Colour discrimination among patients with schizophrenia in Lebanon

References

• Andreasen NC, Pressler M, Nopoulos P, Miller D, Ho BC. 2010. Antipsychotic dose equivalents and dose-years: a standardized method for comparing exposure to different drugs. Biol Psychiatry. 67(3):255–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beuzen J, Taylor N, Wesnes K, Wood A. 1999. A comparison of the effects of olanzapine, haloperidol and placebo on cognitive and psychomotor functions in healthy elderly volunteers. J Psychopharmacol. 13(2):152–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilder RM, Lipschutz-Broch L, Reiter G, Geisler SH, Mayerhoff DI, Lieberman JA. 1992. Intellectual deficits in first-episode schizophrenia: evidence for progressive deterioration. Schizophrenia Bull. 18(3):437–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowie CR, Harvey PD. 2006. Cognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatric Dis Treatment. 2(4):531–536.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brittain PJ, Surguladze S, McKendrick AM, Ffytche DH. 2010. Backward and forward visual masking in schizophrenia and its relation to global motion and global form perception. Schizophrenia Res. 124(1–3):134–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler PD, DeSanti LA, Maddox J, Harkavy-Friedman JM, Amador XF, Goetz RR, Javitt DC, Gorman JM. 2003. Visual backward-masking deficits in schizophrenia: relationship to visual pathway function and symptomatology. Schizophrenia Res. 59(2–3):199–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler PD, Schechter I, Zemon V, Schwartz SG, Greenstein VC, Gordon J, Schroeder CE, Javitt DC. 2001. Dysfunction of early-stage visual processing in schizophrenia. AJP. 158(7):1126–1133.
   Google Scholar
• Butler PD, Zemon V, Schechter I, Saperstein AM, Hoptman MJ, Lim KO, Revheim N, Silipo G, Javitt DC. 2005. Early-stage visual processing and cortical amplification deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 62(5):495–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadenhead KS, Dobkins K, McGovern J, Shafer K. 2013. Schizophrenia spectrum participants have reduced visual contrast sensitivity to chromatic (red/green) and luminance (light/dark) stimuli: new insights into information processing, visual channel function, and antipsychotic effects. Front Psychol. 4: 535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadenhead KS, Serper Y, Braff DL. 1998. Transient versus sustained visual channels in the visual backward masking deficits of schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry. 43(2):132–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Levy DL, Sheremata S, Holzman PS. 2004. Compromised late-stage motion processing in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 55(8):834–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Nakayama K, Levy D, Matthysse S, Holzman P. 2003. Processing of global, but not local, motion direction is deficient in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res. 61(2-3):215–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Palafox GP, Nakayama K, Levy DL, Matthysse S, Holzman PS. 1999. Motion perception in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 56(2):149–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu EM-Y, Kolappan M, Barnes TR, Joyce EM, Ron MA. 2012. A window into the brain: an in vivo study of the retina in schizophrenia using optical coherence tomography. Psychiatry Res Neuroimag. 203(1):89–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeValois KK, Webster MA. 2011. Color vision. Scholarpedia. 6(4):3073.
   Google Scholar
• Djamgoz M, Hankins M, Hirano J, Archer S. 1997. Neurobiology of retinal dopamine in relation to degenerative states of the tissue. Vis Res. 37(24):3509–3529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doniger GM, Foxe JJ, Murray MM, Higgins BA, Javitt DC. 2002. Impaired visual object recognition and dorsal/ventral stream interaction in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 59(11):1011–1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnell BF, Swearer JM, Smith LT, Nestor PG. 1996. Selective deficits in visual perception and recognition in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 153(5):687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas RJ, Martin KA. 2007. Mapping the matrix: the ways of neocortex. Neuron. 56(2):226–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farnsworth D. 1947. Farnsworth dichotomous test for color blindness. J Consult Psychol. 11(6):339–340.
   Google Scholar
• Green MF, Lee J, Wynn JK, Mathis KI. 2011. Visual masking in schizophrenia: overview and theoretical implications. Schizophrenia Bull. 37(4):700–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green MF, Mintz J, Salveson D, Nuechterlein KH, Breitmeyer B, Light GA, Braff DL. 2003. Visual masking as a probe for abnormal gamma range activity in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 53(12):1113–1119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Mintz J. 1994. Backward masking in schizophrenia and mania. I. Specifying a mechanism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 51(12):939–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallit S, Obeid S, Haddad C, Kazour F, Kazour G. 2017. Validation of the Arabic Version of the PANSS scale among Lebanese schizophrenic patients. J Psychopathol–Giornale DI Psicopatol. 23(2):60–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris J, Calvert J, Leendertz J, Phillipson O. 1990. The influence of dopamine on spatial vision. Eye. 4(6):806–812.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haug BA, Hermsteiner E-M, Bandelow B, Paulus W. 1997. Parallel increase of heterochromatic increment threshold and postadaptation thresholds in Parkinson's disease and in neuroleptic treatment. Vis Res. 37(24):3535–3547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jibiki I, Kurokawa K, Fukushima T, Yamaguchi N. 1993. Acutely administered haloperidol has little effect on steady‐state visual evoked potentials from pattern‐reversal stimulations in treated schizophrenics. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 47(1):51–55.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan E, Shapley RM. 1986. The primate retina contains two types of ganglion cells, with high and low contrast sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 83(8):2755–2757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. 1987. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bull. 13(2):261–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent BW, Weinstein ZA, Passarelli V, Chen Y, Siever LJ. 2011. Deficient visual sensitivity in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Res. 127(1–3):144–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kéri S, Antal A, Szekeres G, Benedek G, Janka Z. 2002. Spatiotemporal visual processing in schizophrenia. JNP. 14(2):190–196.
   Google Scholar
• Kéri S, Kelemen O, Benedek G, Janka Z. 2004. Vernier threshold in patients with schizophrenia and in their unaffected siblings. Neuropsychology. 18(3):537–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kéri S, Kelemen O, Janka Z, Benedek G. 2005. Visual-perceptual dysfunctions are possible endophenotypes of schizophrenia: evidence from the psychophysical investigation of magnocellular and parvocellular pathways. Neuropsychology. 19(5):649–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kéri S, Kiss I, Kelemen O, Benedek G, Janka Z. 2005. Anomalous visual experiences, negative symptoms, perceptual organization and the magnocellular pathway in schizophrenia: a shared construct? Psychol Med. 35(10):1445–1455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim D, Park S. 2011. Visual perception deficits associated with the magnocellular pathway in schizophrenia. Korean Schizophr Res. 14:61–75.
   Google Scholar
• Laprévote V, Oliva A, Delerue C, Thomas P, Boucart M. 2010. Patients with schizophrenia are biased toward low spatial frequency to decode facial expression at a glance. Neuropsychologia. 48(14):4164–4168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WW, Tajunisah I, Sharmilla K, Peyman M, Subrayan V. 2013. Retinal nerve fiber layer structure abnormalities in schizophrenia and its relationship to disease state: evidence from optical coherence tomography RNFL structure in schizophrenia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 54(12):7785–7792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennie P. 1980. Parallel visual pathways: a review. Vis Res. 20(7):561–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leucht S, Kane J. M, Kissling W, Hamann J, Etschel E, Engel R. R. 2005. What does the PANSS mean? Schizophr Res. 79(2-3):231–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C-SR. 2002. Impaired detection of visual motion in schizophrenia patients. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 26(5):929–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone M, Hubel D. 1988. Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception. Science. 240(4853):740–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malaspina D, Simon N, Goetz RR, Corcoran C, Coleman E, Printz D, Mujica-Parodi L, Wolitzky R. 2004. The reliability and clinical correlates of figure-ground perception in schizophrenia. JNP. 16(3):277–283.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips WA, Singer W. 1997. In search of common foundations for cortical computation. Behav Brain Sci. 20(4):657–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillipson O, Harris J. 1985. Perceptual changes in schizophrenia: a questionnaire survey. Psychol Med. 15(4):859–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popova E, Kupenova P. 2013. Effects of dopamine receptor blockade on the intensity-response function of ERG b-and d-waves in dark adapted eyes. Vis Res. 88:22–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdon S, Malla A, Labelle A, Litt W. 2000. Neuropsychological change in schizophrenia after 6 months of double-blind treatment with quetiapine or haloperidol. Schizophrenia Res. 41(1):205–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rassovsky Y, Horan W, Lee J, Sergi M, Green M. 2011. Pathways between early visual processing and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 41(3):487–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saccuzzo DP, Hirt M, Spencer TJ. 1974. Backward masking as a measure of attention in schizophrenia. J Abnormal Psychol. 83(5):512–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawatari A, Callaway EM. 1996. Convergence of magno- and parvocellular pathways in layer 4B of macaque primary visual cortex. Nature. 380(6573):442–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schechter I, Butler PD, Silipo G, Zemon V, Javitt DC. 2003. Magnocellular and parvocellular contributions to backward masking dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res. 64(2–3):91–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schechter I, Butler P D, Zemon V M, Revheim N, Saperstein A M, Jalbrzikowski M, Pasternak R, Silipo G, Javitt D C. 2005. Impairments in generation of early-stage transient visual evoked potentials to magno-and parvocellular-selective stimuli in schizophrenia. Clin Neurophysiol. 116(9):2204–2215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiller PH, Logothetis NK, Charles ER. 1990. Functions of the colour-opponent and broad-band channels of the visual system. Nature. 343(6253):68–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz BD, Maron BA, Evans WJ, Winstead DK. 1999. High velocity transient visual processing deficits diminish ability of patients with schizophrenia to recognize objects. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 12(3):170–177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz BD, Tomlin HR, Evans WJ, Ross KV. 2001. Neurophysiologic mechanisms of attention: a selective review of early information processing in schizophrenics. Front Biosci. 6:D120–D134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuwairi SM, Cronin-Golomb A, McCarley RW, O'Donnell BF. 2002. Color discrimination in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 55(1–-2):197–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstein SM, Rosen R. 2015. Schizophrenia and the eye. Schizophr Res Cogn. 2(2):46–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silverstein SM, Thompson JL. 2015. A vision science perspective on schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res Cognit. 2(2):39–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slaghuis WL, Curran CE. 1999. Spatial frequency masking in positive-and negative-symptom schizophrenia. J Abnormal Psychol. 108(1):42–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaghuis WL, Thompson AK. 2003. The effect of peripheral visual motion on focal contrast sensitivity in positive-and negative-symptom schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia. 41(8):968–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadin D, Kim J, Doop ML, Gibson C, Lappin JS, Blake R, Park S. 2006. Weakened center-surround interactions in visual motion processing in schizophrenia. J Neurosci. 26(44):11403–11412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian T, Zhu X-H, Liu Y-H. 2011. Potential role of retina as a biomarker for progression of Parkinson's disease. Int J Ophthalmol. 4(4):433–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Essen DC, Gallant JL. 1994. Neural mechanisms of form and motion processing in the primate visual system. Neuron. 13(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Schouwenburg M, Aarts E, Cools R. 2010. Dopaminergic modulation of cognitive control: distinct roles for the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia. CPD. 16(18):2026–2032.
   Google Scholar
• Vidyasagar T, Kulikowski J, Lipnicki D, Dreher B. 2002. Convergence of parvocellular and magnocellular information channels in the primary visual cortex of the macaque. Eur J Neurosci. 16(5):945–956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vile J, McKinnell I, Fitzke F, Westcoff M, Donnelly N, Bamber R, Strange P. 1997. Effects of antipsychotic medication of visual function in schizophrenic patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 43(5):553P–554P.
   Google Scholar
• Vollmer-Larsen A, Handest P, Parnas J. 2007. Reliability of measuring anomalous experience: the Bonn Scale for the Assessment of Basic Symptoms. Psychopathology. 40(5):345–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar