Varieties of Chinese as heritage languages: a research synthesis

Articles reviewed are indicated with “*”.

• Bakhtin, M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination. (C. Emerson & M. Holquist, Trans.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• *Budiyana, Y. E. 2017. “Students’ Parents’ Attitudes Toward Chinese Heritage Language Maintenance.” Theory and Practice in Language Studies 7 (3): 195. doi:10.17507/tpls.0703.05.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, R., and J. Rosenthal. 2000. “Heritage Languages.” In Handbook of Undergraduate Second Language Education, edited by J. W. Rosenthal, 165–184. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• *Chen, S. H., Q. Zhou, and Y. Uchikoshi. 2021. “Heritage Language Socialization in Chinese American Immigrant Families: Prospective Links to Children's Heritage Language Proficiency.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 24 (8): 1193–1209. doi:10.1080/13670050.2018.1547680.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Curdt-Christiansen, X. L. 2006. “Teaching and Learning Chinese: Heritage Language Classroom Discourse in Montreal.” Language, Culture and Curriculum 19 (2): 189–207. doi:10.1080/07908310608668762.
   Google Scholar
• de Bot, K., W. Lowie, and M. Verspoor. 2007. “A Dynamic Systems Theory Approach to Second Language Acquisition.” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 10 (1): 7–21. doi:10.1017/S1366728906002732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Ding, S. L., and K. L. Goh. 2019. “The Impact of Religion on Language Maintenance and Shift.” Language in Society 49 (1): 31–59. doi:10.1017/S0047404519000642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Du, X. 2017. “Rethink About Heritage Language Learning: A Case Study of Children’s Mandarin Chinese Learning at a Community Language School in Ontario, Canada.” Language and Literacy 19 (1): 4–20. doi:10.20360/G2KP45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFrancis, J. 1984. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenchlas, S. A., and A. C. Schalley. 2017. “Reaching out to Migrant and Refugee Communities to Support Home Language Maintenance.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 22 (5): 564–575. doi:10.1080/13670050.2017.1281218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman, J. 1964. “Language Maintenance and Language Shift as a Field of Inquiry: A Definition of the Field and Suggestions for its Further Development.” Linguistics 2 (9): 32–70. doi:10.1515/ling.1964.2.9.32.
   Google Scholar
• Fishman, J. 1991. Reversing Language Shift. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Fishman, J. A. 2001. “300-plus Years of Heritage Language Education in the United States.” In Heritage Languages in America: Preserving a National Resource, edited by J. K. Peyton, D. A. Ranard, and S. McGinnis, 81–99. McHenry: Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems.
   Google Scholar
• García, O., and C. Sylvan. 2011. “Pedagogies and Practices in Multilingual Classrooms: Singularities in Pluralities.” The Modern Language Journal 95 (3): 385–400. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2011.01208.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, S. 2021. “Reimagining Chinese Diasporas in a Transnational World: Toward a New Research Agenda.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48 (4): 847–872. doi:10.1080/1369183x.2021.1983958.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornberger, N. H., and S. C. Wang. 2008. “Who are our Heritage Language Learners? Identity and Biliteracy in Heritage Language Education in the United States.” In Heritage Language Education: A new Field Emerging, edited by D. M. Brinton, O. Kagan, and S. Bauckus, 3–35. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kurpaska, M. 2010. Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of the Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects. New York: De Gruyter Mouton.
   Google Scholar
• Lantolf, J. P., and M. E. Poehner. 2008. Sociocultural Theory and the Teaching of Second Languages. London: Equinox Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Leung, G. 2012. “Contemporary Hoisan-wa Language Maintenance in Northern California: Evidence from Fourteen Frog Story narratives.” International Multilingual Research Journal 6 (2): 104–120. doi:10.1080/19313152.2011.651427.
   Google Scholar
• Leung, G. 2014. “Hoisan-WA in Jest: Humor, Laughter, and the Construction of Counter-Hegemonic Affect in Contemporary Chinese American Language Maintenance.” HUMOR 27: 2. doi:10.1515/humor-2014-0020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Li, M. 2005. “The Role of Parents in Chinese Heritage-Language Schools.” Bilingual Research Journal 29 (1): 197–207. doi:10.1080/15235882.2005.10162831.
   Google Scholar
• *Liang, F., and D.-S. Shin. 2021. “Heritage Language Maintenance of Chinese Immigrant Families: Perceptions, Practices, and Challenges.” Bilingual Research Journal 44 (1): 23–38. doi:10.1080/15235882.2021.1922539.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Liao, W., and H. Huang. 2020. “Parents’ Perceptions and Management of Children’s Learning of Chinese as a Heritage Language: A Case Study of Cross-Cultural Families in Australia.” Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10 (10): 1218–1226. doi:10.17507/tpls.1010.05.
   Google Scholar
• *Liao, L., P. Larke, and V. Hill-Jackson. 2017. “Bridging two Worlds: Experiences of Chinese and Taiwanese Americans Attending Chinese Heritage Schools in Houston.” Heritage Language Journal 14 (2): 171–188. doi:10.46538/hlj.14.2.4.
   Google Scholar
• *Luo, H. 2015. “Chinese Language Learning Anxiety: A Study of Heritage Learners.” Heritage Language Journal 12 (1): 22–47. doi:10.46538/hlj.12.1.2.
   Google Scholar
• *Luo, H., Y. Li, and M. Y. Li. 2019. “Heritage Language Education in the United States: A National Survey of College-Level Chinese Language Programs.” Foreign Language Annals 52 (1): 101–120. doi:10.1111/flan.12378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montrul, S. 2010. “Current Issues in Heritage Language Acquisition.” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 30: 3–23. doi:10.1017/S0267190510000103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mu, G. M. 2014. “Learning Chinese as a Heritage Language in Australia and Beyond: The Role of Capital.” Language and Education 28 (5): 477–492. doi:10.1080/09500782.2014.908905.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mu, G. M., and K. Dooley. 2015. “Coming Into an Inheritance: Family Support and Chinese Heritage Language Learning.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 18 (4): 501–515. doi:10.1080/13670050.2014.928258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. 2004, August 20. “Wo Guo De Shao Shu Min Zu Yu Yan Wen Zi Gai Kuang [Introduction to the Languages and Literacies of Ethnic Minorities in China].” http://www.moe.gov.cn/s78/A19/yxs_left/moe_812/s234/201412/t20141225_182378.htmh.
   Google Scholar
• Newell, G. E., R. Beach, J. Smith, and J. VanDerHeide. 2011. “Teaching and Learning Argumentative Reading and Writing: A Review of Research.” Reading Research Quarterly 46: 3. doi:10.1598/RRQ.46.3.4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, J. M., and L. Ortega. 2006. “The Value and Practice of Research Synthesis for Language Learning and Teaching.” In Synthesizing Research on Language Learning and Teaching, edited by J. M. Norris and L. Ortega, 3–50. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Otheguy, R., and A. C. Zentella. 2012. Spanish in New York: Language Contact, Dialectal Leveling, and Structural Continuity. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• *Park, H., K. M. Tsai, L. L. Liu, and A. S. Lau. 2012. “Transactional Associations Between Supportive Family Climate and Young Children’s Heritage Language Proficiency in Immigrant Families.” International Journal of Behavioral Development 36 (3): 226–236. doi:10.1177/0165025412439842.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potowski, K. 2004. “Student Spanish use and Investment in a Dual Immersion Classroom: Implications for Second Language Acquisition and Heritage Language Maintenance.” The Modern Language Journal 88 (1): 75–101. doi:10.1111/j.0026-7902.2004.00219.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potowski, K. 2013. “Language Maintenance and Shift.” In The Oxford Handbook of Sociolinguistics, edited by R. Bayley, R. Cameron, and C. Lucas, 321–339. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Setijadi, C. 2015. “Being Chinese Again: Learning Mandarin in Post-Suharto Indonesia.” In Multilingualism in the Chinese Diaspora Worldwide, edited by L. Wei, 141–157. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Shibata, S. 2010. “Opening a Japanese Saturday School in a Small Town in the United States: Community Collaboration to Teach Japanese as a Heritage Language.” Bilingual Research Journal 24 (4): 465–474. doi:10.1080/15235882.2000.10162778.
   Google Scholar
• The Central People’s Government of the People's Republic of China. n.d. “Zhongguo Minzu [Ethnic Groups in China].” http://www.gov.cn/test/2005-05/24/content_361.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Toth, P. D., and K. J. Davin. 2016. “The Sociocognitive Imperative of L2 Pedagogy.” The Modern Language Journal 100 (S1): 148–168. doi:10.1111/modl.12306.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. 2013, September 11. “Nearly 3 Million U.S. Residents Speak Chinese at Home, Census Bureau Reports.” https://www.census.gov/newsroom/archives/2013-pr/cb13-r90.html.
   Google Scholar
• Vygotsky, L. S. 1978. Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Process. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• *Wang, X. 2017. “Family Language Policy by Hakkas in Balik Pulau, Penang.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2017: 244. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2016-0058.
   Google Scholar
• *Wei, L., and Z. Hua. 2019. “Imagination as a key Factor in LMLS in Transnational Families.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2019 (255): 73–107. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2018-2004.
   Google Scholar
• Wiley, T. G. 2001. “On Defining Heritage Languages and Their Speakers.” In Heritage Language in America: Preserving a National Resource, edited by J. K. Peyton, D. A. Ranard, and S. McGinnis, 29–36. McHenry: Centre for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems.
   Google Scholar
• *Wu, M., and G. Leung. 2014. “Re-envisioning Heritage Language Education: A Study of Middle School Students Learning Mandarin Chinese.” Heritage Language Journal 11 (3): 207–223. doi:10.46538/hlj.11.3.2.
   Google Scholar
• *Wu, M., K. Lee, and G. Leung. 2013. “Heritage Language Education and Investment among Asian American Middle Schoolers: Insights from a Charter School.” Language and Education 28 (1): 19–33. doi:10.1080/09500782.2013.763818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Wu, M., and G. Leung. 2020. “‘It’s not my Chinese’: A Teacher and her Students Disrupting and Dismantling Conventional Notions of ‘Chinese’ Through Translanguaging in a Heritage Language Classroom.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 25 (5): 1–14. doi:10.1080/13670050.2020.1804524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Yang, W. E. 2007. “Chinese Language Maintenance: A Study of Chinese-American Parental Perceptions and Activities.” Journal of Chinese Overseas 3 (2): 220–238. doi:10.1163/179325407788639704.
   Google Scholar
• *Zhang, D. 2010. “Language Maintenance and Language Shift among Chinese Immigrant Parents and Their Second-Generation Children in the U.S.” Bilingual Research Journal 33 (1): 42–60. doi:10.1080/15235881003733258.
   Google Scholar
• *Zhang, D. 2012. “Co-ethnic Network, Social Class, and Heritage Language Maintenance among Chinese Immigrant Families.” Journal of Language, Identity & Education 11 (3): 200–223. doi:10.1080/15348458.2012.686408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Zhang, D., and D. T. Slaughter-Defoe. 2009. “Language Attitudes and Heritage Language Maintenance among Chinese Immigrant Families in the USA.” Language, Culture and Curriculum 22 (2): 77–93. doi:10.1080/07908310902935940.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Zhang, J. 2009. “Mandarin Maintenance among Immigrant Children from the People's Republic of China: An Examination of Individual Networks of Linguistic Contact.” Language, Culture and Curriculum 22 (3): 195–213. doi:10.1080/07908310903308279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L. 2014. “College Chinese Heritage Language Learners’ Implicit Knowledge of Compound Sentences.” Heritage Language Journal 11: 45–75. doi:10.46538/hlj.11.1.3
   Google Scholar
• *Zhu, D., P. Hopper, and G. & Kulaixi. 2020. “Heritage Language Maintenance among Second-Generation Chinese-American Children in a Small Chinese Community.” International Journal of Education, Culture and Society 5 (5): 100. doi:10.11648/j.ijecs.20200505.13.
   Google Scholar
• Zein, S. 2020. Language Policy in Superdiverse Indonesia. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Zuengler, J., and E. R. Miller. 2006. “Cognitive and Sociocultural Perspectives: Two Parallel SLA Worlds?” TESOL Quarterly 40 (1): 35. doi:10.2307/40264510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar