795
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Self-chosen involvement in new religious movements (NRMs): well-being and mental health from a longitudinal perspective

&
Pages 561-585 | Received 10 Sep 2008, Accepted 16 Mar 2009, Published online: 10 Aug 2009

References

  • Anderson , TN Jr and Kida , TE . 1982 . The cross-lagged research approach: Description and illustration . Journal of Accounting Research , 20 : 403 – 414 .
  • Anthony , D and Robbins , T . 2004 . “ Conversion and “brainwashing” in new religious movements ” . In The Oxford handbook of new religious movements , Edited by: Lewis , JR . 243 – 297 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Antonovsky , A . 1987 . Unraveling the mystery of health: How people manage stress and stay well , San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
  • Aronoff , J , Lynn , SJ and Malinoski , P . 2000 . Are cultic environments psychologically harmful? . Clinical Psychology Review , 20 : 91 – 111 .
  • Barker , E . 1989 . New religious movements: A practical introduction , London : Her Majesty's Stationery Office .
  • Barker , E . 1991/1992 . Cults and the health of society . Transactions of the Medical Society of London , 108 : 35 – 45 .
  • Barker , E . 1995 . The scientific study of religion? You must be joking! . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 34 : 287 – 310 .
  • Barker , E . 1997 . “ New religions and mental health ” . In Psychiatry and religion: Context, consensus and controversies , Edited by: Bhugra , D . 125 – 137 . London : Routledge .
  • Barker , E . 2003 . Harm and new religious movements (NRMs): Some notes on a sociological perspective . Cultic Studies Review , 2 ( 1 ) [Retrieved September 2, 2008, from http://www.icsahome.com/culticstudiesreview/csrmembers/docview.asp?Subject=Harm+and+New+Religious+Movements+%28NRMs%29%3A+Some+Notes+on+a+Sociological+Perspective]
  • Bergman , J . 1996 . Paradise postponed … and postponed: Why Jehovah's Witnesses have a high mental illness level . Christian Research Journal , 19 ( 1 ) : 36 – 41 .
  • Besier , G and Besier , R-M . 2001 . Jehovah's Witnesses’ request for recognition as a corporation under public law in Germany: Background, current status, and empirical aspects . Journal of Church and State , 43 : 35 – 48 .
  • Bromley , DG . 1997 . “ Falling from the new faiths: Toward an integrated model of religious affiliation/disaffiliation ” . In Religion and the social order: Leaving religion and religious life , Edited by: Bar-Lev , M and Shaffir , W . Vol. 7 , 31 – 60 . Greenwich, CT : JAI Press .
  • Bromley , DG . 2004 . “ Leaving the fold: Disaffiliating from new religious movements ” . In The Oxford handbook of new religious movements , Edited by: Lewis , JR . 298 – 314 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Buxant , C and Saroglou , V . 2008a . Feeling good, but lacking autonomy: Closed-mindedness on social and moral issues in new religious movements . Journal of Religion and Health , 47 : 17 – 31 .
  • Buxant , C and Saroglou , V . 2008b . Joining and leaving a new religious movement: A study of ex-members’ mental health . Mental Health, Religion and Culture , 11 : 251 – 271 .
  • Buxant , C , Saroglou , V , Casalfiore , S and Christians , L-L . 2007 . Cognitive and emotional characteristics of new religious movement members: New questions and data on the mental health issue . Mental Health, Religion and Culture , 10 : 219 – 238 .
  • Conway , F and Siegelman , J . 1978/2005 . Snapping: America's epidemic of sudden personality change (expanded 2nd ed.) , New York : Stillpoint .
  • Dawson , LL . 1998 . Comprehending cults: The sociology of new religious movements , Toronto : Oxford University Press Canada .
  • Day , S and Peters , E . 1999 . The incidence of schizotypy in new religious movements . Personality and Individual Differences , 27 : 55 – 67 .
  • Dein , S and Barlow , H . 1999 . Why do people join the Hare Krishna Movement? Deprivation theory revisited . Mental Health, Religion and Culture , 2 : 75 – 84 .
  • Deutsch , A . 1975 . Observations on a sidewalk ashram . Archives of General Psychiatry , 32 : 166 – 175 .
  • Deutscher Bundestag Referat Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (Ed.) (1998). Final report of the Enquete Commission on “So-called Sects and Psychogroups”: New religious and ideological communities and psychogroups in the Federal Republic of Germany (W. Fehlberg & M. Ulloa-Fehlberg, Trans.). Bonn: Deutscher Bundestag, Referat Öffentlichkeitsarbeit
  • Di Fiorino , M , Fizzotti , E and Miniati , M . 2002 . Psychometric profiles in Italian Hare Krishna Movement: Affiliation and membership . Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , 4 : 53 – 61 .
  • Durocher , N . 1999 . Insights from cult survivors regarding group support . British Journal of Social Work , 29 : 581 – 599 .
  • Ebaugh , HRF . 1988 . Becoming an ex: The process of role exit , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Ellison , CG . 1991 . Religious involvement and subjective well-being . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 32 : 80 – 99 .
  • Exline , JJ and Rose , E . 2005 . “ Religious and spiritual struggles ” . In Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality , Edited by: Paloutzian , RF and Park , CL . 315 – 330 . New York : Guilford .
  • Farias , M , Claridge , G and Lalljee , M . 2005 . Personality and cognitive predictors of New Age practices and beliefs . Personality and Individual Differences , 39 : 979 – 989 .
  • Flasche , R . 1996 . “ Neue Religionen [New religions] ” . In Die Religionen der Gegenwart: Geschichte und Glauben [The Religions of Today: History and Beliefs] , Edited by: Antes , P . 280 – 298 . München : Beck .
  • Freckelton , I . 1998 . “Cults,” calamities and psychological consequences . Psychiatry, Psychology and Law , 5 : 1 – 46 .
  • Galanter , M . 1980 . Psychological induction into the large-group: Findings from a modern religious sect . American Journal of Psychiatry , 137 : 1574 – 1579 .
  • Galanter , M . 1983 . Unification Church (“Moonie”) dropouts: Psychological readjustment after leaving a charismatic religious group . American Journal of Psychiatry , 140 : 984 – 989 .
  • Galanter , M . 1986 . “Moonies” get married: A psychiatric follow-up study of a charismatic religious sect . American Journal of Psychiatry , 143 : 1245 – 1249 .
  • Galanter , M . 1989 . Cults: Faith, healing, and coercion , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Galanter , M and Buckley , P . 1978 . Evangelical religion and meditation: Psychotherapeutic effects . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 166 : 685 – 691 .
  • Galanter , M , Buckley , P , Deutsch , A , Rabkin , R and Rabkin , J . 1980 . Large group influence for decreased drug use: Findings from two contemporary religious sects . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 7 : 291 – 304 .
  • Galanter , M , Rabkin , R , Rabkin , J and Deutsch , A . 1979 . The “Moonies”: A psychological study of conversion and membership in a contemporary religious sect . American Journal of Psychiatry , 136 : 165 – 170 .
  • Granqvist , P and Kirkpatrick , LA . 2004 . Religious conversion and perceived childhood attachment: A meta-analysis . International Journal for the Psychology of Religion , 14 : 223 – 250 .
  • Gritzmacher , SA , Bolton , B and Dana , RH . 1988 . Psychological characteristics of Pentecostals: A literature review and psychodynamic synthesis . Journal of Psychology and Theology , 16 : 233 – 245 .
  • Grom , B . 2004 . “ Religiosität–psychische Gesundheit–subjektives Wohlbefinden: Ein Forschungsüberblick [Religiosity–mental health–subjective well-being: A research overview] ” . In Religiosität: Messverfahren und Studien zu Gesundheit und Lebensbewältigung , Edited by: Zwingmann , C and Moosbrugger , H . 187 – 214 . Münster : Waxmann .
  • Hassan , S . 1990 . Combatting cult mind control. The #1 best-selling guide to protection, rescue, and recovery from destructive cults , Rochester, VT : Park Street .
  • Herrmann , C , Buss , U and Snaith , RP . 1995 . HADS-D–Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Deutsche Version [HADS-D–German version] , Bern : Huber .
  • Hill , PC and Pargament , KI . 2003 . Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research . American Psychologist , 58 : 64 – 74 .
  • Huber , S . 2003 . Items und Konstrukte des Religiositäts-Struktur-Tests (R-S-T) [Items and constructs of the Structure-of-Religiosity Test (S-R-T)] . Unpublished manuscript
  • Huber , S . 2006 . The “Structure-of-Religiosity-Test.” European network of research on religion, spirituality, and health newsletter, 2/2006, 1–2 . [Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www.rish.ch/pdf/Newsletter%202006-2.pdf]
  • Inaba , K . 2004 . Conversion to new religious movements: Reassessment of Lofland/Skonovd conversion motifs and Lofland/Stark conversion process . Human Sciences Research , 11 ( 2 ) : 33 – 47 .
  • Ivanovski , B and Malhi , GS . 2007 . The psychological and neurophysiological concomitants of mindfulness forms of meditation . Acta Neuropsychiatrica , 19 : 76 – 91 .
  • Kirkpatrick , LA and Shaver , PR . 1990 . Attachment theory and religion: Childhood attachments, religious beliefs, and conversion . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 29 : 315 – 334 .
  • Klosinski , G . 1985 . Warum Bhagwan? Auf der Suche nach Heimat, Geborgenheit und Liebe [Why Bhagwan? In search of home, security and love] , München : Kösel .
  • Koenig , HG , McCullough , ME and Larson , DB . 2001 . Handbook of religion and health , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Kox , W , Meeus , W and ‘t Hart , H . 1991 . Religious conversion of adolescents: Testing the Lofland and Stark model of religious conversion . Sociological Analysis , 52 : 227 – 240 .
  • Kraus , D . 1999 . “Jugendreligionen” zwischen Fluch und Segen [“Youth religions” between bane and boon] . Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie , 48 : 192 – 201 .
  • Kraus , D and Eckert , J . 1997 . Die Bedeutung der Mitgliedschaft in Neuen Religiösen Bewegungen für die Regulation des Selbsterlebens am Beispiel der Hare-Krischna-Bewegung [The significance of membership in New Religious Movements for the regulation of self-experience exemplified by the Hare Krishna Movement] . Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie , 47 : 21 – 26 .
  • Kriegman , D and Solomon , L . 1985 . Cult groups and the narcissistic personality: The offer to heal defects in the self . International Journal of Group Psychotherapy , 35 : 239 – 261 .
  • Kuner , W . 1983 . “ New religious movements and mental health ” . In Of gods and men: New religious movements in the West. Proceedings of the 1981 Annual Conference of the British Sociological Association Sociology of Religion Study Group , Edited by: Barker , E . 255 – 263 . Macon, GA : Mercer University Press .
  • Langone , MD . 1995 . “ Introduction ” . In Recovery from cults: Help for victims of psychological and spiritual abuse , Edited by: Langone , MD . 1 – 21 . New York : Norton & Company .
  • Latkin , CA , Hagan , RA , Littman , RA and Sundberg , ND . 1987 . Who lives in Utopia? A brief report on the Rajneeshpuram research project . Sociological Analysis , 48 : 73 – 81 .
  • Lazarus , RS . 1999 . Stress and emotion: A new synthesis , London : Free Association Books .
  • Lazarus , RS and Folkman , S . 1984 . Stress, appraisal, and coping , New York : Springer .
  • Levine , SV . 1981 . Cults and mental health: Clinical conclusions . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 26 : 534 – 539 .
  • Levine , EM . 1985 . The motives behind cult converts and cult leaders . Update: A Quarterly Journal on New Religious Movements , 9 ( 4 ) : 11 – 23 .
  • Lewis , JR . 2004 . “ Overview ” . In The Oxford handbook of new religious movements , Edited by: Lewis , JR . 3 – 15 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Lifton , RJ . 1961/1989 . Thought reform and the psychology of totalism: A study of “brainwashing” in China , Chapel Hill, NC : University of North Carolina Press .
  • Malinoski , PT , Langone , MD and Lynn , SJ . 1999 . Psychological distress in former members of the International Churches of Christ and noncultic groups . Cultic Studies Journal , 16 : 33 – 51 .
  • Melton , JG . 2004 . “ An introduction to new religions ” . In The Oxford handbook of new religious movements , Edited by: Lewis , JR . 16 – 35 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Miller , MM and Strongman , KT . 2002 . The emotional effects of music on religious experience: A study of the Pentecostal-charismatic style of music and worship . Psychology of Music , 30 : 8 – 27 .
  • Murken , S . 1997 . “ Ungesunde Religiosität–Entscheidungen der Psychologie? [Unhealthy religiosity–Decisions of psychology?] ” . In Kritik an Religionen. Religionswissenschaft und der kritische Umgang mit Religionen , Edited by: Klinkhammer , GM , Rink , S and Frick , T . 157 – 172 . Marburg : Diagonal .
  • Murken S (1998). Soziale und psychische Auswirkungen der Mitgliedschaft in neuen religiösen Bewegungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der sozialen Integration und psychischen Gesundheit [Social and psychic consequences of membership in new religious movements with special consideration of social integration and mental health]. In Deutscher Bundestag, Enquete-Kommission “Sogenannte Sekten und Psychogruppen” (Ed.), Neue religiöse und ideologische Gemeinschaften und Psychogruppen: Forschungsprojekte und Gutachten der Enquete-Kommission “Sogenannte Sekten und Psychogruppen” [New religious and ideological communities and “psycho-groups” Research projects and appraisals of the enquiry-commission “So-called sects and psycho-groups”] (pp. 297–354). Hamm: Hoheneck
  • Murken , S and Namini , S . 2004a . Psychosoziale Konflikte im Prozess des selbst gewählten Beitritts zu neuen religiösen Gemeinschaften [Psycho-social conflicts in the process of joining a NRM] . Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft [Journal of Religious Science] , 12 : 141 – 187 .
  • Murken , S and Namini , S . 2004b . “ Selbst gewählte Mitgliedschaft in religiösen Gemeinschaften: Ein Versuch der Lebensbewältigung? [Self-chosen membership in religious communities: An attempt to cope with life?] ” . In Religiosität: Messverfahren und Studien zu Gesundheit und Lebensbewältigung. Neue Beiträge zur Religionspsychologie [Religiousness: Measuring procedures and studies on health and coping with life. New contributions to the psychology of religion] , Edited by: Zwingmann , C and Moosbrugger , H . 299 – 316 . Münster : Waxmann .
  • Murken , S and Namini , S . 2007 . Childhood familial experiences as antecedents of adult membership in new religious movements: A literature review . Nova Religio , 10 ( 4 ) : 17 – 37 .
  • Murphy , M and Donovan , S . 1997 . The physical and psychological effects of meditation: A review of contemporary research with a comprehensive bibliography 1931–1996 , 2nd , Sausalito, CA : Institute of Noetic Sciences .
  • Namini , S . 2007 . “ Selbst gewählte Mitgliedschaft in neuen religiösen Bewegungen–eine Frage der Passung? Empirische Befunde und kritische Überlegungen [Self-chosen membership in new religious movements–a question of fit? Empirical findings and critical reflections] ” . In Unpublished Ph.D. thesis , Switzerland : University of Luzern .
  • Namini , S and Murken , S . 2008 . Familial antecedents and the choice of a new religious movement. Which person in which religious group? . Nova Religio , 11 ( 3 ) : 83 – 103 .
  • Nathawat , SS and Khan , S . 1995 . A study of subjective well-being of Osho's devotees . Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology , 22 : 41 – 44 .
  • Paloutzian , RF , Richardson , JT and Rambo , LR . 1999 . Religious conversion and personality change . Journal of Personality , 67 : 1047 – 1079 .
  • Perez-de-Albeniz , A and Holmes , J . 2000 . Meditation: Concepts, effects and uses in therapy . International Journal of Psychotherapy , 5 : 49 – 58 .
  • Pfeifer , S . 1999 . Wenn der Glaube zum Problem wird: Wege zur inneren Heilung [When faith turns into a problem: Ways to inner healing] , Moers : Brendow .
  • Poling , TH and Kenney , JF . 1986 . The Hare Krishna character type: A study of the sensate personality , Lewiston, NY : Mellen .
  • Popp-Baier U (2001). Narrating embodied aims: Self-transformation in conversion narratives–A psychological analysis. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 2(3), art. 16. [Retrieved September 1, 2008, from http://qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/3-01/3-01popp-e.htm]
  • Richardson , H . 1980 . “ Mental health, conversion, and the law ” . In New religions and mental health: Understanding the issues , Edited by: Richardson , H . ix – lv . New York : Mellen .
  • Richardson , JT . 1985 . “ Psychological and psychiatric studies of new religions ” . In Advances in the psychology of religion , Edited by: Brown , LB . 209 – 223 . Oxford : Pergamon Press .
  • Richardson , JT . 1995 . Clinical and personality assessment of participants in new religions . International Journal for the Psychology of Religion , 5 : 145 – 170 .
  • Robbins , T and Bromley , DG . 1993 . What have we learned about new religions? New religious movements as experiments . Religious Studies Review , 19 : 209 – 216 .
  • Rochford , EB , Purvis , S and Eastman , N . 1989 . “ New religions, mental health, and social control ” . In Research in the social scientific study of religion , Edited by: Lynn , ML and Moberg , DO . Vol. 1 , 57 – 82 . Greenwich, CT : JAI Press .
  • Ross , MW . 1985 . Mental health in Hare Krishna devotees: A longitudinal study . American Journal of Social Psychiatry , 5 ( 4 ) : 65 – 67 .
  • Saliba , JA . 1993 . “ The new religions and mental health ” . In Religion and the social order: The handbook on cults and sects in America , Edited by: Bromley , DG and Hadden , JK . Vol. 3B , 99 – 113 . Greenwich, CT : JAI Press .
  • Saliba , JA . 2003 . Understanding new religious movements , 2nd , Walnut Creek, CA : AltaMira .
  • Saliba , JA . 2004 . “ Psychology and the new religious movements ” . In The Oxford handbook of new religious movements , Edited by: Lewis , JR . 317 – 332 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Schein , E . 1961 . Coercive persuasion: A socio-psychological analysis of the “brainwashing” of American civilian prisoners by the Chinese Communists , New York : Norton .
  • Schöb A (2001). Die Wohlfahrtssurveys 1978 bis 1998. Zeitreihendaten zur Wohlfahrtsentwicklung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland [The welfare surveys 1978 to 1998. Time series data on welfare development in the Federal Republic of Germany]. Mannheim: Zentrum für Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen (ZUMA)
  • Schoen , B . 2001 . New religions in Germany: The publicity of the public square . Nova Religio , 4 : 266 – 274 .
  • Shapiro , E . 1977 . Destructive cultism . American Family Physician , 15 ( 2 ) : 80 – 83 .
  • Spilka , B , Hood , RW Jr , Hunsberger , B and Gorsuch , R . 2003 . The psychology of religion: An empirical approach , 3rd , New York : Guilford .
  • Stromberg , PG . 1993 . Language and self-transformation: A study of the Christian conversion narrative , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Swartling , G and Swartling , PG . 1992 . Psychiatric problems in ex-members of Word of Life . Cultic Studies Journal , 9 : 78 – 88 .
  • Trimble , DE . 1997 . The Religious Orientation Scale: Review and meta-analysis of social desirability effects . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 57 : 970 – 986 .
  • Ullman , C . 1982 . Cognitive and emotional antecedents of religious conversion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 43 : 183 – 192 .
  • Ullman , C . 1989 . The transformed self: The psychology of religious conversion , New York : Plenum .
  • Walsh , Y and Bor , R . 1996 . Psychological consequences of involvement in a new religious movement or cult . Counselling Psychology Quarterly , 9 : 47 – 60 .
  • Walsh , Y , Russell , RJH and Wells , PA . 1995 . The personality of ex-cult members . Personality and Individual Differences , 19 : 339 – 344 .
  • Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. (2003, October 1st). Persecuted for righteousness’ sake. Watch Tower, 9–13
  • Weiss , AS and Comrey , AL . 1987a . Personality and mental health of Hare Krishnas compared with psychiatric outpatients and “normals” . Personality and Individual Differences , 8 : 721 – 730 .
  • Weiss , AS and Comrey , AL . 1987b . Personality characteristics of Hare Krishnas . Journal of Personality Assessment , 51 : 399 – 413 .
  • Weiss , AS and Mendoza , RH . 1990 . Effects of acculturation into the Hare Krishna movement on mental health and personality . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 29 : 173 – 184 .
  • Wohlfahrtssurvey (1998). Fragebogen vom 12. 10. 1998 [Welfare survey (1998). Questionnaire of 10/12/1998]. Berlin: Abteilung Sozialstruktur und Sozialberichterstattung, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB)
  • Wright , SA . 1987 . Leaving cults: The dynamics of defection , Washington, DC : Society for the Scientific Study of Religion .
  • Wright , SA . 1991 . Reconceptualizing cult coercion and withdrawal: A comparative analysis of divorce and apostasy . Social Forces , 70 : 125 – 145 .
  • Wright , SA and Ebaugh , HR . 1993 . “ Leaving new religions ” . In Religion and the social order: The handbook on cults and sects in America , Edited by: Bromley , DG and Hadden , JK . Vol. 3B , 117 – 138 . Greenwich, CT : JAI Press .
  • Zinnbauer , BJ and Pargament , KI . 1998 . Spiritual conversion: A study of religious change among college students . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 37 : 161 – 180 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.