Communities as a risk in mining: managing community legitimacy

References

• Arak. 2018. “Sotk Mine Resumes Operating after Break Caused by Protest Actions - Police.” Arka New Agency, 13–14. Retrieved from http://arka.am/en/news/business/sotk_mine_resumes_operating_after_break_caused_by_protest_actions_police/
   Google Scholar
• Beck, U. 1992. Risk Society. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Bekefi, T., B. Jenkins, and B. Kytle. 2006. “Social Risk as Strategic Risk.” Corporate Social Responsibility (30), 20. Retrieved from http://www.csr-weltweit.de/uploads/tx_jpdownloads/Corporate_Social_Responsibility_Initiative_Social_Risk_as_Strategic_Risk.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Boch Waldorff, S., T. Reay, and E. Goodrick. 2013. “A Tale of Two Countries: How Different Constellations of Logics Impact Action.” In Sociology of Organizations, edited by Boxenbaum, E. and M. Lounsbury, Vol. 39A, 30. Bradford: Emerald Insights.
   Google Scholar
• Business for Social Responsibility (BSR). 2003. The Social License to Operate. Retrieved from https://socialicense.com/definition.html
   Google Scholar
• Butler, K. C., and D. Castelo Joaquin. 1998. “Note on Return Political on Risk and the Required Investment.” Journal of International Business Studies 29(3): 599–607. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvano, L. 2008. “Multinational Corporations and Local Communities: A Critical Analysis of Conflict.” Journal of Business Ethics 82(4): 793–805. doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9593-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conde, M. 2017. “Resistance to Mining: A Review.” Ecological Economics 132: 80–90. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.08.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, R., and D. M. Franks. 2011. “The costs of conflict with local communities in the extractive industry.” In First International Seminar on Social Responsibility in Mining. Santiago, pp. 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Delannon, N., E. Raufflet, and S. Baba. 2016. “Corporate Community Engagement Strategies and Organizational Arrangements: A Multiple Case Study in Canada.” Journal of Cleaner Production 129: 714–723. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dionne, G. 2013. “Risk Management: History, Definition, and Critique.” Risk Management and Insurance Review 16 (2): 147–166. doi:10.1111/rmir.12016.
   Google Scholar
• Donaldson, T., and L. E. Preston. 1995. “The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation, Concepts, Edidence, and Implications.” Management 20(1): 65–91. doi:10.2307/258887.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunham, L., R. E. Freeman, and J. Liedtka. 2006. “Enhancing Stakeholder Practice: A Particularized Exploration of Community.” Business Ethics Quarterly 16(1): 23–42. doi:10.5840/beq20061611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eklund, E. 2015. “Mining in Australia: An Historical Survey of Industry-Community Relationships.” Extractive Industries and Society 2(1): 177–188. doi:10.1016/j.exis.2014.09.003.
   Google Scholar
• Feinberg, S. E., and A. K. Gupta. 2009. “MNC Subsidiaries and Country Risk: Internalization as a Safeguard against Weak External Institutions.” Academy of Management Journal 52(2): 381–399. doi:10.5465/amj.2009.37315470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueira-de-Lemos, F.,. J. Johanson, and J. E. Vahlne. 2011. “Risk Management in the Internationalization Process of the Firm: A Note on the Uppsala Model.” Journal of World Business 46(2): 143–153. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2010.05.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flick, U. 2009. An Introduction to Qualitiative Reserach. 4th ed. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Franks, D. M., and T. Cohen. 2012. “Social Licence in Design: Constructive Technology Assessment within a Mineral Research and Development Institution.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 79(7): 1229–1240. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2012.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franks, D. M., R. Davis, A. J. Bebbington, S. H. Ali, D. Kemp, and M. Scurrah. 2014. “Conflict Translates Environmental and Social Risk into Business Costs.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(21): 7576–7581. doi:10.1073/pnas.1405135111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, R. E., J. S. Harrison, A. C. Wicks, B. L. Parmar, and S. De Collie. 2010. Stakeholder Theory - The State of the Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, R. E., and D. L. Reed. 1983. “Stockholders and Stakeholders: A New Perspective on Corporate Governance.” California Management Review 25(3): 88–106. doi:10.2307/41165018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoshal, S. 1987. “Global Strategy: An Organizing Framework.” Strategic Management Journal 8(5): 425–440. doi:10.1002/smj.4250080503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoshal, S., and D. E. Westney. 2004. Organization Theory and the Multinational Corporation. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Gifford, B., and A. Kestler. 2008. “Toward a Theory of Local Legitimacy by MNEs in Developing Nations: Newmont Mining and Health Sustainable Development in Peru.” Journal of International Management 14(4): 340–352. doi:10.1016/j.intman.2007.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graetz, G., and D. M. Franks. 2016. “Conceptualising Social Risk and Business Risk Associated with Private Sector Development Projects.” Journal of Risk Research 19(5): 581–601. doi:10.1080/13669877.2014.1003323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruev-Vintila, A., and M. L. Rouquette. 2007. “Social Thinking about Collective Risk: How Do Risk-Related Practice and Personal Involvement Impact Its Social Representations?” Journal of Risk Research 10(4): 555–581. doi:10.1080/13669870701338064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gvasalia, T., H. Galstyan, and A. Kustikova. 2017. Gold mining produces golden pollution. OC Media. Retrieved from https://oc-media.org/gold-mining-produces-golden-pollution/
   Google Scholar
• Hagigi, M., and K. Sivakumar. 2009. “Managing Diverse Risks: An Integrative Framework.” Journal of International Management 15(3): 286–295. doi:10.1016/j.intman.2009.01.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinsz, W. J., E. D. Mansfield, and M. A. Von Glinow. 2010. “Conflict, Security, and Political Risk: International Business in Challenging Times.” Journal of International Business Studies 41(2010): 759–764. doi:10.1057/jibs.2010.11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henisz, W. J., and B. A. Zelner. 2010. “The Hidden Risk in Emerging Markets.” Harvard Business Review 88(4): 88–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillery, G. A. 1955. “Definitions of Community: Areas of Agreement.” Rural Sociology 20(2): 111–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICMM. 2015. Understanding Company Community Relations. London. Retrieved from www.icmm.com
   Google Scholar
• International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2012. IFC Performance Standard and Environmental and Social Sustainability. Washington DC. [CrossRef]]
   Google Scholar
• Johanson, J., and J. E. Vahlne. 2009. “The Uppsala Internationalization Process Model Revisited: From Liability of Foreignness to Liability of Outsidership.” Journal of International Business Studies 40(9): 1411–1431. doi:10.1057/jibs.2009.24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kardes, I., A. Ozturk, S. T. Cavusgil, and E. Cavusgil. 2013. “Managing Global Megaprojects: Complexity and Risk Management.” International Business Review 22(6): 905–917. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2013.01.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp, D., and J. R. Owen. 2013. “Community Relations and Mining: Core to Business but Not “Core Business.” Resources Policy 38(4): 523–531. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.08.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp, D., S. Worden, and J. R. Owen. 2016. “Differentiated Social Risk: Rebound Dynamics and Sustainability Performance in Mining.” Resources Policy 50: 19–26. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.08.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch, S. 2014. Mining Capitalism: The Relationship between Corporations and Their Critics. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kostova, T., and S. Zaheer. 1999. “Organizational Legitimacy under Conditions of Complexity: The Case of the Multinational.” The Academy of Management Review 24(1): 64–81. doi:10.2307/259037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kythle, B., and J. G. Ruggie. 2005. CSR as risk management: A model for Multinationals, Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative No. 10. Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
   Google Scholar
• Lessard, D., and R. Lucea. 2009. “Embracing Risk as a Core Competence: The Case of CEMEX.” Journal of International Management 15(3): 296–305. doi:10.1016/j.intman.2009.01.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodh, S., and M. Nandy. 2008. “Exploring Country Risk: MNCs Mindset.” The Icfai Journal of International Business III(2): 24–36. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.03.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou, Y. 2009. Political Risk and Country Risk in International Business: Concepts and Measures. In The Oxford Handbook of International Business, edited by Rugman, Alan M., 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lupton, D. 2013. “Risk and Emotion: Towards an Alternative Theoretical Perspective.” Health, Risk and Society 15(8): 634–647. doi:10.1080/13698575.2013.848847.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makhija, M. V., and A. C. Stewart. 2002. “The Effect of National Context on Perceptions of Risk: A Comparison of Planned versus Free- Market Managers.” Journal of International Business Studies 33(4): 737–756. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8491042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikes, A. 2011. “From Counting Risk to Making Risk Count: Boundary-Work in Risk Management.” Accounting, Organizations and Society 36(4–5): 226–245. doi:10.1016/j.aos.2011.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, K. D. 1992. “A Framework for Integrated Risk Management in International Business.” Journal of International Business Studies 23(2): 311–331. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, K. D. 2009. “Organizational Risk after Modernism.” Organization Studies 30(2–3): 157–180. doi:10.1177/0170840608101475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutti, D., N. Yakovleva, D. Vazquez-Brust, and M. H. Di Marco. 2012. “Corporate Social Responsibility in the Mining Industry: Perspectives from Stakeholder Groups in Argentina.” Resources Policy 37(2): 212–222. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2011.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, J. R., and D. Kemp. 2013. “Social Licence and Mining: A Critical Perspective.” Resources Policy 38(1): 29–35. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2012.06.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power, M. 2004. “The Risk Management of Everything.” The Journal of Risk Finance 5(3): 58–65.
   Google Scholar
• Prno, J., and D. S. Slocombe. 2014. “A Systems-Based Conceptual Framework for Assessing the Determinants of a Social License to Operate in the Mining Industry.” Environmental Management 53(3): 672–689. doi:10.1007/s00267-013-0221-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh Safi, A., W. James Smith, and Z. Liu. 2012. “Rural Nevada and Climate Change: Vulnerability, Beliefs, and Risk Perception.” Risk Analysis 32(6): 1041–1059. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01836.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, J. D. 1984. “A Theoretical Perspective on Political Risk.” Journal of International Business Studies 15(3): 123–143. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, C. E., E. Xie, and M. Peng. 2016. “Toward a Legitimacy-Based View of Political Risk: The Case of Google and Yahoo in China.” Strategic Management Journal 37(5): 945–963. doi:10.1002/smj.2369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tert. 2014. Mine exploitation plan raises wave of protest in Armenian village. Tert, 12–14. Retrieved from https://www.tert.am/en/news/2014/08/30/amulsar-gndevaz/1178531
   Google Scholar
• Warnaars, X. S. 2012. “Why Be Poor When we Can Be Rich? Constructing Responsible Mining in El Pangui, Ecuador.” Resources Policy 37(2): 223–232. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2011.10.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner, E. 1998. Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weick, K. E. 2005. “Managing the Unexpected: Complexity as Distributed Sensemaking.” In Uncertainty and Surprise in Complex Systems, (CDC) edited by McDaniel Jr., Reuben R. and Dean J. Driebe, 51–65. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/10948637_5
   Google Scholar
• Zaheer, S. 1995. “Overcoming the Liability of Foreignness.” Academy of Management Journal 38(2): 341–363. doi:10.2307/256683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar