References
- Arcand, J., and F. Grin. 2013. “Language in Economic Development: Is English Special and is Linguistic Fragmentation Bad?” In English and Development: Policy, Pedagogy, and Globalization, edited by E. J. Erling and P. Seargeant, 243–266. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
- Bhattacharya, U. 2013. “Mediating Inequalities: Exploring English-medium Instruction in a Suburban Indian Village School.” Current Issues in Language Planning 14 (1): 164–184. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2013.791236.
- Bourdieu, P. 1993. The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- British Council. 2013. Can English Medium Education Work in Pakistan? Lessons from Punjab. London: British Council. https://www.britishcouncil.pk/sites/default/files/peeli_report_0.pdf.
- Brutt-Griffler, J. 2002. “Class, Ethnicity, and Language Rights: An Analysis of British Colonial Policy in Lesotho and Sri Lanka and Some Implications for Language Policy.” Journal of Language, Identity, and Education 1 (3): 207–234. doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327701JLIE0103_3
- Erling, E. J. 2014. The Role of English in Skills Development in South Asia: Policies, Interventions and Existing Evidence. London: British Council.
- Erling, E. J., L. Adinolfi, A. K. Hultgren, A. Buckler, and M. Mukorera. 2016. “Medium of Instruction Policies in Ghanaian and Indian Primary Schools: An Overview of Key Issues and Recommendations.” Comparative Education 52 (3): 294–310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1185254.
- Ferguson, G. 2013. “English, Development and Education: Charting the Tensions.” In English and Development: Policy, Pedagogy and Globalization, edited by E. J. Erling and P. Seargeant, 21–44. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
- Government of India. 2019. National Education Policy. New Delhi: Ministry of Education.
- Government of Karnataka. 2016. Karnataka State Education Policy. Bangalore: Karnataka Knowledge Commission.
- Government of Pakistan. 2009. National Education Policy. Islamabad: Ministry of Education.
- Government of Pakistan. 2017. National Education Policy. Islamabad: Ministry of Education.
- Haider, S. 2017. “Access to English in Pakistan: Inculcating Prestige and Leadership Through Instruction in Elite Schools.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2017.1320352.
- Halborow, M. 2007. “Language, Ideology and Neoliberalism.” Journal of Language and Politics 6 (1): 51–73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.6.1.05hol
- Hamid, M. O., H. T. M. Nguyen, and R. B. Baldauf. 2013. “Medium of Instruction in Asia: Context, Processes and Outcomes.” Current Issues in Language Planning 14 (1): 1–15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2013.792130
- Heller, M., and A. Duchene. 2012. “Pride and Profit: Changing Discourses of Language, Capital and Nation-state.” In Language in Late Capitalism: Pride and Profit, edited by A. Duchner and M. Heller, 1–21. New York, NY: Routledge.
- The Indian Express. 2019. “English Medium Classes Back in Karnataka Government Schools after 25 Years.” April 20. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/english-medium-classes-back-in-karnataka-government-schools-after-25-years-kannada-outfit-kumaraswamy-1994-education-5685870/.
- Jeon, M. 2012. “English Immersion and Educational Inequality in South Korea.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 33 (4): 395–408. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2012.661438.
- Kamwangamalu, N. M. 2013. “Effects of English-medium Instruction in Africa.” World Englishes 32 (3): 325–337. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12034.
- Kirkpatrick, A. 2011. “English as a Medium of Instruction in Asian Education (From Primary to Tertiary): Implications for Local Languages and Local Scholarship.” Applied Linguistics Review 2: 99–120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110239331.99.
- Kubota, R. 2016. “Neoliberal Paradoxes of Language Learning: Xenophobia and International Communication.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 37 (5): 467–480. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2015.1071825.
- LaPrairie, M. 2014. “A Case Study of English-medium Education in Bhutan.” EdD (International) thesis submitted to the Institute of Education University London.
- Luke, A., C. Luke, and P. Graham. 2007. “Globalization, Corporatism, and Critical Language Education.” International Multilingual Research Journal 1 (1): 1–13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19313150709336861
- Macaro, E. 2017. “English Medium Instruction: Global Views and Countries in Focus.” Language Teaching, 1–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444816000380.
- Manan, S. A., F. P. Dumanig, and M. K. David. 2015. “The English-medium Fever in Pakistan: Analyzing Policy, Perceptions and Practices Through Additive Bi/Multilingual Education Lens.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 20 (6): 736–752. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2015.1080659.
- Mckay, S. L. 2014. “Commentary: English-medium Education in the Global Society – Findings and Implications.” International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 52 (2): 221–228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2014-0010.
- MoE (Ministry of Education). 2007. National Curriculum Framework. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.
- MoE (Ministry of Education). 2014. The Roadmap of Medium of Instruction in Schools Education. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.
- MoE (Ministry of Education). 2016. School Sector Reform Plan, 2016–2022. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.
- Mohamed, N. 2013. “The Challenge of Medium of Instruction: A View from Maldivian Schools.” Current Issues in Language Planning 14 (1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2013.789557.
- Mohanty, A. K. 2019. The Multilingual Reality: Living with Languages. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
- Park, S., and L. Wee. 2012. Market of English: Linguistic Capital and Language Policy in a Globalizing World. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Pennycook, A. 1994. The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language. London: Longman.
- Phillipson, R. 1992. Linguistic Imperialism. London: Routledge.
- Phillipson, R. 2017. “Myths and Realities of ‘Global’ English.” Language Policy 16 (3): 313–331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-016-9409-z.
- Piller, I., and J. Cho. 2013. “Neoliberalism as Language Policy.” Language in Society 42: 23–44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404512000887
- Rahman, T. 2010. “Medium of Instruction Debate.” The News, November 28.
- Ramanathan, V. 2007. “A Critical Discussion of the English-vernacular Divide in India.” In International Handbook of English Language Teaching, edited by J. Cummins and C. Davison, 51–62. New York, NY: Springer.
- Rao, A. G. 2017. “English in Multilingual India: Promise and Illusion.” In Multilingualism and Development, edited by H. Coleman, 281–288. London: British Council.
- Rashid, A., I. Muzaffar, F. Dar, and S. Butt. 2016. “The Issue of English as a Medium of Instruction in Primary Schools in Pakistan: Learning English, Mathematics or Science?” In Human Rights in Language and STEM Education: Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, edited by Z. Babaci-Wilhite, 179–206. Rotterdam: Sense.
- Sah, P. K. 2015. “English Medium Instruction (EMI) in Nepalese Education: Potential or Problem?” ELT Chautari. http://eltchoutari.com/2015/08/english-medium-instruction-emi-in-nepalese-educationpotential-or-problem/.
- Sah, P. K. 2017. “Using the First Language (L1) as a Resource in EFL Classrooms: Nepalese University Teachers’ and Students’ Perspectives.” NELTA Journal 22 (1): 26–38.
- Sah, P. K. in press. Reproduction of Nationalist and Neoliberal Ideologies in Nepal’s Language and Literacy Policies.
- Sah, P. K., and G. Li. 2018. “English Medium Instruction (EMI) as Linguistic Capital: Promises and Realities.” International Multilingual Research Journal 12 (2): 109–123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2017.1401448.
- Sayer, P. 2015. “‘More & Earlier’: Neoliberalism and Primary English Education in Mexican Public Schools.” L2 Journal 7 (3): 40–56. doi: https://doi.org/10.5070/L27323602
- Seargeant, P., and E. J. Erling. 2013. “Introduction: English and Development.” In English and Development: Policy, Pedagogy and Globalization, edited by E. J. Erling and P. Seargeant, 1–20. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
- Seel, A., Y. P. Yadava, and S. Kadel. 2017. Medium of Instruction and Languages for Education (MILE): Ways Forward for Education Policy, Planning and Practice in Nepal. Kathmandu: USAID.
- Skutnabb-Kangas, T., and A. Mohanty. 2009. Policy and Strategies for MLE in Nepal. Kathmandu: Ministry of Education, the Government of Nepal.
- The Tribune. 2019. “Pak Panjab Replaces English with Urdu as Medium of Instruction in School.” July 28. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/pak-punjab-replaces-english-with-urdu-as-medium-of-instruction-in-schools/809271.html#disqus_thread.
- Tsui, A. B. M., and J. W. Tollefson. 2004. “The Centrality of Medium-of-Instruction Policy in Socio-political Processes.” In Medium of Instruction Policies: Which Agenda? Whose Agenda? edited by J. W. Tollefson and A. B. M. Tsui, 1–27. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- UNICEF. 2019. Early Literacy and Multilingual Education in South Asia. Kathmandu: United Nations Children’s Fund Regional Office for South Asia.
- Upadhaya, A., and P. K. Sah. 2019. “Education, English Language, and Girls’ Development: Exploring Gender-responsive Policies and Practices in Nepal.” In Creating an Inclusive School Environment, edited by Rebecca Ingram, 105–114. London: British Council.
- Vaish, V. 2008. “Language Attitudes of Urban Disadvantaged Female Students in India: an Ethnographic Approach.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 29 (3): 198–215. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630802147619
- Van Parijis, P. 2000. “The Ground Floor of the World: On the Socio-Economic Consequences of Linguistic Globalization.” International Political Science Review 21: 217–233. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512100212006
- Walisundara, D. C., and S. Hettiarachchi. 2016. “English Language Education Policy and Planning in Sri Lanka.” In English Language Education Policy in Asia, edited by R. Kirkpatrick, 301–332. London: Springer.
- Wannagat, U. 2007. “Learning Through L2 – Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) and English as Medium of Instruction (EMI).” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 10 (5): 663–682. doi: https://doi.org/10.2167/beb465.0