Skill endowment, routinisation and digital technologies: evidence from U.S. Metropolitan Areas

References

• Acemoglu, D. 2002. Technical Change, Inequality, and the Labour Market.Journal of Economic Literature 40 (1): 772. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.40.1.7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acemoglu, D., and D. H. Autor. 2011. “Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings.” In Handbook of Labour Economics, edited by O. Ashenfelter and D. Card, 1043–1171. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. Chap. 12. -->
   Google Scholar
• Acemoglu, D., and P. P. Restrepo. 2019. “Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labour.” (No. w25684). National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Ahuja, G., and C. Morris Lampert. 2001. “Entrepreneurship in the Large Corporation: A Longitudinal Study of How Established Firms Create Breakthrough Inventions.” Strategic Management Journal 22 (6–7): 521–543. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Najjar, B. 2000. “Accuracy, Effectiveness and Improvement of Vibration-based Maintenance in Paper Mills: A Case Study.” Journal of Sound and Vibration 229 (2): 389–410. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1999.2492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsyouf, I. 2007. “The Role of Maintenance in Improving Companies’ Productivity and Profitability.” International Journal of Production Economics 105 (1): 70–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2004.06.057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arvanitis, S. 2005. “Modes of Labour Flexibility at Firm Level: Are There Any Implications for Performance and Innovation? Evidence for the Swiss Economy.” Industrial and Corporate Change 14 (6): 993–1016. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dth087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aschhoff, B., D. Crass, K. Cremers, C. Grimpe, and C. Rammer. 2010. European Competitiveness in Key Enabling Technologies. Leibniz, German:Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW). -->
   Google Scholar
• Askenazy, P., and E. Caroli. 2010. “Innovative Work Practices, Information Technologies, and Working Conditions: Evidence for France.” Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 49 (4): 544–565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Autor, D. H., and D. Dorn. 2013. “The Growth of Low-Skill Service Jobs and the Polarisation of the US Labour Market.” American Economic Review 103 (5): 1553–1597. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.5.1553.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Autor, D. H., F. Levy, and R. J. Murnane. 2003. “The Skill Content of Recent Techno- Logical Change: An Empirical Exploration.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (4): 1279–1333. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/003355303322552801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Autor, D. H., L. F. Katz, and A. B. Krueger. 1998. “Computing Inequality: Have Computers Changed the Labour Market?.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 113 (4): 1169–1213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/003355398555874.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badaracco, J. L. 1991. The Knowledge Link. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barley, S. R. 1996. “Technicians in the Workplace: Ethnographic Evidence for Bringing Work into Organization Studies.” Administrative Science Quarterly 41 (3): 404–441. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2393937.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barley, S. R., and B. A. Bechky. 1994. “In the Backrooms of Science: The Work of Technicians in Science.” Work Occupations 21 (1): 85–126. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888494021001004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessen, J. (2018). AI and Jobs: The role of demand (No. w24235). National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, D., I. Kim, and X. Tian. 2017. “Do Unions Affect Innovation?.” Management Science 63 (7): 2251–2271. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaldi, C., and B. Los. 2012. Are New ‘Silicon Valleys’ Emerging? the Changing Distribution of Superstar Patents across US States. In Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics (DRUID) Summer Conference. Copenhagen, Denmark. -->
   Google Scholar
• Castaldi, C., K. Frenken, and B. Los. 2015. “Related Variety, Unrelated Variety and Technological Breakthroughs: An Analysis of US State-level Patenting.” Regional Studies 49 (5): 767–781. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.940305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cetrulo, A., V. Cirillo, and D. Guarascio. 2019. “Weaker Jobs, Weaker Innovation. Exploring the Effects of Temporary Employment on New Products.” Applied Economics 51 (59): 6350–6375. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1619015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chennells, L., and J. V. Reenen. 1999. “Has Technology Hurt Less Skilled Workers? an Econometric Survey of the Effects of Technical Change on the Structure of Pay and Jobs.” (No. W99/27). IFS Working Papers.
   Google Scholar
• Cirillo, V. 2017. “Technology, Employment and Skills.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 26 (8): 734–754. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2017.1258765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consoli, D., and M. Sánchez-Barrioluengo. 2019. “Polarisation and the Growth of Low-skill Service Jobs in Spanish Local Labour Markets.” Journal of Regional Science 59 (1): 145–162. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12409. -->
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortes, G. M., N. Jaimovich, and H. E. Siu. 2017. “Disappearing Routine Jobs: Who, How, and Why?.” Journal of Monetary Economics 91: 69–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2017.09.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlin, K. B., and D. M. Behrens. 2005. “When Is an Invention Really Radical? Defining and Measuring Technological Radicalness.” Research Policy 34 (5): 717–737. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.03.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dauth, W. 2014. “Job Polarisation on Local Labour Markets.” IAB-Discussion paper 18/2014.
   Google Scholar
• Deivanayagam, S. 1992. “Designing for Maintainability: Computerized Human Models.” Computers & Industrial Engineering 23 (1–4): 195–196. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-8352(92)90096-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deloitte and The Manufacturing Institute. 2018. “Skills Gap and Future of Work Study.” https://bit.ly/2RkBN7d
   Google Scholar
• Dietz, R., and J. Orr. 2006. “A Leaner, More Skilled U.S. Manufacturing Workforce.” Federal Reserve Bank of New York Current Issues in Economics and Finance 12 (2): 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Dougherty, D. 1992. “A Practice-centered Model of Organizational Renewal through Product Innovation.” Strategic Management Journal 13 (S1): 77–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250131007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drucker, P. 1999. “Knowledge-worker Productivity: The Biggest Challenge.” California Management Review 41 (2): 79–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/41165987.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta, S., and A. M. Weiss. 1997. “The Relationship between a Firm’s Level of Technological Innovativeness and Its Pattern of Partnership Agreements.” Management Science 43 (3): 343–356. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.43.3.343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez, R. 2001. “Skill-Biased Technical Change and Wage Inequality: Evidence from a Plant Retooling.” American Journal of Sociology 107 (2): 273–320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/324009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, C., & Soete, L. (Eds.). (1987). Technical change and full employment. Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Goos, M., and A. Manning. 2007. “Lousy and Lovely Jobs: The Rising Polarisation of Work in Britain.” Review of Economics and Statistics 89 (1): 118–133. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.89.1.118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goos, M., A. Manning, and A. Salomons. 2014. “Explaining Job Polarisation: Routine-biased Techno- Logical Change and Offshoring.” American Economic Review 104 (8): 2509–2526. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.8.2509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory, T., A. Salomons, and U. Zierahn. 2016. “Racing with or against the Machine? Evidence from Europe.” ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper, (16-053).
   Google Scholar
• Grinza, E., and F. Quatraro. 2019. “Workers’ Replacements and Firms’ Innovation Dynamics: New Evidence from Italian Matched Longitudinal Data.” Research Policy 48 (9): 103804. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2019.05.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayek, F. A. 1945. “The Use of Knowledge in Society.” The American Economic Review 35 (4): 519–530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoopes, D., and S. Postrel. 1999. “Shared Knowledge, Glitches, and Product Development Performance.” Strategic Management Journal 20 (9): 837–865. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199909)20:9<837::AID-SMJ54>3.0.CO;2-I.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, J., and R. Nunn. 2017. Why are Fewer Workers Earning Middle Wages and Is It a Bad Thing?. University of Connectictut, Storrs (US). -->
   Google Scholar
• Itami, H. 1987. Mobilizing Invisible Assets. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Katila, R. 2000. “Using Patent Data to Measure Innovation Performance.” International Journal of Business Performance Management 2 (1/2/3): 180–193. doi:https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBPM.2000.000072.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinknecht, A., F. N. Van Schaik, and H. Zhou. 2014. “Is Flexible Labour Good for Innovation? Evidence from Firm-Level Data.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 38 (5): 1207–1219. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bet077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klenert, D., E. Fernández-Macías, and J. Antón. 2020. Do Robots Really Destroy Jobs? Evidence from Europe. Seville: European Commission. JRC118393.
   Google Scholar
• Kukla, R. E. 1983. “Organizing a Manufacturing Improvement Program.” Quality Progress 16 (11): 28–31.
   Google Scholar
• Langowitz, N. S. 1988. “An Exploration of Production Problems in the Initial Commercial Manufacture of Products.” Research Policy 17 (1): 43–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(88)90020-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawler, E. E. I. I. I., S. A. Mohrman, and G. E. Ledford. 1992. Employee Involvement and Total Quality Management. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Lei, D., and J. D. Goldhar. 1990. “Multiple Niche Competition: The Impact of CIM Technology.” Manufacturing Review 3: 195–206.
   Google Scholar
• Lei, D., M. A. Hitt, and J. D. Goldhar. 1996. “Advanced Manufacturing Technology: Organizational Design and Strategic Flexibility.” Organization Studies 17 (3): 501–523. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069601700307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard-Barton, D. 1988. “Implementation as a Mutual Adaptation of Technology and Organization.” Research Policy 17 (5): 251–267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(88)90006-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, P. 2020. “Developing Technician Skills for Innovative Industries: Theory, Evidence from the UK Life Sciences Industry, and Policy Implications.” British Journal of Industrial Relations (Forthcoming), no. 3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12532.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, P. A. 2020a. “Technicians and Innovation: A Literature Review.” Gatsby Foundation Report. 10.2139/ssrn.3405406
   Google Scholar
• Malgouyres, C. 2017. “The Impact of Chinese Import Competition on the Local Structure of Employment and Wages: Evidence from France.” Journal of Regional Science 57 (3): 411–441. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckone, K., and W. Elliott. 1998. “TPM: Planned and Autonomous Maintenance: Bridging the Gap between Practice and Research.” Production and Operations Management 7 (4): 335–351. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.1998.tb00128.x.
   Google Scholar
• Ménière, Y., I. Rudyk, and J. Valdes. 2017. “Patents and the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” European Patent Office, Munich, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Michie, J., and M. Sheehan. 2003. “Labour Market Deregulation, `flexibility’ and Innovation.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 27 (1): 123–143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/27.1.123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishel, L., H. Shierholz, and J. Schmitt. 2013. “Don’t Blame the Robots: Assessing the Job Polarisation Explanation of Growing Wage Inequality.” EPI–CEPR Working Paper, https://bit.ly/2U5txNK
   Google Scholar
• Muro, M., J. Rothwell, S. Andes, K. Fikri, and S. Kulkarni. 2015. “America’s Advanced Industries: What They Are, Where They Are, and Why They Matter.” Brookings. https://brook.gs/2bQHbtT
   Google Scholar
• Nemetz, P., and L. Fry. 1988. “Flexible Manufacturing Organizations: Implications for Strategy Formulation and Organization Design.” Academy of Management Review 13 (4): 627–638. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1988.4307510.
   Google Scholar
• Nonaka, I. 1991. “The Knowledge-creating Company.” Harvard Business Review 69/6: 96–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Management and Budget. (OMB). (2010). Standards for Delineating Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas. Federal Register.
   Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. 2012. The Frascati Manual. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] 2016. “ICT and Jobs: Complements or Substitutes? the Effects of ICT Investment on Labour Market Demand by Skills and by Industry in Selected OECD Countries.” Ministerial Meeting on the Digital Economy Technical Report, OECD Digital Economy Papers n.259, Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Ortega, J. 2001. “Job Rotation as a Learning Mechanism.” Management Science 47 (10): 1361–1370. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.47.10.1361.10257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parthasarthy, R., and S. P. Sethi. 1992. “The Impact of Flexible Automation on Business Strategy and Organizational Structure.” Academy of Management Review 17 (1): 86–111. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1992.4279572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pianta, M. (2003) “Innovation and Employment”. In: Fagerberg, J. and Mowery, D.C. (Eds) The Oxford Handbook of Innovation. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Piva, M., L. Grilli, and C. Rossi-Lamastra. 2011. “The Creation of High-Tech Entrepreneurial Ventures at the Local Level: The Role of Local Competences and Communication Infrastructures.” Industry and Innovation 18 (6): 563–580. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2011.591969.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piva, M., and M. Vivarelli. 2018. “Technological Change and Employment: Is Europe Ready for the Challenge?.” Eurasian Business Review 8 (1): 13–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-017-0100-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riis, J., J. Luxhoj, and T. Uffe. 1997. “A Situational Maintenance Model.” International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management 14 (4): 349–366. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/02656719710170620.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, N. 1976. Perspectives on Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, N., and W. E. Steinmueller. 2013. “Engineering Knowledge.” Industrial and Corporate Change 22 (5): 1129–1158. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dts053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmoch, U. 2008. “Concept of a Technology Classification for Country Comparisons.” Final report to the world intellectual property organisation (wipo), WIPO.
   Google Scholar
• Senftleben-König, C., and H. Wielandt. 2014. “The Polarisation of Employment in German Local Labour Markets.” Working Papers 2014007, Berlin Doctoral Program in Economics and Management Science (BDPEMS).
   Google Scholar
• Shane, S. 2001. “Technological opportunities and new firm creation.” Management science 47(2): 205–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg, G., and B. Verspagen. 2007. “The Size Distribution of Innovations Revisited: An Application of Extreme Value Statistics to Citation and Value Measures of Patent Significance.” Journal of Econometrics139 (2): 318–339. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2006.10.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohal, A., B. D’Netto, P. Fitzpatrick, and H. Noori. 2001. “The Roles and Responsibilities of Production/Operations Managers in SMEs: Evidence from Canada.” Technovation 21 (7): 437–448. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(00)00060-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squicciarini, M., H. Dernis, and C. Criscuolo. 2013. Measuring Patent Quality: Indicators of Technological and Economic Value.OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 2013/03, OECD Publishing, Paris 10.1787/5k4522wkw1r8-en.
   Google Scholar
• Van Roy, V., D. Vrtesy, and M. Vivarelli. 2018. Technology and Employment: Mass Unemployment or Job Creation? Empirical Evidence from European Patenting Firms. Research Policy 47 (9): 17621776. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.06.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivarelli, M. 2014. Innovation, Employment and Skills in Advanced and Developing Countries: A Survey of Economic Literature. Journal of Economic Issues 48 (1): 123–154. doi:https://doi.org/10.2753/JEI0021-3624480106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivarelli, M., and M. Pianta (Eds.). 2000. The Employment Impact of Innovation: Evidence and Policy, 1–216. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Vona, F., and D. Consoli. 2015. “Innovation and Skill Dynamics: A Life-cycle Approach.” Industrial and Corporate Change 24 (6): 1393–1415. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtu028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachsen, E., and K. Blind. 2016. “More Labour Market Flexibility for More Innovation? Evidence from Employer-Employee Linked Micro Data.” Research Policy 45 (5): 941–950. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.01.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waeyenbergh, G., and L. Pintelon. 2004. “Maintenance Concept Development: A Case Study.” International Journal of Production Economics 89 (3): 395–412. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2003.09.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waeyenbergh, G., & Pintelon, L. (2002). A framework for maintenance concept development. International Journal of Production Economics77 (3): 299–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2016. World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends World Bank Group. Washington. -->
   Google Scholar
• Wu, J., K. R. Harrigan, S. H. Ang, and Z. Wu. 2019. “The Impact of Imitation Strategy and R&D Resources on Incremental and Radical Innovation: Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Firms.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 44 (1): 210–230. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9621-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, H., R. Dekker, and A. Kleinknecht. 2011. “Flexible Labour and Innovation Performance: Evidence from Longitudinal Firm-Level Data.” Industrial and Corporate Change 20 (3): 941–968. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtr013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar