Risk mitigation of post-earthquake fire in urban buildings

References

• ACI318. 2008. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary. Washington, DC: American Concrete Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Asaro, R. J., B. Lattimer, and W. Ramroth. 2009. “Structural Response of FRP Composites during Fire.” Composite Structures 87 (4): 382–393.10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.02.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASTM. 2006. Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and Assemblies. ASTM E1529-06. New York: American Society for Testing and Materials.
   Google Scholar
• ATC. 1985. Earthquake Damage Evaluation Data for California. ATC-13. Redwood City, CA: Applied Technology Council.
   Google Scholar
• ATC. 2001. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings (ATC 40). Chap. 2, Overview. New York: California Seismic Safety Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Bae, S., and O. Bayrak. 2008. “Plastic Hinge Length of Reinforced Concrete Columns.” ACI Structural Journal 105 (3): 290–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamonte, P., G. Gambarova, and A. Meda. 2008. “Today’s Concretes Exposed to Fire—Test Results and Sectional Analysis.” Structural Concrete 9 (1): 19–29.10.1680/stco.2008.9.1.19
   Google Scholar
• Barbat, A. H., M. L. Carreño, L. G. Pujades, N. Lantada, O. D. Cardona, and M. C. Marulanda. 2009. “Seismic Vulnerability and Risk Evaluation Methods for Urban Areas. A Review with Application to a Pilot Area.” Structure and Infrastructure Engineering 6 (1–2): 17–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnam, B., and H. R. Ronagh. 2012. “Investigating the Effect of Prior Damage on the Post-earthquake Fire Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Portal Frames.” International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials 6 (4): 209–220.
   Google Scholar
• Behnam, B., and H. Ronagh. 2013a. “Performance of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Fire following Earthquake.” European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 17 (4): 270–292.10.1080/19648189.2013.783882
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnam, B., and H. R. Ronagh. 2013b. “Methodology for Investigating the Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Post Earthquake Fire.” Advances in Concrete Construction 1 (1): 29–44.10.12989/acc.2013.1.1.029
   Google Scholar
• Behnam, B., and H. R. Ronagh. 2013c. “A Post-earthquake Fire Factor to Improve the Fire Resistance of Damaged Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Structures.” Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 4 (4): 207–226.
   Google Scholar
• Behnam, B., and H. R. Ronagh. Forthcoming, 2013a. “Behavior of Moment-resisting Tall Steel Structures Exposed to a Vertically Travelling Post-earthquake Fire.” The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings. doi:10.1002/tal.1109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnam, B., and H. R. Ronagh. Forthcoming, 2013b. “Post-earthquake Fire Resistance of CFRP Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Structures.” The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings. doi:10.1002/tal.1084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnam, B., and H. R. Ronagh. 2014. “A Study on the Effect of Sequential Post-earthquake Fire on the Performance of Reinforced Concrete Structures.” International Journal of Structural Integrity 5 (2): 5.
   Google Scholar
• Bird, J. F., and J. J. Bommer. 2004. “Earthquake Losses due to Ground Failure.” Engineering Geology 75 (2): 147–179.10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bommer, J., R. Spence, M. Erdik, S. Tabuchi, N. Aydinoglu, E. Booth, D. del Re, and O. Peterken. 2002. “Development of an Earthquake Loss Model for Turkish Catastrophe Insurance.” Journal of Seismology 6 (3): 431–446.10.1023/A:1020095711419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvi, G., R. Pinho, G. Magenes, J. J. Bommer, L. F. Restrepo-Vélez, and H. Crowley. 2006. “Development of Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Methodologies over the Past 30 Years.” ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology 43 (3): 75–104.
   Google Scholar
• Carlman, I. 2005. “The Rule of Sustainability and Planning Adaptivity.” Ambio 34 (2): 163–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S., C. L. George, and M. Shinozuka. 2004. “Hazard Mitigation for Earthquake and Subsequent Fire.” Annual Meeting: Networking of Young Earthquake Engineering Researchers and Professionals, Honolulu, HI. Multidisciplinary Centre for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo.
   Google Scholar
• Coburn, A., and R. Spence. 2002. Earthquake Protection. Chichester: John Wiley.10.1002/0470855185
   Google Scholar
• Cosenza, E., G. Manfredi, M. Polese, and G. M. Verderame. 2005. “A Multilevel Approach to the Capacity Assessment of Existing RC Buildings.” Journal of Earthquake Engineering 9 (1): 1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crouhy, M., D. Galai, and R. Mark. 2006. The Essentials of Risk Management. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• D’Ayala, D., and E. Speranza. 2002. “An Integrated Procedure for the Assessment of Seismic Vulnerability of Historic Buildings.” 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, London, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Dorfman, M. S. 2005. Introduction to Risk Management and Insurance. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Dumova-Jovanoska, E. 2000. “Fragility Curves for Reinforced Concrete Structures in Skopje (Macedonia) Region.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 19 (6): 455–466.10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00017-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faggiano, B., and D. Gregorgio. 2010. Assessment of the Robustness of Structures Subjected to Fire following Earthquake through a Performance-based Approach. Urban Habitat Constructions under Catastorphic Events. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• FEMA273. 1997. NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings. Washington, DC: American Society of Civil Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• FEMA356. 2000. Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings Rehabilitation Requirements. Washington, DC: American Society of Civil Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• Ferritto, J. M. 1997. Economic Analysis Procedure for Earthquake Hazard Mitigation. Port Hueneme, CA: DTIC Document.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, I. A., B. Audun, H. Neil, and S. Welch. 2006. “Performance of Concrete in Fire: A Review of the State of the Art, with a Case Study of the Windsor Tower Fire.” The 4th International Workshop in Structures in Fire, Aveiro, Portugal.
   Google Scholar
• Franssen, J. M. 2011. User’s Manual for SAFIR 2011 a Computer Program for Analysis of Structures Subjected to Fire. Liege: University of Liege.
   Google Scholar
• Franssen, J.-M., and P. V. Real. 2010. Fire Design of Steel Structures. Berlin: European Convention for Constructional Steel Work.10.1002/9783433601570
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, A. G., and A. P. Mouritz 2006. Fire Properties of Polymer Composite Materials. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Grace, N. F., W. F. Ragheb, and G. Abdel-Sayed. 2005. “Ductile FRP Strengthening Systems.” Concrete International: 31–31+.
   Google Scholar
• Hertz, K. D. 2003. “Limits of Spalling of Fire-exposed Concrete.” Fire Safety Journal 38 (2): 103–116.10.1016/S0379-7112(02)00051-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertz, K. D., and L. S. Sørensen. 2005. “Test Method for Spalling of Fire Exposed Concrete.” Fire Safety Journal 40 (5): 466–476.10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holický, M., A. Materna, G. Sedlacek, and L. Sanpaolesi. 2005. Implementation of Eurocodes, Handbook 5, Design of Buildings for the Fire Situation. Leonardo da Vinci Pilot Project.
   Google Scholar
• Hurley, M. J., and R. W. Bukowski. 2003. “Fire Hazard Analysis Techniques.” NFPA, Fire Protection Handbook. Sec. 3, Chap. 7, 121–134.
   Google Scholar
• ISO 834 International Standard. 1999. Fire Resistance Tests. ISO 834-1. Test Conditions, 31. Provided by IHS under license with ISO, Genève, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• JPDPA. 1990. Standard for Seismic Capacity Assessment of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings. Tokyo: Japanese Building Disaster Prevention Association.
   Google Scholar
• Kappos, A. J., K. C. Stylianidis, and K. Pitilakis. 1998. “Development of Seismic Risk Scenarios Based on a Hybrid Method of Vulnerability Assessment.” Natural Hazards 17 (2): 177–192.10.1023/A:1008083021022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keey, R. B. 2003. “Risk Management.” Process Safety and Environmental Protection 81 (1): 31–35.10.1205/095758203762851967
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, T., and Y. Bai. 2010. “Structural Performance of FRP Composites in Fire.” Advances in Structural Engineering 13 (5): 793–804.10.1260/1369-4332.13.5.793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodur, V. K. R. 2005. “Guidelines for Fire Resistance Design of High-strength Concrete Columns.” Journal of Fire Protection Engineering 15 (2): 93–106.10.1177/1042391505047740
   Google Scholar
• Kodur, V. K. R., and M. Dwaikat. 2007. “Performance-based Fire Safety Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams.” Journal of Fire Protection Engineering 17: 293–320.10.1177/1042391507077198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowert, P. A., and M. G. Hermann. 1997. “Who Takes Risks? Daring and Caution in Foreign Policy Making.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (5): 611–637.10.1177/0022002797041005001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krawinkler, H., and G. D. P. K. Seneviratna. 1998. “Pros and Cons of a Pushover Analysis of Seismic Performance Evaluation.” Engineering Structures 20 (4–6): 452–464.10.1016/S0141-0296(97)00092-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda, M., and D. Kang. 2009. “Post-earthquake Damage Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Buildings.” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 7 (3): 327–335.10.3151/jact.7.327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGhie, C. 2007. Apparent Level of Safety of Buildings Meeting the New Zealand Building Code Approved Document C/AS1 – Fire Safety. Christchurch: Master of Engineering in Fire Engineering Research, Christchurch: University of Canterbury.
   Google Scholar
• Medhekar, M. S., and D. J. L. Kennedy. 2000. “Displacement-based Seismic Design of Buildings – Theory.” Engineering Structures 22 (3): 201–209.10.1016/S0141-0296(98)00092-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merna, T., and F. F. Al-Thani. 2008. Corporate Risk Management. Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Minson, A. 2006. “Eurocode 2–3.” Concrete Structures 40 (1): 30–31.
   Google Scholar
• Nakano, Y., M. Maeda, H. kuramoto, and M. Murakami. 2004. “Guidelines for Post-earthquake Damage Eveluation and Rehabilitation of RC Buildings in Japan.” 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• NFPA. 2006. 101-Code for Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings and Structures. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• Park, R., and T. Paulay. 1975. Reinforced Concrete Structures. New York, John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Pliefke, T., S. Sperbeck, M. Urban, U. Peil, and H. Budelman. 2007. “A Standardized Methodology for Managing Disaster Risk – An Attempt to Remove Ambiguity.” Proceedings of the 5th IPW. Ghent, Belgium.
   Google Scholar
• Priestley, M. J. N. 2003. Myths and Fallacies in Earthquake Engineering (Revisited). Pavia: IUSS Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pukeliene, V. 2011. “Quality of Life: Factors Determining Its Measurement Complexity.” Inžinerinė Ekonomika 22 (2): 147–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Röben, C., M. Gillie, and J. Torero. 2010. “Structural Behaviour during a Vertically Travelling Fire.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research 66 (2): 191–197.10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roh, H., A. M. Reinhorn, and J. S. Lee. 2012. “Power Spread Plasticity Model for Inelastic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures.” Engineering Structures 39: 148–161.10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.01.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAP2000-V14. 2002. Integrated Finite Element Analysis and Design of Structures Basic Analysis Reference Manual. Berkeley, CA: Computer and Structure, Inc. (CSI).
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, U., P. Bhargava, B. Singh, Y. Singh, V. Kumar, and P. Kamath. 2012. “Full-scale Testing of a Damaged Reinforced Concrete Frame in Fire.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Structures and Buildings 165 (7): 335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. 2003. Post Earthquake Fire in Tall Buildings and the New Zealand Building Code. Christchurch: Master of Science Research, University of Canterbury.
   Google Scholar
• Usmani, A. 2005. “Stability of the World Trade Center Twin Towers Structural Frame in Multiple Floor Fires.” Journal of Engineering Mechanics 131 (6): 654–657.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2005)131:6(654)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrijling, J. K., W. van Hengel, and R. J. Houben. 1995. “A Framework for Risk Evaluation.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 43 (3): 245–261.10.1016/0304-3894(95)91197-V
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitman, R. V., J. W. Reed, and S. T. Hong 1973. “Earthquake Damage Probability Matrices.” 5th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, B., V. Kodur, F. Green, and L. Bisby. 2008. “Fire Endurance of Fiber-reinforced Polymer Strengthened Concrete T-beams.” ACI Structural Journal 105 (1): 60–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue, Q., and C.-C. Chen. 2003. “Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures: A Direct Displacement-based Approach.” Engineering Structures 25 (14): 1803–1813.10.1016/j.engstruct.2003.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaping, H. 2010. “Linking Safety Factor and Failure Probability for Fire Safety Engineering.” Journal of Fire Protection Engineering 20 (3): 199–217.10.1177/1042391510372726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youssef, M. A., and M. Moftah. 2007. “General Stress–Strain Relationship for Concrete at Elevated Temperatures.” Engineering Structures 29 (10): 2618–2634.10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zehfuss, J., and D. Hosser. 2007. “A Parametric Natural Fire Model for the Structural Fire Design of Multi-storey Buildings.” Fire Safety Journal 42 (2): 115–126.10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, S. J., L. Y. Xiong, and A. Z. Ren. 2006. “A Spatial–Temporal Stochastic Simulation of Fire Outbreaks Following Earthquake Based on GIS.” Journal of Fire Sciences 24 (4): 313–339.10.1177/0734904106060786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolfaghari, M. R., E. Peyghaleh, and G. Nasirzadeh. 2009. “Fire following Earthquake, Intra-structure Ignition Modeling.” Journal of Fire Sciences 27 (1): 45–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar