References
- Arter, D. 2015. “A ‘Pivotal Centre Party’calls the Shots: The 2015 Finnish General Election.” West European Politics 38 (6): 1345–1353. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2015.1058468.
- Bale, T., C. Green-Pedersen, A. Krouwel, K. R. Luther, and N. Sitter. 2010. “If You Can’t Beat Them, Join Them? Explaining Social Democratic Responses to the Challenge from the Populist Radical Right in Western Europe.” Political Studies 58 (3): 410–426. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2009.00783.x.
- Beck, U. 1992. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. Vol. 17. London: Sage.
- Bischof, D. 2017. “New Graphics Schemes for Stata: Plotplain & Plottig.” The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata 17 (3): 748–759. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1701700313.
- Bonanno, G. A., S. Galea, A. Bucciarelli, and D. Vlahov. 2007. “What Predicts Psychological Resilience after Disaster? The Role of Demographics, Resources, and Life Stress.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 75 (5): 671–682.
- Bonanno, G. A., and J. T. Jost. 2006. “Conservative Shift among High-Exposure Survivors of the September 11th Terrorist Attacks.” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 28 (4): 311–323. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2804_4.
- Boscarino, J. A., R. E. Adams, C. R. Figley, S. Galea, and E. B. Foa. 2006. “Fear of Terrorism and Preparedness in New York City 2 Years after the Attacks: Implications for Disaster Planning and Research.” Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 12 (6): 505–513.
- Brader, T., J. A. Tucker, and D. Duell. 2013. “Which Parties Can Lead Opinion? Experimental Evidence on Partisan Cue Taking in Multiparty Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies 46 (11): 1485–1517. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414012453452.
- Burns, W. J., and P. Slovic. 2012. “Risk Perception and Behaviors: anticipating and Responding to Crises.” Risk Analysis 32 (4): 579–582. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01791.x.
- Campbell, A., P. E. Converse, W. E. Miller, and D. E. Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Chiricos, T., S. Eschholz, and M. Gertz. 1997. “Crime, News and Fear of Crime: Toward an Identification of Audience Effects.” Social Problems 44 (3): 342–357. doi:https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.1997.44.3.03x0119o.
- Cohen, F., D. M. Ogilvie, S. Solomon, J. Greenberg, and T. Pyszczynski. 2005. “American Roulette: The Effect of Reminders of Death on Support for George W. Bush in the 2004 Presidential Election.” Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 5 (1): 177–187. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2005.00063.x.
- Collins, R. 1993. “Emotional Energy as the Common Denominator of Rational Action.” Rationality and Society 5 (2): 203–230. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463193005002005.
- Curran, D. 2013. “Risk Society and the Distribution of Bads: theorizing Class in the Risk Society.” The British Journal of Sociology 64 (1): 44–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12004.
- Deflem, M. 2010. The Policing of Terrorism: Organizational and Global Perspectives. Routledge.
- Doty, R. M., B. E. Peterson, and D. G. Winter. 1991. “Threat and Authoritarianism in the United States, 1978–1987.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 (4): 629–640. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.4.629.
- Druckman, J., E. Peterson, and R. Slothuus. 2013. “How Elite Partisan Polarization Affects Public Opinion Formation.” American Political Science Review 107 (1): 57–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055412000500.
- Durkheim, E. 2013. Durkheim: The Rules of Sociological Method: And Selected Texts on Sociology and Its Method. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Europol. 2017. TE-SAT 2013: EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report. Publications Office of the European Union.
- Festinger, Leon. 1954. “A Theory of Social Comparison Processes.” Human Relations 7 (2): 117–140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202.
- Fischhoff, B., R. M. Gonzalez, D. A. Small, and J. S. Lerner. 2003. “Judged Terror Risk and Proximity to the World Trade Center.” In The Risks of Terrorism, 39–53. Boston, MA: Springer.
- Galea, S., J. Ahern, H. Resnick, D. Kilpatric, M. Bucuvalas, J. Gold, and D. Vlahov. 2002. “Psychological Sequelae of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks in New York City.” New England Journal of Medicine 346 (13): 982–987.
- Gerber, A. S., and G. A. Huber. 2009. “Partisanship and Economic Behavior: Do Partisan Differences in Economic Forecasts Predict Real Economic Behavior?” American Political Science Review 103 (3): 407–426.
- Goren, P. 2005. “Party Identification and Core Political Values.” American Journal of Political Science 49 (4): 881–896.
- Goren, P., C. M. Federico, and M. C. Kittilson. 2009. “Source Cues, Partisan Identities, and Political Value Expression.” American Journal of Political Science 53 (4): 805–820.
- Greene, S. 2004. “Social Identity Theory and Party Identification.” Social Science Quarterly 85 (1): 136–153. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.08501010.x.
- Hatemi, P. K., R. McDermott, L. J. Eaves, K. S. Kendler, and M. C. Neale. 2013. “Fear as a Disposition and an Emotional State: A Genetic and Environmental Approach to out‐Group Political Preferences.” American Journal of Political Science 57 (2): 279–293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12016.
- Hawdon, J., and J. Ryan. 2011. “Social Relations That Generate and Sustain Solidarity after a Mass Tragedy.” Social Forces 89 (4): 1363–1384. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/89.4.1363.
- Hooghe, L., and G. Marks. 2018. “Cleavage Theory Meets Europe’s Crises: Lipset, Rokkan, and the Transnational Cleavage.” Journal of European Public Policy 25 (1) : 109–135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1310279.
- Hooghe, L., G. Marks, and C. J. Wilson. 2002. “Does Left/Right Structure Party Positions on European Integration?” Comparative Political Studies 35 (8): 965–989. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/001041402236310.
- Huddy, L. 2001. “From Social to Political Identity: A Critical Examination of Social Identity Theory.” Political Psychology 22 (1): 127–156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00230.
- Jackson, R. 2013. “The Politics of Terrorism Fears.” In The Political Psychology of Terrorism Fears, edited by S. J. Sinclair and D. Antonius, 267–283. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Jackson, R. 2015. “The Epistemological Crisis of Counterterrorism.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 8 (1): 33–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2015.1009762.
- Jacoby, W. G. 1988. “The Impact of Party Identification on Issue Attitudes.” American Journal of Political Science 32 (3): 643–661. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2111240.
- Jann, B. 2014. “Plotting Regression Coefficients and Other Estimates in Stata.” The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata 14 (4): 708–737. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1401400402.
- Jost, J. T., J. Glaser, A. W. Kruglanski, and F. Sulloway. 2003. “Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition.” Psychological Bulletin 129 (3): 339–375. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339.
- Karvonen, L., H. Paloheimo, and T. Raunio. 2016. “Introduction: Finland 1970–2015 – A Transformed Political Landscape.” In Changing Balance of Political Power in Finland, edited by L. Karvonen, H. Paloheimo, and T. Raunio, 9–31. Stockholm: Santerus Academic Press.
- Koivula, A. 2019. The Choice is Yours But It is Politically Tinged : The Social Correlates of Political Party Preferences in Finland. Turku: University of Turku.
- Koivula, A., T. Keipi, A. Saarinen, and P. Räsänen. 2019. “Risk Perceptions across the Current Political Spectrum in Finland: A Study of Party Members.” Journal of Risk Research 22 (8): 964–919. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2018.1437060.
- Koivula, A., I. Koiranen, A. Saarinen, and T. Keipi. 2019. “Social and Ideological Representativeness: A Comparison of Political Party Members and Supporters in Finland after the Realignment of Major Parties.” Party Politics : 135406881881924. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068818819243.
- Koivula, A., P. Räsänen, and O. Sarpila. 2015. Working Papers in Economic Sociology: Suomi 2014–Kulutus ja Elämäntapa: Tutkimusseloste ja Aineistojen 1999–2014 Vertailua. Turku: University of Turku.
- Kriesi, H. 2010. “Restructuration of Partisan Politics and the Emergence of a New Cleavage Based on Values.” West European Politics 33 (3): 673–685. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01402381003654726.
- Landau, Mark J., Sheldon Solomon, Jeff Greenberg, Florette Cohen, Tom Pyszczynski, Jamie Arndt, Claude H. Miller, et al. 2004. “Deliver us from Evil: The Effects of Mortality Salience and Reminders of 9/11 on Support for President George W. Bush.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 (9): 1136–1150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204267988.
- Liu, X., J. L. Mumpower, K. E. Portney, and A. Vedlitz. 2019. “Perceived Risk of Terrorism and Policy Preferences for Government Counterterrorism Spending: Evidence from a US National Panel Survey.” Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy 10 (1): 102–135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12154.
- Lönnqvist, J. E., R. Mannerström, and S. Leikas. 2019. “Divergence over Conformity: Change in Immigration Attitudes after the Electoral Success of an anti‐Immigration Populist Party in the Finnish 2015 Parliamentary Elections.” International Journal of Psychology 54 (3): 287–291. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12496.
- McCright, A. M., and R. E. Dunlap. 2011. “The Politicization of Climate Change and Polarization in the American Public’s Views of Global Warming, 2001–2010.” The Sociological Quarterly 52 (2): 155–194. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2011.01198.x.
- Miguel-Tobal, Juan J., Antonio Cano-Vindel, Hector Gonzalez-Ordi, Iciar Iruarrizaga, Sasha Rudenstine, David Vlahov, and Sandro Galea. 2006. “PTSD and Depression after the Madrid March 11 Train Bombings.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 19 (1): 69–80.
- Mudde, C. 2014. “Fighting the System? Populist Radical Right Parties and Party System Change.” Party Politics 20 (2): 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068813519968.
- Mythen, G. 2014. Understanding the Risk Society: Crime, Security and Justice. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Nellis, A. M. 2009. “Gender Differences in Fear of Terrorism.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 25 (3): 322–340. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986209335012.
- Nellis, A. M., and J. Savage. 2012. “Does Watching the News Affect Fear of Terrorism? the Importance of Media Exposure on Terrorism Fear.” Crime & Delinquency 58 (5): 748–768.
- Pfau-Effinger, B. 2004. Development of Culture, Welfare States and Women’s Employent in Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate.
- Polk, Jonathan, Jan Rovny, Ryan Bakker, Erica Edwards, Liesbet Hooghe, Seth Jolly, Jelle Koedam, et al. 2017. “Explaining the Salience of anti-Elitism and Reducing Political Corruption for Political Parties in Europe with the 2014 Chapel Hill Expert Survey Data.” Research & Politics 4 (1): 205316801668691. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168016686915.
- Räsänen, P., J. Hawdon, M. Näsi, and A. Oksanen. 2014. “Social Solidarity and the Fear of Risks: Examining Worries about the Recurrence of a Mass Tragedy in a Small Community.” Sociological Spectrum 34 (4): 338–353.
- Räsänen, P., M. Näsi, and O. Sarpila. 2012. “Old and New Sources of Risk: A Study of Societal Risk Perception in Finland.” Journal of Risk Research 15 (7): 755–769.
- Rooduijn, M., B. Burgoon, E. J. van Elsas, and H. G. van de Werfhorst. 2017. “Radical Distinction: Support for Radical Left and Radical Right Parties in Europe.” European Union Politics 18 (4): 536–559. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116517718091.
- Sarvimäki, M. 2017. “Labor Market Integration of Refugees in Finland.” Nordic Economic Policy Review 2017: 91–114.
- Schlenger, William E., Juesta M. Caddell, Lori Ebert, B. Kathleen Jordan, Kathryn M. Rourke, David Wilson, Lisa Thalji, J. Michael Dennis, John A. Fairbank, and Richard A. Kulka. 2002. “Psychological Reactions to Terrorist Attacks. Findings from the National Study of Americans’ Reactions to September 11.” Jama 288 (5): 581–588.
- Sinclair, S. J., & Antonius, D. (Eds.). 2013. The Political Psychology of Terrorism Fears. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Skogan, W. G. 1987. “The Impact of Victimization on Fear.” Crime & Delinquency 33 (1): 135–154. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128787033001008.
- Smelser, N. 2004. Psychological trauma and cultural trauma. In Cultural Trauma Collective Identity, edited by J. Alexander, et al. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.
- The World Bank. 2019. Global Financial Development Report2019/2020- Bank Regulation and Supervision a Decade after the Global FinancialCrisis. The World Bank, Washington, DC-1447-
- Towers, Sherry, Shehzad Afzal, Gilbert Bernal, Nadya Bliss, Shala Brown, Baltazar Espinoza, Jasmine Jackson, et al. 2015. “Mass Media and the Contagion of Fear: The Case of Ebola in America.” PloS One 10 (6): e0129179. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129179.
- Traugott, M., T. Brader, D. Coral, R. Curtin, D. Featherman, R. Groves, and R. Willis. 2002. “How Americans Responded: A Study of Public Reactions to 9/11/01.” PS: Political Science & Politics 35 (3): 511–516.
- Valkenburg, P. M., and J. Peter. 2013. “The Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model.” Journal of Communication 63 (2): 221–243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12024.
- van der Linden, S. 2015. “The Social-Psychological Determinants of Climate Change Risk Perceptions: Towards a Comprehensive Model.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 41: 112–124. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.012.
- Van Spanje, J. 2010. “Contagious Parties: Anti-Immigration Parties and Their Impact on Other Parties’ Immigration Stances in Contemporary Western Europe.” Party Politics 16 (5): 563–586. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068809346002.
- Wachinger, G., O. Renn, C. Begg, and C. Kuhlicke. 2013. “The Risk Perception Paradox—Implications for Governance and Communication of Natural Hazards.” Risk Analysis 33 (6): 1049–1065. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01942.x.
- Walklate, S., and G. Mythen. 2014. Contradictions of Terrorism: Security, Risk and Resilience. London: Routledge.
- Wolff, K., and S. Larsen. 2014. “Can Terrorism Make us Feel Safer? Risk Perceptions and Worries before and after the July 22nd Attacks.” Annals of Tourism Research 44: 200–209. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.10.003.
- Wollebaek, D., B. Enjolras, K. Steen-Johnsen, and G. Ødegård. 2012. “After Utøya: how a High-Trust Society Reacts to Terror—Trust and Civic Engagement in the Aftermath of July 22.” PS: Political Science & Politics 45 (1): 32–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096511001806.