What would disprove interdependence? Lessons learned from a study on biliteracy in Portuguese heritage language speakers in Switzerland

References

• Alderson, J. C. 1984. “Reading in a Foreign Language: A Reading Problem or a Language Problem?” In Reading in a Foreign Language, edited by J. C. Alderson and A. H. Urquhart, 1–27. London, UK: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Ardasheva, Y., T. R. Tretter, and M. Kinny. 2012. “English Language Learners and Academic Achievement: Revisiting the Threshold Hypothesis.” Language Learning 62 (3): 769–812. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2011.00652.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, C. 2006. “Literacy, Biliteracy and Multiliteracies for Bilinguals.” In Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, edited by C. Baker, 320–345. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, D., M. Mächler, B. Bolker, and S. Walker. 2015. “Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4.” Journal of Statistical Software 67 (1): 1–48. doi:10.18637/jss.v067.i01.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beacco, J.-C., M. Byram, M. Cavalli, D. Coste, M. Egli Cuenat, F. Goullier, and J. Panthier. 2010. Guide pour le développement et la mise en oeuvre de curriculums pour une éducation plurilingue et interculturelle. Strasbourg: Conseil de l’Europe.
   Google Scholar
• Bishop, D. V. M., G. Laws, C. Adams, and C. F. Norbury. 2006. “High Heritability of Speech and Language Impairments in 6-Year-Old Twins Demonstrated Using Parent and Teacher Report.” Behavior Genetics 36 (2): 173–184. doi:10.1007/s10519-005-9020-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner, J., and P. C. Austin. 2009. “Inflation of Type I Error Rate in Multiple Regression When Independent Variables are Measured With Error.” Canadian Journal of Statistics 37 (1): 33–46. doi:10.1002/cjs.10004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caprez-Krompák, E. 2010. Entwicklung der erst- und zweitsprache im interkulturellen kontext. Münster: Waxmann.
   Google Scholar
• Cárdenas-Hagan, E., C. D. Carlson, and S. D. Pollard-Durodola. 2007. “The Cross-Linguistic Transfer of Early Literacy Skills: The Role of Initial L1 and L2 Skills and Language of Instruction.” Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 38: 249. doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2007/026 doi: 10.1044/0161-1461(2007/026)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, L. M. 2006. “Analysis of Longitudinal Data: The Integration of Theoretical Model, Temporal Design, and Statistical Model.” Annual Review of Psychology 57: 505–528. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, L. M., and J. W. Graham. 2002. “The Effect of the Timing and Spacing of Observations in Longitudinal Studies of Tobacco and Other Drug Use: Temporal Design Considerations.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 68 (Suppl. 1): 85–96. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00217-X.
   Google Scholar
• Cummins, J. 1976. The Influence of Bilingualism on Cognitive Growth: A Synthesis of Research Findings and Explanatory Hypotheses (Working Papers on Bilingualism No. 9). Toronto: The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.
   Google Scholar
• Cummins, J. 1979. “Linguistic Interdependence and the Educational Development of Bilingual Children.” Review of Educational Research 49 (2): 222–251. doi:10.3102/00346543049002222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins, J. 1996. Negotiating Identities: Education for Empowerment in a Diverse Society. Los Angeles: California Association for Bilingual Education.
   Google Scholar
• Cummins, J. 2001. Negotiating Identities: Education for the Empowerment in a Diverse Society. 2nd ed.Los Angeles: California Association for Bilingual Education.
   Google Scholar
• Cummins, J. 2009. “Pedagogies of Choice: Challenging Coercive Relations of Power in Classrooms and Communities.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 12 (3): 261–271. doi:10.1080/13670050903003751.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins, J. 2017. “Teaching for Transfer in Multilingual Educational Contexts.” In Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 3rd Edition, Volume 5: Bilingual Education, edited by O. García, and A. Lin, 103–115. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Da Fontoura, H. A., and L. S. Siegel. 1995. “Reading, Syntactic, and Working Memory Skills of Bilingual Portuguese-English Canadian Children.” Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal 7: 139–153. doi: 10.1007/BF01026951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desgrippes, M., and A. Lambelet. 2017. “On the Sociolinguistic Embedding of Portuguese Heritage Language Speakers in Switzerland: Socioeconomic Status and Home Literacy Environment (HELASCOT Project).” In Heritage and School Language Literacy Development in Migrant Children: Interdependence or Independence? edited by R. Berthele, and A. Lambelet, 34–57. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Dressler, C., and M. L. Kamil. 2006. “First- and Second-Language Literacy.” In Developing Literacy in Second Language Learners: Report of the National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth, edited by D. August, and T. Shanahan, 197–238. Washington DC.
   Google Scholar
• Esser, H. 2009. “Der Streit um die Zweisprachigkeit: Was bringt die Bilingualität?” In Streitfall Zweisprachigkeit = The bilingualism controversy, edited by I. Gogolin and U. Neumann, 69–88. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• García, G. E., R. T. Jiménez, and P. D. Pearson. 1998. “Metacognition, Childhood Bilingualism, and Reading.” In Metacognition in Educational Theory and Practice, edited by D. J. Hacker, J. Dunlosky, and A. C. Graesser, 193–219. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gebauer, S. K., A. C. M. Zaunbauer, and J. Möller. 2013. “Cross-Language Transfer in English Immersion Programs in Germany: Reading Comprehension and Reading Fluency.” Contemporary Educational Psychology 38 (1): 64–74. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2012.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J. K., A. Cheng, and M. T. Carlson. 2006. “Reconceptualizing Multicompetence as a Theory of Language Knowledge.” Applied Linguistics 27 (2): 220–240. doi:10.1093/applin/am1013. doi: 10.1093/applin/aml013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirst, K., P. Hannon, and C. Nutbrown. 2010. “Effects of a Preschool Bilingual Family Literacy Programme.” Journal of Early Childhood Literacy 10 (2): 183–208. doi:10.1177/1468798410363838.
   Google Scholar
• Hulstijn, J. H. 2015. Language Proficiency in Native and Non-Native Speakers: Theory and Research. John Benjamins. doi:10.1075/lllt.41.
   Google Scholar
• Idiazabal, I., and L. M. Larringan. 1997. “Transfert de maîtrises discursives dans un programme d’enseignement bilingue basque-espagnol.” Acquisition et Interaction En Langue Étrangère 10: 107–125.
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis, S. 2000. “Methodological Rigor in the Study of Transfer: Identifying L1 Influence in The Interlanguage Lexicon.” Language Learning 50 (2): 245–309. doi:10.1111/0023-8333.00118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis, S. 2010. “Comparison-Based and Detection-Based Approaches to Transfer Research.” EUROSLA Yearbook 10: 169–192. doi:10.1075/eurosla.10.10jar.
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis, S. 2012. “The Detection-Based Approach: An Overview.” In edited by S. Jarvis, and S. A. Crossley, 1–33. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis, S., and S. A. Crossley, eds. 2012. Approaching Language Transfer Through Text Classification: Explorations in the Detection-Based Approach. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis, S., and A. Pavlenko. 2008. Crosslinguistic Influence in Language and Cognition. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kecskes, I., and T. Papp. 2003. “How to Demonstrate the Conceptual Effect of L2 on L1? Methods and Techniques.” In Effects of the Second Language on the First, edited by V. Cook, 247–267. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Lambelet, A., R. Berthele, M. Desgrippes, C. Pestana, and J. Vanhove. 2017. “Testing Interdependence in Portuguese Heritage Speakers in Switzerland: The HELASCOT Project.” In Heritage and School Language Literacy Development in Migrant Children: Interdependence or Independence? edited by R. Berthele, and A. Lambelet, 26–33. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Lambelet, A., M. Desgrippes, and J. Vanhove. 2017. “The Development of Argumentative and Narrative Writing Skills in Portuguese Heritage Speakers in Switzerland (HELASCOT Project).” In Heritage and School Language Literacy Development in Migrant Children: Interdependence or Independence? edited by R. Berthele, and A. Lambelet, 83–96. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J.-W., and D. L. Schallert. 1997. “The Relative Contribution of L2 Language Proficiency and L1 Reading Ability to L2 Reading Performance: A Test of the Threshold Hypothesis in an EFL Context.” TESOL Quarterly 31: 713–739. doi: 10.2307/3587757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser, U., N. Bayer, and V. Tunger. 2010. “Erstsprachförderung bei Migrantenkindern in Kindergärten.” Zeitschrift Für Erziehungswissenschaft 13 (4): 631–648. doi:10.1007/s11618-010-0144-5.
   Google Scholar
• Muñiz-Swicegood, M. 1994. “The Effects of Metacognitive Reading Strategy Training on the Reading Performance and Student Reading Analysis Strategies of Third Grade Bilingual Students.” Bilingual Research Journal 18 (1-2): 83–97. doi:10.1080/15235882.1994.10162659.
   Google Scholar
• Odlin, T. 1989. Language Transfer: Cross-Linguistic Influence in Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pestana, C., A. Lambelet, and J. Vanhove. 2017. “Reading Comprehension in Portuguese Heritage Speakers in Switzerland (HELASCOT Project).” In Heritage and School Language Literacy Development in Migrant Children: Interdependence or Independence? edited by R. Berthele, and A. Lambelet, 58–82. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Proctor, C. P., D. August, C. Snow, and C. D. Barr. 2010. “The Interdependence Continuum: A Perspective on the Nature of Spanish–English Bilingual Reading Comprehension.” Bilingual Research Journal 33 (1): 5–20. doi:10.1080/15235881003733209.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2016. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.r-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy, S. K. 1992. “Effects of Ignoring Correlated Measurement Error in Structural Equation Models.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 52 (3): 549–570. doi:10.1177/0013164492052003005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reljić, G., D. Ferring, and R. Martin. 2015. “A Meta-Analysis on the Effectiveness of Bilingual Programs in Europe.” Review of Educational Research 85 (1): 92–128. doi:10.3102/0034654314548514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimfeld, K., P. S. Dale, and R. Plomin. 2015. “How Specific is Second Language-Learning Ability? A Twin Study Exploring the Contributions of First Language Achievement and Intelligence to Second Language Achievement.” Translational Psychiatry 5: e638. doi:10.1038/tp.2015.128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolstad, K., K. S. Mahoney, and G. V. Glass. 2005a. “Weighing the Evidence: A Meta-Analysis of Bilingual Education in Arizona.” Bilingual Research Journal 29 (1): 43–67. doi:10.1080/15235882.2005.10162823.
   Google Scholar
• Rolstad, K., K. Mahoney, and G. V. Glass. 2005b. “The Big Picture: A Meta-Analysis of Program Effectiveness Research on English Language Learners.” Educational Policy 19 (4): 572–594. doi:10.1177/0895904805278067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schepens, J. 2015. “Bridging Linguistic Gaps: The Effects of Linguistic Distance on the Adult Learnability of Dutch as an Additional Language.” PhD thesis., Radboud University, Nijmegen.
   Google Scholar
• Schoonen, R., J. Hulstijn, and B. Bossers. 1998. “Metacognitive and Language-Specific Knowledge in Native and Foreign Language Reading Comprehension: An Empirical Study among Dutch Students in Grades 6, 8 and 10.” Language Learning 48 (1): 71–106. doi:10.1111/1467-9922.00033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoonen, R., A. van Gelderen, R. D. Stoel, J. Hulstijn, and K. de Glopper. 2011. “Modeling the Development of L1 and EFL Writing Proficiency of Secondary School Students.” Language Learning 61 (1): 31–79. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00590.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selig, J. P., and T. D. Little. 2012. “Autoregressive and Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis for Longitudinal Data.” In Handbook of Developmental Research Methods, edited by B. Laursen, T. D. Little, and N. A. Card, 265–278. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Shuy, R. 1978. “Problems in Assessing Langauge Ability in Bilingual Education Programs.” In Bilingual Education, edited by H. Lafontaine, H. Persky, and L. Golubchick, 376–381. Wayne, NJ: Avery.
   Google Scholar
• Singley, M. K., and J. R. Anderson. 1988. “A Keystroke Analysis of Learning and Transfer in Text Editing.” Human-Computer Interaction 3: 233–274.
   Google Scholar
• Skutnabb-Kangas, T., R. Phillipson, and M. Rannut. 1994. Linguistic Human Rights: Overcoming Linguistic Discrimination. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Stromswold, K. 2001. “The Heritability of Language: A Review and Metaanalysis of Twin, Adoption, and Linkage Studies.” Language 77 (4): 647–723. doi: 10.1353/lan.2001.0247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takakuwa, M. 2005. “Lessons from a Paradoxical Hypothesis: A Methodological Critique of the Threshold Hypothesis.” In ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism, edited by J. Cohen, K. T. McAlister, K. Rolstad, and J. MacSwan, 2222–2232. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla.
   Google Scholar
• van Gelderen, A., R. Schoonen, R. D. Stoel, K. de Glopper, and J. Hulstijn. 2007. “Development of Adolescent Reading Comprehension in Language 1 and Language 2: A Longitudinal Analysis of Constituent Components.” Journal of Educational Psychology 99 (3): 477–491. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanhove, Jan. 2013. “The Critical Period Hypothesis in Second Language Acquisition: A Statistical Critique and a Reanalysis.” PLoS ONE 8 (7): e69172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanhove, Jan. 2014
   Google Scholar
• Vanhove, J., and R. Berthele. 2017. “Testing the Interdependence of Languages (HELASCOT Project).” In Heritage and School Language Literacy Development in Migrant Children: Interdependence or Independence? edited by R. Berthele, and A. Lambelet, 97–118. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Vanhove, J. The Critical Period Hypothesis in Second Language Acquisition: A Statistical Critique and a Reanalysis.” PLOS ONE 9 (7): e102922.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoeven, L. T. 1994. “Transfer in Bilingual Development: The Linguistic Interdependence Hypothesis Revisited.” Language Learning 44 (3): 381–415. doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01112.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinreich, U. 1953. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York: Linguistic Circle of New York.
   Google Scholar
• Westfall, J., and T. Yarkoni. 2016. “Statistically Controlling for Confounding Constructs is Harder Than You Think.” PLOS ONE 11 (3): e0152719. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar