References
- Beccaria, Cesare. 1976. On Crimes and Punishments. New York: Macmillan.
- Bennetts, Christopher ‘Kit’, and Michael B. Charles. 2016. “Between Protection and Pragmatism: Passenger Transport Security and Public Value Trade-Offs.” International Journal of Public Administration 39 (1): 26–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1028638.
- Braga, Anthony A., and David L. Weisburd. 2012. “The Effects of Focused Deterrence Strategies on Crime: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Evidence.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 49 (3): 323–358. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427811419368.
- Bureau of Transportation Statistic 2020. Air Carrier Traffic Statistics. Washington, DC: Green Book.
- Chalfin, Aaron, and Justin McCrary. 2017. “Criminal Deterrence: A Review of the Literature.” Journal of Economic Literature 55 (1): 5–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20141147.
- Elvy, D. 2011. “Terrorism, Threat and Time: The Mediating Effect of Terrorist Threat on Public Willingness to Forego Civil Liberties.” 2011 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference, 12–14 Sept. 2011.
- Fagerlin, Angela, Brian J. Zikmund-Fisher, Peter A. Ubel, Aleksandra Jankovic, Holly A. Derry, and Dylan M. Smith. 2007. “Measuring Numeracy without a Math Test: Development of the Subjective Numeracy Scale.” Medical Decision Making 27 (5): 672–680. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X07304449.
- Geerken, Michel, and Walter R. Gove. 1977. “Deterrence, Overload, and Incapacitation: An Empirical Evaluation.” Social Forces 56 (2): 424–447. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2577734.
- Gigerenzer, Gerd. 2004. “Dread Risk, September 11, and Fatal Traffic Accidents.” Psychological Science 15 (4): 286–287. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00668.x.
- Hess, Rebecca, Vivianne H. M. Visschers, Michael Siegrist, and Carmen Keller. 2011. “"How Do People Perceive Graphical Risk Communication? The Role of Subjective Numeracy.” Journal of Risk Research 14 (1): 47–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2010.488745.
- IBM Corp. 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows 25.0. IBM Corp., Armonk, NY.
- International Air Transport Association. 2018. In Annual Review.
- Jackson, Brian A., E. W. Chan, and T. LaTourrette. 2012. “Assessing the Security Benefits of a Trusted Traveler Program in the Presence of Attempted Attacker Exploitation and Compromise.” Journal of Transportation Security 5 (1): 1–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12198-011-0077-0.
- Jackson, Brian A., LaTourrette Tom, Edward W. Chan, Lundberg Russell, Andrew R. Morral, and David R. Frelinger. 2012. Efficient Aviation Security: Strengthening the Analytic Foundation for Making Air Transportation Security Decisions. New York, NY: RAND Corporation.
- Jenkins, Sarah C., Adam J. L. Harris, and R. Murray Lark. 2019. “When Unlikely Outcomes Occur: The Role of Communication Format in Maintaining Communicator Credibility.” Journal of Risk Research 22 (5): 537–554. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2018.1440415.
- Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. 1979. “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk.” Econometrica 47 (2): 263–292. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185.
- Kasperson, Roger E., Ortwin Renn, Paul Slovic, Halina S. Brown, Jacque Emel, Robert Goble, Jeanne X. Kasperson, and Samuel Ratick. 1988. “The Social Amplification of Risk: A Conceptual Framework.” Risk Analysis 8 (2): 177–187. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1988.tb01168.x.
- Keller, Carmen, and Michael Siegrist. 2009. “Effect of Risk Communication Formats on Risk Perception Depending on Numeracy.” Medical Decision Making 29 (4): 483–490. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X09333122.
- Keller, Carmen, Michael Siegrist, and Vivianne Visschers. 2009. “Effect of Risk Ladder Format on Risk Perception in High‐and Low‐Numerate Individuals.” Risk Analysis 29 (9): 1255–1264. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01261.x.
- Killias, Martin, David Scheidegger, and Peter Nordenson. 2009. “The Effects of Increasing the Certainty of Punishment: A Field Experiment on Public Transportation.” European Journal of Criminology 6 (5): 387–400. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370809337881.
- LaTourrette, Tom. 2012. “The Benefits of Security Depend on How Different Security Measures Work Together.” In Efficient Aviation Security: Strengthening the Analytic Foundation for Making Air Transportation Security Decisions, edited by Brian A Jackson, Tom LaTourrette, Edward W Chan, Russell Lundberg, Andrew R Morral and David R Frelinger. Arlington VA: RAND Corporation.
- LaTourrette, Tom, Brian A. Jackson, Edward W. Chan, Russell Lundberg, Andrew R. Morral, , and David R. Frelinger. 2012. “Introduction: The Goal of Efficient Security.” In Efficient Aviation Security: Strengthening the Analytic Foundation for Making Air Transportation Security Decisions, 1–10. Arlington VA: RAND Corporation.
- Lee, Murray, and Alyce McGovern. 2016. “Logics of Risk: police Communications in an Age of Uncertainty.” Journal of Risk Research 19 (10): 1291–1302. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2015.1115423.
- Lum, Cynthia, Peter Zachary Crafton, Rebecca Parsons, Dale Beech, Tarren Smarr, and Michael Connors. 2015. “Discretion and Fairness in Airport Security Screening.” Security Journal 28 (4): 352–373. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2012.51.
- Nguyen, K. D., and R. S. John. 2018. “Perceptions and Affective Responses to Alternative Risk-Based Airport Security.” In AHFE 2017 International Conference on Human Factors in Transportation, 2017. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
- Nguyen, K. D., H. Rosoff, and R. S. John. 2017. “Valuing Equal Protection in Aviation Security Screening.” Risk Analysis: An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 37 (12): 2405–2419. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12814.
- Overbye, M. 2017. “Deterrence by Risk of Detection? An Inquiry into How Elite Athletes Perceive the Deterrent Effect of the Doping Testing Regime in Their Sport.” Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 24 (2): 206–219. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2016.1182119.
- Paternoster, Ray. 2010. "How much do we really know about criminal deterrence?" The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 100 (3): 765–824. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/25766109.
- Peters, Ellen. 2008. “Numeracy and the Perception and Communication of Risk.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1128 (1): 1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1399.001.
- Peters, Ellen. 2012. “Beyond Comprehension: The Role of Numeracy in Judgments and Decisions.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 21 (1): 31–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411429960.
- Peters, Ellen, Daniel Västfjäll, Paul Slovic, C. K. Mertz, Ketti Mazzocco, and Stephan Dickert. 2006. “Numeracy and Decision Making.” Psychological Science 17 (5): 407–413. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01720.x.
- Ridinger, G., R. S. John, M. McBride, and N. Scurich. 2016. “Attacker Deterrence and Perceived Risk in a Stackelberg Security Game.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 36 (8): 1666–1681. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12547.
- Scheider, M. C. 2001. “Deterrence and the Base Rate Fallacy: An Examination of Perceived Certainty.” Justice Quarterly 18 (1): 63–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820100094821.
- Scurich, Nicholas, and Richard S. John. 2014. “Perceptions of Randomized Security Schedules.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 34 (4): 765–770. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12126.
- Slovic, Paul. 2006. The Perception of Risk. London, UK: Earthscan.
- Stewart, Mark G., and John Mueller. 2014. “Cost-Benefit Analysis of Airport Security: Are Airports Too Safe?” Journal of Air Transport Management 35: 19–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2013.11.003.
- Stotz, Tamara, Angela Bearth, Signe Maria Ghelfi, and Michael Siegrist. 2020. “Evaluating the Perceived Efficacy of Randomized Security Measures at Airports.” Risk Analysis 40 (7): 1469–1480. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13474.
- Transportation Security Administration. 2020. “TSA PreCheck.” Last Modified 20.01.2020. https://www.tsa.gov/precheck.
- Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman. 1974. “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 185 (4157): 1124–1131. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124.
- Ushynskyi, Sergey. 2009. “Pan Am Flight 103 Investigation and Lessons Learned.” Aviation 13 (3): 78–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.3846/1648-7788.2009.13.78-86.
- Viscusi, W. Kip., and Richard J. Zeckhauser. 2003. “Sacrificing Civil Liberties to Reduce Terrorism Risks.” In The Risks of Terrorism, edited by W. Kip Viscusi, 1–22. Boston, MA: Springer US.
- WHO. 2016. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. 2016. Random Breath Testing by Country. edited by World Health Organization.