Factors associated with anxiety among the Lebanese population: the role of alexithymia, self-esteem, alcohol use disorders, emotional intelligence and stress and burnout

References

• Abdulrahim S, Jawad M. 2018. Socioeconomic differences in smoking in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine: a cross-sectional analysis of national surveys. PLoS One. 13(1):e0189829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajrouch KJ, Abdulrahim S, Antonucci TC. 2013. Stress, social relations, and psychological health over the life course. GeroPsych. 26(1):15–27.
   Google Scholar
• Amirifard N, Payandeh M, Aeinfar M, Sadeghi M, Sadeghi E, Ghafarpor S. 2017. A Survey on the relationship between emotional intelligence and level of depression and anxiety among women with breast cancer. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res. 11(1):54–57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bagby RM, Parker JD, Taylor GJ. 1994. The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale–I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. J Psychosom Res. 38(1):23–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister H, Harter M. 2007. Prevalence of mental disorders based on general population surveys. Soc Psychiat Epidemiol. 42(7):537–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter A, Scott K, Vos T, Whiteford H. 2013. Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression. Psychol Med. 43(5):897–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beardslee WR, Keller MB, Seifer R, Lavori PW, Staley J, Podorefsky D, Shera D. 1996. Prediction of adolescent affective disorder: effects of prior parental affective disorders and child psychopathology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 35(3):279–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berardis D, Campanella D, Nicola S, Gianna S, Alessandro C, Chiara C, Valchera A, Marilde C, Salerno R, Ferro F. 2008. The impact of alexithymia on anxiety disorders: a review of the literature. Curr Psychiatry Rev. 4(2):80–86.
   Google Scholar
• Blanco C, Rubio J, Wall M, Wang S, Jiu CJ, Kendler KS. 2014. Risk factors for anxiety disorders: common and specific effects in a national sample. Depress Anxiety. 31(9):756–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohn MJ, Babor TF, Kranzler HR. 1995. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): validation of a screening instrument for use in medical settings. J Stud Alcohol. 56(4):423–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke RJ. 1992. Occupational stress, psychological burnout and anxiety. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Charara R, Forouzanfar M, Naghavi M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Afshin A, Vos T, Daoud F, Wang H, El Bcheraoui C, Khalil I, et al. 2017. The burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2013. PLoS One. 12(1):e0169575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherri Z, González PA, Delgado RC. 2016. The Lebanese–Syrian crisis: impact of influx of Syrian refugees to an already weak state. Risk Manag Healthcare Pol. 9:165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chorpita BF, Barlow DH. 1998. The development of anxiety: the role of control in the early environment. Psychol Bull. 124(1):3–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S. 1988. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, S. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology. The social psychology of health. Sage Publications, Inc. 31–67.
   Google Scholar
• de Meneses-Gaya C, Zuardi AW, Loureiro SR, Crippa JAS. 2009. Alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): an updated systematic review of psychometric properties. Psychol Neurosci. 2(1):83.
   Google Scholar
• Dempsey M. 2002. Negative coping as mediator in the relation between violence and outcomes: inner-city African American youth. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 72(1):102–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desjarlais R, Eisenberg L, Good B, Kleinman A. 1995. World mental health: problems and priorities in low income countries Oxford: University Press Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Ding Y, Yang Y, Yang X, Zhang T, Qiu X, He X, Wang W, Wang L, Sui H. 2015. The mediating role of coping style in the relationship between psychological capital and burnout among Chinese nurses. PLoS One. 10(4):e0122128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fares K, Hallit S, Haddad C, Akel M, Khachan T, Obeid S. 2019. Relationship Between Cosmetics Use, Self-Esteem, and Self-Perceived Attractiveness Among Lebanese Women. J Cosmet Sci. 70(1):47–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghandour LA, Karam EG, Maalouf WE. 2009. Lifetime alcohol use, abuse and dependence among university students in Lebanon: exploring the role of religiosity in different religious faiths. Addiction. 104(6):940–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh C, Agius M. 2010. The stress-vulnerability model how does stress impact on metal illness at the level of the brain and what are the consequences? Psychiatria Danubina. 22(2):198–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold Y. 1984. The factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory in a sample of California elementary and junior high school classroom teachers. Educ Psychol Meas. 44(4):1009–1016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad C, Hallit R, Akel M, Honein K, Akiki M, Kheir N, Obeid S, Hallit S. 2019. Validation of the Arabic version of the ORTO-15 questionnaire in a sample of the Lebanese population. Eat Weight Disord. 1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad C, Obeid S, Akel M, Honein K, Akiki M, Azar J, Hallit S. 2019. Correlates of orthorexia nervosa among a representative sample of the Lebanese population. Eat Weight Disord. 24(3):481–493. doi:10.1007/s40519-018-0631-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad C, Zakhour M, Akel M, Honein K, Akiki M, Hallit S, Obeid S. 2019. Factors associated with body dissatisfaction among the Lebanese population. Eat Weight Disord. 24(3):507–519. doi:10.1007/s40519-018-00634-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallit S, Haddad C, Hallit R, Akel M, Obeid S, Haddad G, Soufia M, Khansa W, Khoury R, Kheir N, et al. 2019. Validation of the Hamilton anxiety rating scale and state trait anxiety inventory A and B in Arabic among the Lebanese population. Clin Epidemiol Global Health. 7(3):464–470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallit S, Haddad C, Hallit R, Al Karaki G, Malaeb D, Sacre H, Kheir N, Hajj A, Salameh P. 2019. Validation of selected sleeping disorders related scales in Arabic among the Lebanese Population. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 17(2):183–189. doi:10.1007/s41105-018-0196-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallit S, Hajj A, Sacre H, Al Karaki G, Malaeb D, Kheir N, Salameh P, Hallit R. 2019. Impact of sleep disorders and other factors on the quality of life in general population: a cross-sectional study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 207(5):333–339. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallit S, Sacre H, Haddad C, Malaeb D, Al Karaki G, Kheir N, Hajj A, Hallit R, Salameh P. 2019. Development of the Lebanese insomnia scale (LIS-18): a new scale to assess insomnia in adult patients. BMC Psychiatry. 19(1):421. doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2406-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton M. 1959. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol. 32(1):50–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwanicki EF, Schwab RL. 1981. A cross validation study of the Maslach burnout inventory. Educ Psychol Meas. 41(4):1167–1174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jablensky A, Johnson R, Bunney W, Cruz M, Durkin M, Familusi J, … Kaaya S. 2001. Neurological, psychiatric, and developmental disorders; meeting the challenge in the developing world. Washington (DC): National Academies Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25057559
   Google Scholar
• Karam E, El Chammay R, Richa S, Naja W, Fayyad J, Ammar W. 2016. Lebanon: mental health system reform and the Syrian crisis. BJPsych Int. 13(4):87–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karam EG, Mneimneh ZN, Dimassi H, Fayyad JA, Karam AN, Nasser SC, Chatterji S, Kessler RC. 2008. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in Lebanon: first onset, treatment, and exposure to war. Plos Med. 5(4):e61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Greenberg PE. 2002. The economic burden of anxiety and stress disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 67:982–992.
   Google Scholar
• Khansa W, Haddad C, Hallit R, Akel M, Obeid S, Haddad G, Soufia M, Kheir N, Abi Elias Hallit C, Khoury R, et al. 2019. Interaction between anxiety and depression on suicidal ideation, quality of life, and work productivity impairment: results from a representative sample of the Lebanese population. Perspect Psychiatr Care.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kousha M, Bagheri HA, Heydarzadeh A. 2018. Emotional intelligence and anxiety, stress, and depression in Iranian resident physicians. J Family Med Prim Care. 7(2):420–424.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kukrety N, Al-Jamal S. 2016. Poverty, inequality, and social protection in Lebanon. Social justice and development policy in the Arab world. Available from: https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/handle/10546/594375
   Google Scholar
• Lahoud N, Zakhour M, Haddad C, Salameh P, Akel M, Fares K, Hallit S, Obeid S. 2019. Burnout and its relationships with alexithymia, stress, self-esteem, depression, alcohol use disorders, and emotional intelligence: results from a Lebanese cross-sectional study. J Nerv Mental Dis. 207(8):642–650. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000001017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen BA, Christenfeld NJ. 2011. Cognitive distancing, cognitive restructuring, and cardiovascular recovery from stress. Biol Psychol. 86(2):143–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lizeretti NP, Vázquez Costa M, Gimeno-Bayón A. 2014. Emotional intelligence and personality in anxiety disorders. Adv Psychiatry. 2014:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Marmorstein NR. 2012. Anxiety disorders and substance use disorders: different associations by anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 26(1):88–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Merino E, Ruigomez A, Wallander MA, Johansson S, Garcia-Rodriguez LA. 2010. Prevalence, incidence, morbidity and treatment patterns in a cohort of patients diagnosed with anxiety in UK primary care. Fam Pract. 27(1):9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Sánchez F, Ato-García M, Ortiz-Soria B. 2003. Alexithymia-state or trait? Span J Psychol. 6(1):51–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP. 1986. Maslach burnout inventory. Palo Alto (CA): Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maslach C, Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP. 2001. Job burnout. Annu Rev Psychol. 52(1):397–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer JD, Salovey P, 1997. Emotional development and emotional intelligence: implications for educators. In: Salovey P, Sluyter D, editors. What is emotional intelligence. New York (NY): Harper Collins; p. 3–31.
   Google Scholar
• Mohapel P. 2017. The quick emotional intelligence self-assessment. San Diego, CA: San Diego City College MESA Program. 14.
   Google Scholar
• Mojtabai R, Crum RM. 2013. Cigarette smoking and onset of mood and anxiety disorders. Am J Public Health. 103(9):1656–1665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motan İ, Gençöz T. 2007. The relationship between the dimensions of alexithymia and the intensity of depression and anxiety. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 18(4):333–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moylan S, Jacka FN, Pasco JA, Berk M. 2013. How cigarette smoking may increase the risk of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders: a critical review of biological pathways. Brain Behav. 3(3):302–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CJ, Lopez AD, Organization WH. 1996. The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020: summary / edited by Christopher J. L. Murray, Alan D. Lopez. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/41864
   Google Scholar
• Murray L, Creswell C, Cooper PJ. 2009. The development of anxiety disorders in childhood: an integrative review. Psychol Med. 39(9):1413–1423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustafa S, Melonashi E, Shkembi F, Besimi K, Fanaj N. 2015. Anxiety and self-esteem among university students: comparison between Albania and Kosovo. Proc Soc Behav Sci. 205:189–194.
   Google Scholar
• Obeid S, Akel M, Haddad C, Fares K, Sacre H, Salameh P, Hallit S. 2019. Factors associated with alexithymia among the Lebanese population: results of a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychol. 7(1):80. doi:10.1186/s40359-019-0353-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Obeid S, Fares K, Haddad C, Lahoud N, Akel M, Zakhour M, Kheir N, Salameh P, Hallit S. 2019. Construction and validation of the Lebanese fear of relationship commitment scale among a representative sample of the Lebanese population. Perspect Psychiatr Care.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obeid S, Haddad C, Akel M, Fares K, Salameh P, Hallit S. 2019. Factors associated with the adults' attachment styles in Lebanon: the role of alexithymia, depression, anxiety, stress, burnout, and emotional intelligence. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 55(4):607–617. doi:10.1111/ppc.12379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obeid S, Haddad C, Zakhour M, Fares K, Akel M, Salameh P, Hallit S. 2019. Correlates of self-esteem among the Lebanese population: a cross-sectional study. Psychiat Danub. 31(4):429–439. doi:10.24869/psyd.2019.429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obeid S, Sacre H, Haddad C, Akel M, Fares K, Zakhour M, Kheir N, Salameh P, Hallit S. 2019. Factors associated with fear of intimacy among a representative sample of the Lebanese population: the role of depression, social phobia, self‐esteem, intimate partner violence, attachment, and maladaptive schemas. Perspect Psychiatr Care. doi:10.1111/ppc.12379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pishghadam R, Sahebjam S. 2012. Personality and emotional intelligence in teacher burnout. Span J Psychol. 15(1):227–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaedflieg CW, Smeets T. 2013. Stress vulnerability models. Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine. New York (NY): Springer; p. 1897–1900.
   Google Scholar
• Rachman S. 1977. The conditioning theory of fearacquisition: a critical examination. Behav Res Ther. 15(5):375–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapaport MH, Clary C, Fayyad R, Endicott J. 2005. Quality-of-life impairment in depressive and anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 162(6):1171–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayan A, Fawaz M. 2017. Cultural misconceptions and public stigma against mental illness among Lebanese university students. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 54:258–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson J, Sareen J, Cox BJ, Bolton J. 2009. Self-medication of anxiety disorders with alcohol and drugs: results from a nationally representative sample. J Anxiety Disord. 23(1):38–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg D. 2019. Lebanon is headed toward economic collapse. Should Israel worry? https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium-lebanon-is-careering-toward-economic-collapse-should-israel-worry-1.6958756
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg M. 1965. Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saade S, Hallit S, Haddad C, Hallit R, Akel M, Honein K, Akiki M, Kheir N, Obeid S. 2019. Factors associated with restrained eating and validation of the Arabic version of the restrained eating scale among an adult representative sample of the Lebanese population: a cross-sectional study. J Eat Disord. 7(1):24. doi:10.1186/s40337-019-0254-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sfeir E, Haddad C, Salameh P, Sacre H, Hallit R, Akel M, Honein K, Akiki M, Kheir N, Obeid S, et al. 2019. Binge eating, orthorexia nervosa, restrained eating, and quality of life: a population study in Lebanon. Eat Weight Disord.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JP, Book SW. 2008. Anxiety and substance use disorders: a review. Psychiatric Times. 25(10):19–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith JP, Randall CL. 2012. Anxiety and alcohol use disorders: comorbidity and treatment considerations. Alcohol Res. 34:414–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowislo JF, Orth U. 2013. Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychol Bull. 139(1):213–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger CD, Sarason IG, Defares PB. 1985. Stress and anxiety. Vol. 9. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Suls J, Green P, Hillis S. 1998. Emotional reactivity to everyday problems, affective inertia, and neuroticism. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 24(2):127–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanios CY, Abou-Saleh MT, Karam AN, Salamoun MM, Mneimneh ZN, Karam EG. 2009. The epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the Arab world: a review. J Anxiety Disord. 23(4):409–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollrath M, Torgersen S. 2000. Personality types and coping. Pers Indiv Differ. 29(2):367–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiltink J, Beutel ME, Till Y, Ojeda FM, Wild PS, Münzel T, Blankenberg S, Michal M. 2011. Prevalence of distress, comorbid conditions and well being in the general population. J Affec Disord. 130(3):429–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakhour M, Haddad C, Salameh P, Akel M, Fares K, Sacre H, Hallit S, Obeid S. 2019. Impact of the interaction between alexithymia and the adult attachment styles in participants with alcohol use disorder. Alcohol. 83:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeidan R K, Haddad C, Hallit R, Akel M, Honein K, Akiki M, Kheir N, Hallit S, Obeid S. 2019. Validation of the Arabic version of the binge eating scale and correlates of binge eating disorder among a sample of the Lebanese population. J Eat Disord. 7(1):40. doi:10.1186/s40337-019-0270-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang T, Kang X, Zhang F. 2008. Study on the relationship of life events, coping styles and negative emotion among college students. J Agric Univ Hebei. 10:449–452.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou J, Yang Y, Qiu X, Yang X, Pan H, Ban B, Qiao Z, Wang L, Wang W. 2016. Relationship between anxiety and burnout among Chinese physicians: a moderated mediation model. PLoS One. 11(8):e0157013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zubin J, Spring B. 1977. Vulnerability-a new view of schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol. 86(2):103–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar