1,235
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Niche market and individual practices in Tibetan language education in China: an ethnography of language policy

ORCID Icon
Pages 274-289 | Received 10 Feb 2018, Accepted 16 Jul 2018, Published online: 06 Sep 2018

References

  • Adamson, B., and A. Feng. 2014. "Models for Trilingual Education in the People’s Republic of China." In Minority Languages and Multilingual Education, edited by D. Gorter, V. Zenotz, and J. Cenoz, 29–44. Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, and London: Springer.
  • Blackledge, A., and A. Creese. 2012. “Pride, Profit and Distinction: Negotiations Across Time and Space in Community Language Education.” In Language in Late Capitalism: Pride and Profit, edited by A. Duchêne, and M. Heller, 116–141. New York: Routledge.
  • Blommaert, J. 2013. “Policy, Policing and the Ecology of Social Norms: Ethnographic Monitoring Revisited.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2013: 123–140. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2013-0007.
  • Canagarajah, A. S. 2011. “Diaspora Communities, Language Maintenance, and Policy Dilemmas.” In Ethnography and Language Policy, edited by T. L. McCarty, 93–114. New York: Routledge.
  • Clothey, R. 2005. “China’s Policies for Minority Nationalities in Higher Education: Negotiating National Values and Ethnic Identities.” Comparative Education Review 49 (3): 389–409. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/430263.
  • Dello-Iacovo, B. 2009. “Curriculum Reform and ‘Quality Education’ in China: An Overview.” International Journal of Educational Development 29: 241–249. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2008.02.008.
  • Feng, A., and B. Adamson. 2015. "Researching Trilingualism and Trilingual Education in China." In Trilingualism in Education in China: Models and Challenges, edited by A. Feng, and B. Adamson, 1–21. Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, and London: Springer.
  • Fischer, A. M., and A. Zenz. 2018. “The Limits to Buying Stability in Tibet: Tibetan Representation and Preferentiality in China's Contemporary Public Employment System.” The China Quarterly 234: 527–551. doi:10.1017/S0305741017001710.
  • Gao, F. 2010. “Bilingual Education among Ethnic Koreans in China: Ethnic Language Maintenance and Upward Social Mobility.” Chinese Education & Society 43 (1): 82–92. doi:10.1080/01434630903147922.
  • Han, Y., P. I. De Costa, and Y. Cui. 2018. “Exploring the Language Policy and Planning/Second Language Acquisition Interface: Ecological Insights from an Uyghur Youth in China.” Language Policy 18: 243. doi:10.1007/s10993-018-9463-9.
  • Heller, M. 1996. “Legitimate Language in a Multilingual School.” Linguistics and Education 8: 139–157.
  • Heller, M. 2007. “Bilingualism as Ideology and Practice.” In Bilingualism: A Social Approach, edited by M. Heller, 1–22. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Heller, M. 2008. “Doing Ethnography.” In The Blackwell Guide to Research Methods in Bilingualism and Multilingualism, edited by W. Li, and M. G. Moyer, 249–262. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
  • Heller, M., and A. Duchêne. 2012. “Pride and Profit: Changing Discourses of Language, Capital and Nation-State.” In Language in Late Capitalism: Pride and Profit, edited by A. Duchêne, and M. Heller, 1–21. New York: Routledge.
  • Heller, M., and M. Martin-Jones. 2001. “Introduction: Symbolic Domination, Education, and Linguistic Difference.” In Voices of Authority: Education and Linguistic Difference, edited by M. Heller, and M. Martin-Jones, 11–28. Westport, CT: Ablex Publishing.
  • Henry, C. 2016. “The Chinese Education System as a Source of Conflict in Tibetan Areas.” In Ethnic Conflict and Protest in Tibet and Xinjiang: Unrest in China’s West, edited by B. Hillman, and G. Tuttle, 97–121. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Hornberger, N. H., and D. C. Johnson. 2007. “Slicing the Onion Ethnographically: Layers and Spaces in Multilingual Language Education Policy and Practice.” TESOL Quarterly 41 (3): 509–532. doi:10.1002/j.1545-7249.2007.tb00083.x.
  • Hornberger, N. H., and D. C. Johnson. 2011. “The Ethnography of Language Policy.” In Ethnography and Language Policy, edited by T. L. McCarty, 273–289. New York: Routledge.
  • Jaffe, A. 2011. “Critical Perspectives on Language-in-Education Policy: The Corsican Example.” In Ethnography and Language Policy, edited by T. L. McCarty, 205–229. New York: Routledge.
  • Johnson, D. C. 2010. “Implementational and Ideological Spaces in Bilingual Education Language Policy.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 13 (1): 61–79. doi:10.1080/13670050902780706.
  • Johnson, D. C. 2013. “Introduction: Ethnography of Language Policy.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2013: 1–6. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2013-0001.
  • King, K. A., and M. Haboud. 2011. “International Migration and Quichua Language Shift in the Ecuadorian Andes.” In Ethnography and Language Policy, edited by T. L. McCarty, 139–159. New York: Routledge.
  • Lin, J. 1997. “Policies and Practices of Bilingual Education for the Minorities in China.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 18 (3): 193–205. doi:10.1080/01434639708666314.
  • Ma, R. 2007. “Bilingual Education for China’s Ethnic Minorities.” Chinese Education & Society 40 (2): 9–25. doi:10.2753/CED1061-1932400201.
  • Ma, R. 2014. “Bilingual Education and Language Policy in Tibet.” In Minority Education in China: Balancing Unity and Diversity in an Era of Critical Pluralism, edited by J. Leibold, and Y. B. Chen, 83–106. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
  • Mackerras, C. 2017. “Ethnic Minority Languages and Culture.” In Handbook on Ethnic Minorities in China, edited by X. Zang, 214–239. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub.
  • Martin-Jones, M. 2007. “Bilingualism, Education and the Regulation of Access to Language Resources.” In Bilingualism: A Social Approach, edited by M. Heller, 161–182. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Martin-Jones, M. 2011. “Languages, Texts, and Literacy Practices: An Ethnographic Lens on Bilingual Vocational Education in Wales.” In Ethnography and Language Policy, edited by T. L. McCarty, 231–254. New York: Routledge.
  • McCarty, T. L. 2011. “Introducing Ethnography and Language Policy.” In Ethnography and Language Policy, edited by T. L. McCarty, 1–28. New York: Routledge.
  • McCarty, T. L. 2015. “Ethnography in Educational Linguistics.” In The Routledge Handbook of Educational Linguistics, edited by M. Bigelow, and J. Ennser-Kananen, 23–37. New York: Routledge.
  • McCarty, T. L., M. E. Romero-Little, L. Warhol, and O. Zepeda. 2009. “Indigenous Youth as Language Policy Makers.” Journal of Language, Identity, and Education 8 (5): 291–306. doi:10.1080/15348450903305098.
  • Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China and National Language Commission. 2016. Thirteenth Five Year Development Plan of National Language Works. Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, August 25. http://www.moe.edu.cn/srcsite/A18/s3127/s7072/201609/t20160913_281022.html.
  • National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China. 2016. “2015 Statistical Communique of Sample Survey of 1% of National population.” http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201604/t20160420_1346151.html.
  • Pérez-Milans, M. 2013. Urban Schools and English Language Education in Late Modern China: A Critical Sociolinguistic Ethnography. New York: Routledge.
  • Pietikäinen, S., and A. Pitkänen-Huhta. 2013. “Multimodal Literacy Practices in the Indigenous Sámi Classroom: Children Navigating in a Complex Multilingual Setting.” Journal of Language, Identity & Education 12 (4): 230–247. doi:10.1080/15348458.2013.818471.
  • Postiglione, G. A., B. Jiao, and Manlaji. 2007. “Language in Tibetan Education: the Case of the Neidiban.” In Bilingual Education in China: Practices, Policies, and Concepts, edited by A. Feng, 49–71. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • Ramanathan, V. 2005. “Rethinking Language Planning and Policy from the Ground up: Refashioning Institutional Realities and Human Lives.” Current Issues in Language Planning 6 (2): 89–101. doi:10.1080/14664200508668275.
  • Ricento, T. K., and N. H. Hornberger. 1996. “Unpeeling the Onion: Language Planning and Policy and the ELT Professional.” TESOL Quarterly 30 (3): 401–427. doi:10.2307/3587691.
  • Saxena, M., and M. Martin-Jones. 2013. “Multilingual Resources in Classroom Interaction: Ethnographic and Discourse Analytic Perspectives.” Language and Education 27 (4): 285–297. doi:10.1080/09500782.2013.788020.
  • Simayi, Z. 2014. “The Practice of Ethnic Policy in Education: Xinjiang’s Bilingual Education System.” In Minority Education in China: Balancing Unity and Diversity in an Era of Critical Pluralism, edited by J. Leibold, and Y. B. Chen, 131–160. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
  • Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China. 1982. Constitution of the People’s Republic of China. http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/node_505.htm
  • Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China. 1984. Law of People’s Republic of China Regional National Autonomy. http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/gongbao/2001-03/03/content_5004447.htm
  • Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China. 2000. Law of the National Commonly Used Language and Written Script of the PRC. http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/gongbao/2000-10/31/content_1481418.htm
  • Tsung, L. 2014. “Trilingual Education and School Practice in Xinjiang.” In Minority Education in China: Balancing Unity and Diversity in an Era of Critical Pluralism, edited by J. Leibold, and Y. Chen, 161–186. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
  • Tsung, L., and K. Cruickshank. 2009. “Mother Tongue and Bilingual Minority Education in China.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 12 (5): 549–563. doi:10.1080/13670050802209871.
  • Wan, M., and S. Zhang. 2007. “Research and Practice of Tibetan-Chinese Bilingual Education.” In Bilingual Education in China: Practices, Policies, and Concepts, edited by A. Feng, 127–144. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • Wang, P. 2016. “Assessment on Language Rights in Education Domain: Shift-Oriented, Maintenance-Oriented or Something Else?” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 19 (1): 89–107. doi:10.1080/13670050.2014.969678.
  • Yu, L., and H. K. Suen. 2005. “Historical and Contemporary Exam-Driven Education Fever in China.” KEDI Journal of Educational Policy 2 (1): 17–33.
  • Zenz, A. 2010. “Beyond Assimilation: the Tibetanisation of Tibetan Education in Qinghai.” Inner Asia 12 (2): 293–315.
  • Zhang, J., and M. Pérez-Milans. 2018. “Structures of Feeling in Language Policy: the Case of Tibetan in China.” Language Policy 29: 29. doi:10.1007/s10993-018-9469-3.
  • Zhang, Q., and T. Yang. 2017. “Bilingual Education for the Tujia: the Case of Tujia Minority Schools in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 173: 1–19. doi:10.1080/13670050.2017.1358694.
  • Zhao, Z. 2014. “The Trilingual Trap: ‘Imagined’ Empowerment among Ethnic Mongols in China.” In Minority Education in China: Balancing Unity and Diversity in an Era of Critical Pluralism, edited by J. Leibold, and Y. Chen, 239–257. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
  • Zhou, M. 2001. “The Politics of Bilingual Education and Educational Levels in Ethnic Minority Communities in China.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 4 (2): 125–149. doi:10.1080/13670050108667723.
  • Zhou, M. 2004. “Minority Language Policy in China: Equality in Theory and Inequality in Practice.” In Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949, edited by M. Zhou, and H. Sun, 71–95. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Zhou, M. 2012. “Historical Review of the PRC’s Minority/Indigenous Language Policy and Practice: Nation-State Building and Identity Construction.” In China's Assimilationist Language Policy: The Impact on Indigenous/Minority Literacy and Social Harmony, edited by G. H. Beckett, and G. Postiglione, 18–30. London: Routledge.
  • Zhu, G. 2014. “The Right to Minority Language Instruction in Schools: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multinational China.” Human Rights Quarterly 36 (4): 691–721. doi:10.1353/hrq.2014.0053.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.