatore, P., Ha, K., … Vieta, E. (2012b). Predominant recurrence polarity among 928 adult international bipolar I disorder patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125, 293–302. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01818.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry, H. Jr., (1945). Incidence of advanced maternal age in mothers of one thousand state hospital patients. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 186–191. doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1945.02300090025004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bassett, A. S., Scherer, S. W., & Brzustowicz, L. M. (2010). Copy number variations in schizophrenia: Critical review and new perspectives on concepts of genetics and disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 899–914. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09071016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bingley, P. J., Douek, I. F., Rogers, C. A., & Gale, E. A. (2000). Influence of maternal age at delivery and birth order on risk of type 1 diabetes in childhood: Prospective population based family study. Bart's-Oxford Family Study Group. British Medical Journal, 321, 420–424. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosch, M., Rajmil, O., Egozcue, J., & Templado, C. (2003). Linear increase of structural and numerical chromosome 9 abnormalities in human sperm regarding age. Europian Jounal of Human Genetics, 11, 754–759. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray, I., Gunnell, D., & Davey Smith, G. (2006). Advanced paternal age: how old is too old? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60, 851–853. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.045179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A. S., Schaefer, C. A., Wyatt, R. J., Begg, M. D., Goetz, R., Bresnahan, M. A., … Susser, E. S. (2002). Paternal age and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1528–1533. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buizer-Voskamp, J. E., Laan, W., Staal, W. G., Hennekam, E. A., Aukes, M. F., Termorshuizen, F., … Ophoff, R. A. (2011). Paternal age and psychiatric disorders: findings from a Dutch population registry. Schizophrenia Research, 129, 128–132. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, M., Agerbo, E., Ewald, H., Eaton, W. W., & Mortensen, P. B. (2003). Parental age and risk of schizophrenia: A case-control study. Archives General Psychiatry, 60, 673–678. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon, M. (2009). Contrasting effects of maternal and paternal age on offspring intelligence: The clock ticks for men too. PLoS Medicine, 6, e42. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colom, F., Vieta, E., Daban, C., Pacchiarotti, I., & Sanchez-Moreno, J. (2006). Clinical and therapeutic implications of predominant polarity in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 93, 13–17. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.01.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crow, J. F. (1997). The high spontaneous mutation rate: is it a health risk? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 8380–8386. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crow, J. F. (2000). The origins, patterns and implications of human spontaneous mutation. Nature Reviews Genetics, 1, 40–47. doi:10.1038/35049558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crow, J. F. (2003). Development. There's something curious about paternal-age effects. Science, 301, 606–607. doi:10.1126/science.1088552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daban, C., Colom, F., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Garcia-Amador, M., & Vieta, E. (2006). Clinical correlates of first-episode polarity in bipolar disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 433–437. S0010-440X(06)00051-4 [pii] doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalman, C. (2009). Advanced paternal age increases risk of bipolar disorder in offspring. Evidence Based Mental Health, 12, 59. doi:10.1136/ebmh.12.2.59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dalman, C., & Allebeck, P. (2002). Paternal age and schizophrenia: further support for an association. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1591–1592. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockerty, J. D., Draper, G., Vincent, T., Rowan, S. D., & Bunch, K. J. (2001). Case-control study of parental age, parity and socioeconomic level in relation to childhood cancers. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30, 1428–1437. doi:10.1093/ije/30.6.1428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake, J. W., Charlesworth, B., Charlesworth, D., & Crow, J. F. (1998). Rates of spontaneous mutation. Genetics, 148, 1667–1686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ek, M., Wicks, S., Svensson, A. C., Idring, S., & Dalman, C. (2015). Advancing paternal age and schizophrenia: the impact of delayed fatherhood. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41, 708–714. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekeus, C., Olausson, P. O., & Hjern, A. (2006). Psychiatric morbidity is related to parental age: a national cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 36, 269–276. doi:10.1017/S0033291705006549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Saadi, O., Pedersen, C. B., McNeil, T. F., Saha, S., Welham, J., O'Callaghan, E., … McGrath, J. (2004). Paternal and maternal age as risk factors for psychosis: findings from Denmark, Sweden and Australia. Schizophrenia Research, 67, 227–236. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00100-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etain, B., Lajnef, M., Bellivier, F., Mathieu, F., Raust, A., Cochet, B., … Henry, C. (2012). Clinical expression of bipolar disorder type I as a function of age and polarity at onset: Convergent findings in samples from France and the United States. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73, e561–e566. doi:10.4088/JCP.10m06504
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flatscher-Bader, T., Foldi, C. J., Chong, S., Whitelaw, E., Moser, R. J., Burne, T. H., … McGrath, J. J. (2011). Increased de novo copy number variants in the offspring of older males. Translational Psychiatry, 1, e34. doi:10.1038/tp.2011.30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forty, L., Jones, L., Jones, I., Smith, D. J., Caesar, S., Fraser, C., … Craddock, N. (2009). Polarity at illness onset in bipolar I disorder and clinical course of illness. Bipolar Disorders, 11, 82–88. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00654.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fountoulakis, K. N., Grunze, H., Vieta, E., Young, A., Yatham, L., Blier, P., … Moeller, H. J. (2016a). The International College of Neuro-Psychopharmacology (CINP) treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder in adults (CINP-BD-2017), part 3: the clinical guidelines. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyw109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fountoulakis, K. N., Kelsoe, J. R., & Akiskal, H. (2012). Receptor targets for antidepressant therapy in bipolar disorder: an overview. Journal of Affective Disorders, 138, 222–238. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fountoulakis, K. N., Kontis, D., Gonda, X., Siamouli, M., & Yatham, L. N. (2012). Treatment of mixed bipolar states. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 15, 1015–1026. doi:10.1017/S1461145711001817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fountoulakis, K. N., Vieta, E., Young, A., Yatham, L., Grunze, H., Blier, P., … Kasper, S. (2016b). The International College of Neuropsychopharmacology (CINP) Treatment Guidelines for Bipolar Disorder in Adults (CINP-BD-2017), Part 4: Unmet Needs in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder and Recommendations for Future Research. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyw072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fountoulakis, K. N., Yatham, L., Grunze, H., Vieta, E., Young, A., Blier, P., … Moeller, H. J. (2016c). The International College of Neuro-Psychopharmacology (CINP) Treatment Guidelines for Bipolar Disorder in Adults (CINP-BD-2017), Part 2: Review, Grading of the Evidence, and a Precise Algorithm. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyw100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fountoulakis, K. N., Young, A., Yatham, L., Grunze, H., Vieta, E., Blier, P., … Kasper, S. (2016d). The International College of Neuropsychopharmacology (CINP) Treatment Guidelines for Bipolar Disorder in Adults (CINP-BD-2017), Part 1: Background and Methods of the Development of Guidelines. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyw091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frans, E. M., McGrath, J. J., Sandin, S., Lichtenstein, P., Reichenberg, A., Langstrom, N., & Hultman, C. M. (2011). Advanced paternal and grandpaternal age and schizophrenia: a three-generation perspective. Schizophrenia Research, 133, 120–124. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.09.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frans, E. M., Sandin, S., Reichenberg, A., Lichtenstein, P., Langstrom, N., & Hultman, C. M. (2008). Advancing paternal age and bipolar disorder. Archives General Psychiatry, 65, 1034–1040. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.9.1034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Lopez, A., De Dios-Perrino, C., & Ezquiaga, E. (2009). Polarity of the first episode and predominant polarity in a cohort of bipolar outpatients. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 19, S571. doi:10.1016/S0924-977X(09)70912-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillberg, C. (1982). Parental age in child psychiatric clinic attenders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 66, 471–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, R. L., Broman, K. W., Schulman, R. L., Eskenazi, B., Wyrobek, A. J., & Jabs, E. W. (2003). The paternal-age effect in Apert syndrome is due, in part, to the increased frequency of mutations in sperm. American Journal of Human Genetics, 73, 939–947. doi:10.1086/378419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goikolea, J. M., Colom, F., Martinez-Aran, A., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Giordano, A., Bulbena, A., & Vieta, E. (2007). Clinical and prognostic implications of seasonal pattern in bipolar disorder: a 10-year follow-up of 302 patients. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1595–1599. S0033291707000864 [pii] doi:10.1017/S0033291707000864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Pinto, A., Alberich, S., Barbeito, S., Alonso, M., Vieta, E., Martinez-Aran, A., … Lopez, P. (2010). Different profile of substance abuse in relation to predominant polarity in bipolar disorder. The Vitoria long-term follow-up study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 124, 250–255. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, M., Wickramaratne, P. J., Mihailescu, R., Prelipceanu, D., Sima, D., Codreanu, M., … Elston, R. C. (2012). Paternal age effect on age of onset in bipolar I disorder is mediated by sex and family history. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 159B, 567–579. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemminki, K., & Kyyronen, P. (1999). Parental age and risk of sporadic and familial cancer in offspring: Implications for germ cell mutagenesis. Epidemiology, 10, 747–751. doi:10.1097/00001648-199911000-00016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, D. B., Brown, A. S., Opler, M. G., Desai, M., Malaspina, D., Bresnahan, M., … Susser, E. S. (2006). Does unwantedness of pregnancy predict schizophrenia in the offspring? Findings from a prospective birth cohort study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41, 605–610. doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0078-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johanson, E. (1958). A study of schizophrenia in the male: a psychiatric and social study based on 138 cases with follow up. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica Supplement, 125, 1–132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Schettler, P. J., Coryell, W., Endicott, J., Maser, J. D., … Keller, M. B. (2003). A prospective investigation of the natural history of the long-term weekly symptomatic status of bipolar II disorder. Archives General Psychiatry, 60, 261–269. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.3.261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazaura, M., Lie, R. T., & Skjaerven, R. (2004). Paternal age and the risk of birth defects in Norway. Annals of Epidemiology, 14, 566–570. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolevzon, A., Gross, R., & Reichenberg, A. (2007). Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism: a review and integration of findings. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161, 326–333. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.4.326
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koutra, K., Chatzi, L., Roumeliotaki, T., Vassilaki, M., Giannakopoulou, E., Batsos, C., … Kogevinas, M. (2012). Socio-demographic determinants of infant neurodevelopment at 18 months of age: Mother-Child Cohort (Rhea Study) in Crete, Greece. Infant Behaviour and Development, 35, 48–59. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen, T. M., Munk-Olsen, T., Nordentoft, M., & Bo Mortensen, P. (2007). A comparison of selected risk factors for unipolar depressive disorder, bipolar affective disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia from a danish population-based cohort. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68, 1673–1681. doi:10.4088/JCP.v68n1106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lekea-Karanika, V., Tzoumaka-Bakoula, C., & Matsaniotis, N. S. (1999). Sociodemographic determinants of low birthweight in Greece: A population study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 13, 65–77. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3016.1999.00158.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonhard, K. (1963). Die prapsychotische Temperamente bei den monopolaren und bipolaren phasischen Psychosen. Psychiat et Neurol. (Basel), 146, 105–115. doi:10.1159/000128927
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lopez-Castroman, J., Gomez, D. D., Belloso, J. J., Fernandez-Navarro, P., Perez-Rodriguez, M. M., Villamor, I. B., … Baca-Garcia, E. (2010). Differences in maternal and paternal age between schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 116, 184–190. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCabe, J. H., Lambe, M. P., Cnattingius, S., Sham, P. C., David, A. S., Reichenberg, A., … Hultman, C. M. (2010). Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: national cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196, 109–115. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.060368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malaspina, D., Brown, A., Goetz, D., Alia-Klein, N., Harkavy-Friedman, J., Harlap, S., & Fennig, S. (2002a). Schizophrenia risk and paternal age: a potential role for de novo mutations in schizophrenia vulnerability genes. CNS Spectrums, 7, 26–29. doi:10.1017/S1092852900022239
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malaspina, D., Corcoran, C., Fahim, C., Berman, A., Harkavy-Friedman, J., Yale, S., … Gorman, J. (2002b). Paternal age and sporadic schizophrenia: evidence for de novo mutations. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 114, 299–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malaspina, D., Harlap, S., Fennig, S., Heiman, D., Nahon, D., Feldman, D., & Susser, E. S. (2001). Advancing paternal age and the risk of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 361–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malaspina, D., Reichenberg, A., Weiser, M., Fennig, S., Davidson, M., Harlap, S., … Knobler, H. Y. (2005). Paternal age and intelligence: implications for age-related genomic changes in male germ cells. Psychiatrical Genetics, 15, 117–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Arán, A., Vieta, E., Reinares, M., Colom, F., Torrent, C., Sánchez-Moreno, J., … Salamero, M. (2004). Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 262–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzarini, L., Pacchiarotti, I., Colom, F., Sani, G., Kotzalidis, G. D., Rosa, A. R., … Vieta, E. (2009). Predominant polarity and temperament in bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 119, 28–33. S0165-0327(09)00129-3 [pii] doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.03.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClellan, J. M., Susser, E., & King, M. C. (2007). Schizophrenia: a common disease caused by multiple rare alleles. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 194–199. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.025585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh, G. C., Olshan, A. F., & Baird, P. A. (1995). Paternal age and the risk of birth defects in offspring. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 6, 282–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menezes, P. R., Lewis, G., Rasmussen, F., Zammit, S., Sipos, A., Harrison, G. L., … Gunnell, D. (2010). Paternal and maternal ages at conception and risk of bipolar affective disorder in their offspring. Psychological Medicine, 40, 477–485. doi:10.1017/S003329170999064X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, B., Messias, E., Miettunen, J., Alaraisanen, A., Jarvelin, M. R., Koponen, H., … Kirkpatrick, B. (2011a). Meta-analysis of paternal age and schizophrenia risk in male versus female offspring. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 1039–1047. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, B., Suvisaari, J., Miettunen, J., Jarvelin, M. R., Haukka, J., Tanskanen, A., … Kirkpatrick, B. (2011b). Advanced paternal age and parental history of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 133, 125–132. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.08.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nivoli, A. M. A., Pacchiarotti, I., Rosa, A. R., Popovic, D., Murru, A., Valenti, M., … Colom, F. (2011). Gender differences in a cohort study of 604 bipolar patients: the role of predominant polarity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133, 443–449. S0165-0327(11)00222-9 [pii] doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakes, C. C., La Salle, S., Smiraglia, D. J., Robaire, B., & Trasler, J. M. (2007). Developmental acquisition of genome-wide DNA methylation occurs prior to meiosis in male germ cells. Developmental Biology, 307, 368–379. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakes, C. C., Smiraglia, D. J., Plass, C., Trasler, J. M., & Robaire, B. (2003). Aging results in hypermethylation of ribosomal DNA in sperm and liver of male rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 1775–1780. doi:10.1073/pnas.0437971100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olshan, A. F., Teschke, K., & Baird, P. A. (1991). Paternal occupation and congenital anomalies in offspring. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 20, 447–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osher, Y., Yaroslavsky, Y., el-Rom, R., & Belmaker, R. H. (2000). Predominant polarity of bipolar patients in Israel. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry: The Official Journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, 1, 187–189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pacchiarotti, I., Mazzarini, L., Kotzalidis, G. D., Valenti, M., Nivoli, A. M., Sani, G., … Colom, F. (2011). Mania and depression. Mixed, not stirred. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133, 105–113. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacchiarotti, I., Nivoli, A. M. A., Mazzarini, L., Kotzalidis, G. D., Sani, G., Koukopoulos, A., … Colom, F. (2013). The symptom structure of bipolar acute episodes: In search for the mixing link. Journal of Affective Disorders, 149, 56–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlis, R. H., Delbello, M. P., Miyahara, S., Wisniewski, S. R., Sachs, G. S., & Nierenberg, A. A. (2005). Revisiting depressive-prone bipolar disorder: polarity of initial mood episode and disease course among bipolar I systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder participants. Biological Psychiatry, 58, 549–553. S0006-3223(05)00918-2 [pii] doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin, M. C., Brown, A. S., & Malaspina, D. (2007). Aberrant epigenetic regulation could explain the relationship of paternal age to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 1270–1273. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, L., Mortensen, P. B., & Pedersen, C. B. (2011). Paternal age at birth of first child and risk of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 82–88. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10020252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovic, D., & Vieta, E. (2013). Clinical implications of polarity index of drugs in maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: A naturalistic study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, S68–S69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovic, D., Torrent, C., Goikolea, J. M., Cruz, N., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Gonzalez-Pinto, A., & Vieta, E. (2013). Clinical implications of predominant polarity and the polarity index in bipolar disorder: A naturalistic study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post, R. M., Denicoff, K. D., Leverich, G. S., Altshuler, L. L., Frye, M. A., Suppes, T. M., … Nolen, W. A. (2003). Morbidity in 258 bipolar outpatients followed for 1 year with daily prospective ratings on the NIMH life chart method. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 680–690. quiz 738-689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosa, A. R., Andreazza, A. C., Kunz, M., Gomes, F., Santin, A., Sanchez-Moreno, J., … Kapczinski, F. (2008). Predominant polarity in bipolar disorder: diagnostic implications. Journal of Affective Disorders, 107, 45–51. S0165-0327(07)00274-1 [pii]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha, S., & McGrath, J. (2012). Advanced paternal age and impaired childhood cognitive development. Pediatrics International, 54, 314. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200X.2012.03565.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha, S., Barnett, A. G., Buka, S. L., & McGrath, J. J. (2009). Maternal age and paternal age are associated with distinct childhood behavioural outcomes in a general population birth cohort. Schizophrenia Research, 115, 130–135. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha, S., Barnett, A. G., Foldi, C., Burne, T. H., Eyles, D. W., Buka, S. L., & McGrath, J. J. (2009). Advanced paternal age is associated with impaired neurocognitive outcomes during infancy and childhood. PLoS Medicine, 6, e40. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelton, J. F., Tancredi, D. J., & Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2010). Independent and dependent contributions of advanced maternal and paternal ages to autism risk. Autism Research, 3, 30–39. doi:10.1002/aur.116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipos, A., Rasmussen, F., Harrison, G., Tynelius, P., Lewis, G., Leon, D. A., & Gunnell, D. (2004). Paternal age and schizophrenia: a population based cohort study. British Medical Journal, 329, 1070. doi:10.1136/bmj.38243.672396.55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tai, T. Y., Wang, C. Y., Lin, L. L., Lee, L. T., Tsai, S. T., & Chen, C. J. (1998). A case-control study on risk factors for Type 1 diabetes in Taipei City. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 42, 197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarin, J. J., Brines, J., & Cano, A. (1998). Long-term effects of delayed parenthood. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 13, 2371–2376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen, M., Frank, E., Bowden, C. L., Colom, F., Ghaemi, S. N., Yatham, L. N., … Berk, M. (2009). The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) Task Force report on the nomenclature of course and outcome in bipolar disorders. Bipolar Disorders, 11, 453–473. BDI726 [pii]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrey, E. F., Buka, S., Cannon, T. D., Goldstein, J. M., Seidman, L. J., Liu, T., … Yolken, R. H. (2009). Paternal age as a risk factor for schizophrenia: how important is it? Schizophrenia Research, 114, 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.06.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuang, D., Esterberg, M., Braff, D., Calkins, M., Cadenhead, K., Dobie, D., … Radant, A. (2014). Is there an association between advanced paternal age and endophenotype deficit levels in schizophrenia? PLoS One, 9, e88379. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya, K. J., Matsumoto, K., Miyachi, T., Tsujii, M., Nakamura, K., Takagai, S., … Takei, N. (2008). Paternal age at birth and high-functioning autistic-spectrum disorder in offspring. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193, 316–321. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.045120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieta, E., Berk, M., Wang, W., Colom, F., Tohen, M., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2009). Predominant previous polarity as an outcome predictor in a controlled treatment trial for depression in bipolar I disorder patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 119, 22–27. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.02.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, S. H., Liu, C. M., Hwu, H. G., Hsiao, C. K., & Chen, W. J. (2015). Association of older paternal age with earlier onset among co-affected schizophrenia sib-pairs. Psychological Medicine, 1–9. doi:10.1017/S0033291715000203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiser, M., Reichenberg, A., Werbeloff, N., Kleinhaus, K., Lubin, G., Shmushkevitch, M., … Davidson, M. (2008). Advanced parental age at birth is associated with poorer social functioning in adolescent males: Shedding light on a core symptom of schizophrenia and autism. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 1042–1046. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing, J., Babor, T., & Brugha, T. (1990). SCAN: Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 589–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohl, M., & Gorwood, P. (2007). Paternal ages below or above 35 years old are associated with a different risk of schizophrenia in the offspring. Europian Psychiatry, 22, 22–26. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Y., Liu, X., Luo, H., Deng, W., Zhao, G., Wang, Q., … Li, T. (2012). Advanced paternal age increases the risk of schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder in a Chinese Han population. Psychiatry Res, 198, 353–359. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zammit, S., Allebeck, P., Dalman, C., Lundberg, I., Hemmingson, T., Owen, M. J., & Lewis, G. (2003). Paternal age and risk for schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 183, 405–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Cupples, L. A., Rosenberg, L., Colton, T., & Kreger, B. E. (1995). Parental ages at birth in relation to a daughter's risk of breast cancer among female participants in the Framingham Study (United States). Cancer Causes and Control, 6, 23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Kreger, B. E., Dorgan, J. F., Cupples, L. A., Myers, R. H., Splansky, G. L., … Ellison, R. C. (1999). Parental age at child's birth and son's risk of prostate cancer. The Framingham Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 150, 1208–1212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar