Mothers’ return-to-work reasons and work–family conflict: does a partner involved in childcare make a difference?

References

• Abendroth, A., & Den Dulk, L. (2011). Support for the work–life balance in Europe: The impact of state, workplace and family support on work-life balance satisfaction. Work, Employment and Society, 25(2), 234–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017011398892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, T. D., Herst, D. E. L., Bruck, C. S., & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(2), 278–308. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.2.278
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arens, A. K., & Morin, A. J. S. (2016). Examination of the structure and grade-related differentiation of multidimensional self-concept instruments for children using ESEM. The Journal of Experimental Education, 84(2), 330–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2014.999187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16(3), 397–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903008204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter, J. (2008). Is money the main reason mothers return to work after childbearing? Journal of Population Research, 25(2), 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03031946
   Google Scholar
• Blair-Loy, M. (2003). Competing devotions: Career and family among women executives. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., & Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), 249–276. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1713
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of Fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Damaske, S. (2011). For the family?: How class and gender shape women’s work. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Edlund, J., & Öun, I. (2016). Who should work and who should care? Attitudes towards the desirable division of labour between mothers and fathers in five European countries. Acta Sociologica, 59(2), 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699316631024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellingsæter, A. L., & Gulbransen, L. (2007). Closing the childcare gap: The interaction of childcare provision and mothers’ agency in Norway. Journal of Social Policy, 36(4), 649–669. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279407001225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T. (2011).  Exploratory factor analysis. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., Maccallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed). Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. The Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/258214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays, S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hegewisch, A., & Gornick, J. C. (2011). The impact of work–family policies on women’s employment: A review of research from OECD countries. Community, Work & Family, 14(2), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2011.571395
   Google Scholar
• Hietamäki, J., Repo, K., & Lammi-Taskula, J. (2018). Työsuhteen omaavat äidit lasten kotihoidon tuella – kotihoidon perustelut [Mothers with employment contracts taking childcare leave – justifications for homecare]. Yhteiskuntapolitiikka, 83(4), 412–421.
   Google Scholar
• ISCED. (2012). International standard classification of education ISCED 2011. UNESCO Institute of Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kela. (2017). Kelan lapsiperhe-etuustilasto 2017 [Statistics about benefits for families with children], Social Insurance Institution of Finland. Helsinki.
   Google Scholar
• Lammi-Taskula, J. (2017). Fathers on leave alone in Finland: Negotiations and lived experiences. In M. O’Brien, & K. Wall (Eds.), Comparative perspectives on work–life balance and gender equality: Fathers on leave alone (pp. 89–106). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Leach, P., Barnes, J., Nichols, M., Goldin, J., Stein, A., Sylva, K., et al. (2006). Child care before 6 months of age: A qualitative study of mothers’ decisions and feelings about employment and non-maternal care. Infant and Child Development, 15(5), 471–502. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luotonen, A. (2013). Mothers’ return to work: Contradictions, negotiations and strategies. In E. Oinonen, & K. Repo (Eds.), Women, Men and children in families: Private troubles and public issues (pp. 29–54). Tampere University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Grayson, D. (2005). Goodness of fit evaluation. In A. Maydeu Olivares, & J. McArdle (Eds.), Contemporary psychometrics (pp. 275–340). Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). Convergence between measures of work-to-family and family-to-work conflict: A meta-analytic examination. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(2), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel, J. S., Kotrba, L. M., Mitchelson, J. K., Clark, M. A., & Baltes, B. B. (2011). Antecedents of work–family conflict: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(5), 689–725. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.695
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra, J., Budig, M., & Boeckmann, I. (2011). Work–family policies and the effects of children on women’s employment hours and wages. Community, Work & Family, 14(2), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2011.571396
   Google Scholar
• Moilanen, S., Aunola, K., May, V., Sevón, E., & Laakso, M.-L. (2019). Nonstandard work hours and single versus coupled mothers� work-to-family conflict. Family Relations, 68(2), 213–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moilanen, S., May, V., Räikkönen, E., Sevón, E., & Laakso, M.-L. (2016). Mothers’ non-standard working and childcare-related challenges: A comparison between lone and coupled mothers. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 36(1), 36–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2018). Mplus user’s guide (5th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Närvi, J. (2018). Isä hoitaa – vai hoitaako? Väestökyselyn ja haastattelujen tuloksia isien perhevapaiden käytöstä [Daddy cares – or does he? Results of a population survey and interviews on fathers’ use of family leave]. Working paper 1/2018. Helsinki: National Institute for Health and Welfare.
   Google Scholar
• Nordenmark, M. (2015). Gender regime, attitudes towards childcare and actual involvement in childcare among fathers. In G. B. Eydal, & T. Rostgaard (Eds.), Fatherhood in the Nordic Welfare States: Comparing care policies and practice (pp. 163–184). Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Notten, N., Grunow, D., & Verbakel, E. (2017). Social policies and families in stress: Gender and educational differences in work–family conflict from a European perspective. Social Indicators Research, 132(3), 1281–1305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1344-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. (2018). OECD Family Database, OECD, Paris. http://www.oecd.org/social/family/database.htm.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. (2019). OECD Employment Database, OECD, Paris. http://www.oecd.org/employment/emp/onlineoecdemploymentdatabase.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Official Statistics of Finland. (2016a). Births (e-publication), Statistics Finland, Helsinki. http://www.stat.fi/til/synt/2016/02/synt_2016_02_2017-12-04_tie_001_en.html.
   Google Scholar
• Official Statistics of Finland. (2016b). Kuntien avainluvut, [The key figures of municipalities]. Statistics Finland, Helsinki. http://www.stat.fi/tup/alue/kuntienavainluvut.html#?year = 2017&active1 = SSS.
   Google Scholar
• Official Statistics of Finland. (2016c). More mothers with small children than before are working (e-publication), Statistics Finland, Helsinki. http://www.stat.fi/til/tyti/2016/14/tyti_2016_14_2017-10-10_kat_004_en.html.
   Google Scholar
• Official Statistics of Finland. (2019). Educational structure of population (e-publication), Appendix table 1, Population with educational qualification by level of education, field of education and gender 2019, Statistics Finland, Helsinki. http://www.stat.fi/til/vkour/2019/vkour_2019_2020-11-05_tau_001_en.html.
   Google Scholar
• Official Statistics of Finland. (2020). Families (e-publication), Appendix figure 4, Families with underage children by number of children and by region in 2020, per cent, Statistics Finland, Helsinki. http://www.stat.fi/til/perh/2020/perh_2020_2021-05-28_kuv_004_en.html.
   Google Scholar
• Perälä-Littunen, S. (2018). Childcare and work – exploring the views of Finnish mothers and fathers. Community, Work & Family, 21(2), 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2016.1274289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repo, K. (2010). Families, work and home care: Assessing the Finnish child home care allowance. Barn, 28(1), 43–61. https://doi.org/10.5324/barn.v28i1.4253
   Google Scholar
• Ruppanner, L. (2013). Conflict between work and family: An investigation of four policy measures. Social Indicators Research, 110(1), 327–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9933-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Säkkinen, S., & Kuoppala, T. (2018). Varhaiskasvatus 2017 [ECEC 2017]. Report 32/2018. Helsinki: National Institute for Health and Welfare.
   Google Scholar
• Salin, M., Ylikännö, M., & Hakovirta, M. (2018). How to divide paid work and unpaid care between parents? Comparison of attitudes in 22 western countries. Social Sciences, 7(10), 188. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7100188
   Google Scholar
• Salmi, M., & Närvi, J., Eds. (2017). Perhevapaat, talouskriisi ja sukupuolten tasa-arvo [Family leave, economic crisis and gender equality]. Report 4/2017. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki: Juvenes Print.
   Google Scholar
• Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66(4), 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sihto, T. (2015). Choosing to work? Mothers return-to-work decisions, social class, and the local labor market. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 5(3), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v5i3.4805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, R. S., Krings, R., & Wiese, B. S. (2019). Remember the children, honey! spouses’ gender-role attitudes and working mothers’ work-to-family conflict. Applied Psychology, 68(2), 250–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Voydanoff, P. (2005). Work demands and work-to-family and family-to-work conflict. Journal of Family Issues, 26(6), 707–726. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X05277516
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar