Finding middle ground: the relationship between cultural schemas and working mothers’ work-family strategies

References

• Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs and bodies. Gender & Society, 4(2), 139–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, M. (2010). The new jim crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York: The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ammons, S., & Edgell, P. (2007). Religious influences on work–family trade-offs. Journal of Family Issues, 28(6), 794–826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Averett, K. H. (2016). The gender buffet: LGBTQ parents resisting heteronormativity. Gender and Society, 30(2), 189–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, A., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 170–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, R. (2016). Raising the race: Black career women redefine marriage, motherhood and community. New Brunswick: Rutgers Press.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, P., & Moen, P. (1999). Scaling back: Dual-earner couples’ work-family strategies. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(4), 995–1007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belkin, L. (2003). The opt-out revolution. The New York Times Magazine.
   Google Scholar
• Bianchi, S., Sayer, L., Milkie, M., & Robinson, J. (2012). Housework: Who did, does or will do it, and how much does it matter? Social Forces, 91(1), 55–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair-Loy, M. (2003). Competing devotions: Career and family among women executives. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blair-Loy, M. (2009). Work without end?: Scheduling flexibility and work-to-family conflict among stockbrokers. Work and Occupations, 36(4), 279–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair-Loy, M. (2010). Moral dimensions of the work–family nexus. In S. Hitlin & S. Vaisey (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of morality (pp. 439–453). New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Blair-Loy, M., & Cech, E. (2017). Demands and devotion: Cultural meanings of work and overload among women researchers and professionals in science and technology industries. Sociological Forum, 32(1), 5–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brines, J. (1994). Economic dependency, gender, and the division of labor at home. American Journal of Sociology, 100, 652–688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2017). Women in the labor force: A databook. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/womens-databook/2017/home.htm
   Google Scholar
• Cech, E. (2013). The self-expressive edge of occupational sex segregation. American Journal of Sociology, 119(3), 747–789.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha, Y. (2010). Reinforcing separate spheres. American Sociological Review, 75(2), 303–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122410365307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christopher, K. (2012). Extensive mothering: Employed mothers’ constructions of the good mother. Gender & Society, 26(1), 73–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clawson, D., & Gerstel, N. (2014). Unequal time: Gender, class, and family in employment schedules. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, C. (2019). Making motherhood work: How women manage careers and caregiving. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, P. H. (1994). Shifting the center: Race, class and feminist theorizing about motherhood. In E. N. Glenn, G. Chang, & L. Forcey (Eds.), Mothering: Ideology, experience and agency (pp. 45–66). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness and the politics of empowerment. New York: Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Coontz, S. (1992). The way we never were: American families and the nostalgia trap. New York , NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Coser, L. (1974). Greedy institutions: Patterns of undivided commitment. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• The Council of Economic Advisors. (2014). Work-life balance and the economics of workplace flexibility. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President of the United States.
   Google Scholar
• Damaske, S. (2011). For the family?: How class and gender shape women’s work. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dodson, L. (2013). Stereotyping low-wage mothers who have work and family conflicts. Journal of Social Issues, 69(2), 257–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow, D. M. (2015a). Caring for them like family. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 2(1), 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649215598785.
   Google Scholar
• Dow, D. M. (2015b). Negotiating “The Welfare Queen” and “The Strong Black Woman”. Sociological Perspectives, 58(1), 36–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121414556546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, S. (2005). Mothering, class and rationality. The Sociological Review, 53(1), 50–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, C., Seron, C., Oglensky, B., & Sauté, R. (1999). The part-time paradox: Time norms, professional lives, family, and gender. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fry, R., & Kochhar, R. (2016). Are you in the American middle class? Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/05/11/are-you-in-the-american-middle-class/
   Google Scholar
• Garey, A. (1999). Weaving work and motherhood. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gerson, K. (1985). Hard choices: How women decide about work, career and motherhood. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gerson, K. (2002). Moral dilemmas, moral strategies, and the transformation of gender lessons from two generations of work and family change. Gender & Society, 16(1), 8–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstel, N., & Clawson, D. (2018). Control over time: Employers, workers, and families shaping work schedules. Annual Review of Sociology, 44(1), 77–97.
   Google Scholar
• Glass, J. (2004). Blessing or curse? Work-family policies and mother’s wage growth over time. Work and Occupations, 31(3), 367–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman, E. (2006). Work uncertainty and the promotion of professional women. Social Forces, 85(2), 865–890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gornick, J., & Meyers, M. (2003). Families that work: Policies for reconciling parenthood and employment. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Hakim, C. (2000). Work-lifestyle choices in the 21st century: Preference theory. Oxford: OUP Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Halrynjo, S., & Lyng, S. (2009). Preferences, constraints or schemas of devotion? The British Journal of Sociology, 60(2), 321–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattery, A. (2001). Women, work, and families: Balancing and weaving. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hays, S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hennessy, J. (2009). Morality and work–family conflict in the lives of poor and low-income women. The Sociological Quarterly, 50(4), 557–580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertz, R. (1999). Working to place family at the center of life: Dual-earner and single-parent strategies. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 562(1), 16–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinze, S. (2000). Inside medical marriages. Work and Occupations, 27(4), 464–499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochschild, A. (1989). The second shift. New York: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hochschild, A. (1997). The time bind: When work becomes home and home becomes work. New York: Holt Paperbacks.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, J., & Gerson, K. (2004). The time divide: Work, family, and gender inequality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, J. A., & Gerson, K. (2016). Overworked individuals or overworked families? Work and Occupations, 28(1), 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0730888401028001004.
   Google Scholar
• Kalleberg, A. (2011). Good jobs, bad jobs: The rise of polarized and precarious employment systems in the United States, 1970s–2000s. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Kmec, J. (1999). Multiple aspects of work-family conflict. Sociological Focus, 32(3), 265–285.
   Google Scholar
• Kmec, J., O’Connor, L., & Schieman, S. (2014). Not ideal: The association between working anything but full time and perceived unfair treatment. Work and Occupations, 41(1), 63–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, S. (2008). Passing the buck: Labor flexibility practices that transfer risk onto hourly workers. Human Relations, 61(9), 1203–1227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamont, M. (1992). Money, morals, and manners: The culture of the French and the American upper-middle class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lamont, M. (2000). The dignity of working men. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Landry, B. (2000). Black working wives: Pioneers of the American family revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lareau, A. (2003). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald, C. (2010). Shadow mothers: Nannies, Au Pairs, and the micropolitics of mothering. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Matos, K., & Galinksy, E. (2011). Workplace flexibility in the United States: A status report. Families and Work Institute. Society for Human Resource Management.
   Google Scholar
• Maume, D. (2006). Gender differences in restricting work efforts because of family responsibilities. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(4), 859–869.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mennino, S., & Brayfield, A. (2002). Job-family trade-offs. Work and Occupations, 29(2), 226–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra, J., Budig, M., & Boeckmann, I. (2011). Work-family policies and the effects of children on women's employment hours and wages. Community, Work & Family, 14(2), 139–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2011.571396.
   Google Scholar
• Moen, P., Lam, J., Ammons, S., & Kelly, E. (2013). Time work by overworked professionals. Work and Occupations, 40(2), 79–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moen, P., & Roehling, P. (2005). The career mystique: Cracks in the American dream. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Mong, S. N., & Roscigno, V. J. (2010). African American men and the experience of employment discrimination. Qualitative Sociology, 33(1), 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11133-009-9142-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mood, C. 2010. Logistic regression: Why we cannot do what we think we can do, and what we can do about it. European Sociological Review, 26(1), 67–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munsch, C. L. (2016). Flexible work, flexible penalties: The effect of gender, childcare, and type of request on the flexibility bias. Social Forces, 94(4), 1567–1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/sov122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munsch, C., Ridgeway, C., & Williams, J. (2014). Pluralistic ignorance and the flexibility bias. Work and Occupations, 41(1), 40–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Närvi, J. (2012). Negotiating care and career within institutional constraints. Community, Work & Family, 15(4), 451–470.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, M. (2005). The social economy of single motherhood: Raising children in rural America. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolaisen, H., Kavli, H. C., & Jensen, R. S. (2019). Dualisation of part-time work the development of labour market insiders and outsiders. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pedulla, D., & Thébaud, S. (2015). Can we finish the revolution? American Sociological Review, 80(1), 116–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, R. A. (1992). Understanding audience segmentation: From elite and mass to omnivore and univore. Poetics, 21(4), 243–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presser, H. (2003). Working in a 24/7 economy: Challenges for American families. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Pugh, A. (2015). The tumbleweed society: Working and caring in an age of insecurity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ridgeway, C., & Correll, S. (2004). Unpacking the gender system. Gender & Society, 18(4), 510–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royston, P. (2005). Multiple imputation of missing values: Update of ICE. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata, 5(4), 527–536.
   Google Scholar
• Schieman, S., Glavin, P., & Milkie, M. (2009). When work interferes with life. American Sociological Review, 74(6), 966–988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schor, J. (1992). The overworked American: The unexpected decline of leisure. New York , NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Segura, D. (1994). Working at motherhood: Chicana and Mexican immigrant mothers and employment. In E. N. Glenn, G. Chang, & L. Forcey (Eds.), Mothering: Ideology, experience and agency (pp. 211–236). New York , NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Slaughter, A.-M. (2012). Why women still can’t have it all. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/07/why-women-still-cant-have-it-all/309020/
   Google Scholar
• Stack, C. (1974). All our kin: Strategies for survival in a black community. New York: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, P. (2007). Opting out?: Why women really quit careers and head home. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, P., & Hernandez, L. (2013). The all-or-nothing workplace: Flexibility stigma and “opting out” among professional-managerial women. Journal of Social Issues, 69(2), 235–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet, S., Sarkisian, N., Matz-Costa, C., & Pitt-Catsouphes, M. (2016). Are women less career centric than men? Community, Work & Family, 19(4), 481–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swidler, A. (1986). Culture in action: Symbols and strategies. American Sociological Review, 51(2), 273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, J., & Bunderson, J. (2001). Work-nonwork conflict and the phenomenology of time. Work and Occupations, 28(1), 17–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uttal, L. (1999). Using kin for child care: Embedment in the socioeconomic networks of extended families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(4), 845–857.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uttal, L. (2016). Custodial care, surrogate care, and coordinated care. Gender & Society, 10(3), 291–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124396010003006.
   Google Scholar
• van der Lippe, T., Tijdens, K., & Ruijter, E. (2004). Outsourcing of domestic tasks and time-saving effects. Journal of Family Issues, 25(2), 215–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vespa, J. (2009). Gender ideology construction: A life course and intersectional approach. Gender & Society, 23(3), 363–387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Hippel, P. (2007). Regression with missing Ys. Sociological Methodology, 37, 83–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, W., Parker, K., & Taylor, P. (2013). Breadwinner moms. Retrieved from http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/05/29/breadwinner-moms/
   Google Scholar
• Webber, G., & Williams, C. (2008). Mothers in “good” and “bad” part-time jobs. Gender & Society, 22(6), 752–777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigt, J. (2006). Compromises to carework: The social organization of mothers’ experiences in the low-wage labor market after welfare reform. Social Problems, 53(3), 332–351. doi: 10.1525/sp.2006.53.3.332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welniak, E., & Posey, K. (2005). Household income, 1999. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J. (2000). Unbending gender: Why family and work conflict and what to do about it. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J. (2010). Reshaping the work-family debate: Why men and class matter. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J., Blair-Loy, M., & Berdahl, J. (2013). Cultural schemas, social class, and the flexibility stigma. Journal of Social Issues, 69(2), 209–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, M., & Schieman, S. (2018). Scaling back and finding flexibility. Journal of Marriage and Family, 80(1), 99–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar