Introducing the Psychological Wellbeing Scale for Muslim Societies (PWS-MS): a study among young adults in Pakistan

References

• Akhtar, N., Francis, L. J., McKenna, U., & Hasan, S. S. (under review). Introducing a short-form parental attachment questionnaire for Muslim societies (PAQ-MS): A study among young adults in Pakistan.
   Google Scholar
• Anastasi, A. (1961). Psychological testing. Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Astley, J., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2012). Assessing attitude towards religion: The Astley–Francis Scale of Attitude towards Theistic Faith. British Journal of Religious Education, 34(2), 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2011.614735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnette, J. J. (2000). Effects of stem and Likert response option reversals on survey internal consistency: If you feel the need, there is a better alternative to using those negatively worded stems. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(3), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131640021970592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnette, J. J. (2001). Likert survey primacy effect in the absence or presence of negatively worded items. Research in the School, 8(1), 77–82.
   Google Scholar
• Burns, R. A., & Machen, M. A. (2009). Investigating the structural validity of Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scales across two samples. Social Indicators Research, 93(2), 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9329-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, S. T., & Chan, A. C. (2005). Measuring psychological well-being in the Chinese. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(6), 1307–1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.08.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crouch, M., Mack, D. E., Wilson, P. M., & Kwan, M. (2017). Variability of coefficient alpha: An empirical investigation of the scales of psychological wellbeing. Review of General Psychology, 21(3), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, A. L. (1970). The measurement of personality traits by scales and inventories. Holt Rinehart.
   Google Scholar
• Erken, H. G., & Francis, L. J. (2021). Internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the Astley-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Theistic Faith revised among Muslim, Christian, and religiously unaffiliated secondary school students in England. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 24(3), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2020.1851667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes, H. M., Vasconcelos-Raposo, J., & Teixeira, C. M. (2010). Preliminary analysis of the psychometric properties of Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-being in Portuguese adolescents. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13(2), 1032–1043. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600002675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis, L. J., Brockett, A., & Village, A. (2013). Measuring attitude toward theistic faith: Assessing the Astley-Francis scale among Christian, Muslim and secular youth in england. Research in Education, 89(1), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.7227/RIE.89.1.6
   Google Scholar
• Francis, L. J., & Lewis, C. A. (2016). Internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the Astley-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Theistic Faith among religiously unaffiliated Christian and Muslim youth in the UK. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 19(5), 484–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2016.1206871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis, L. J., Sahin, A., & Al-Ansari, E. (2006). The psychometric properties of the Sahin-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam among young adults in Kuwait. Muslim Education Quarterly, 23, 69–82.
   Google Scholar
• Francis, L. J., Tekke, M., & Robbins, M. (2016). The psychometric properties of the Sahin-Francis Scale of Attitude towards Islam Revised among Sunni students in Malaysia. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 19(5), 433–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2016.1193480
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, E. M., & Ryff, C. D. (2012). Living well with medical comorbidities: A biopsychosocial perspective. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67(5), 535–544. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, J., & McLellan, R. (2018). Using Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-being in adolescents in mainland China. BMC Psychology, 6(17), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-018-0231-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hailegiorgi, M. T., Berheto, T. M., Sibamo, E. L., Asseffa, N. A., Tesfa, G., & Birhanu, F. (2018). Psychological wellbeing of children at public primary schools in Jimma town: An orphan and non-orphan comparative study. PLOS ONE, 13(4), e0195377–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog, T. R., & Strevey, S. J. (2008). Contact with nature, sense of humor, and psychological well-being. Environment and Behavior, 40(6), 747–776. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916507308524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jawaria, A., & Dasti, R. (2016). Caregiver burden, spirituality, and psychological well-being of parents having children with thalassemia. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(3), 941–955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0127-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jibeen, T., & Khalid, R. (2012). Cross validation of Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-being. Translation into Urdu language. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 67–91. https://www.academia.edu/30299582/Cross_Validation_of_Ryffs_Scales_of_Psychological_Well_being_Translation_into_Urdu_Language.
   Google Scholar
• Joshanloo, M. (2010a). Investigation of the contribution of spirituality and religiousness to hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Iranian young adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(1), 915–930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9236-4
   Google Scholar
• Joshanloo, M. (2010b). Investigation of the relation between cultural estrangement and hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of well-being in Iranian young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(7), 733–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.06.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshanloo, M. A. (2013). A comparison of Western and Islamic conceptions of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(1), 1857–1874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9406-7
   Google Scholar
• Kafka, G. J., & Kozma, A. (2002). The construct validity of Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-being (SPWB) and their relationship to measures of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 57(1), 171–190. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014451725204
   Google Scholar
• Kenny, M. E. (1987). The extent and function of parental attachment among first-year college students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02141544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koburtay, T., Jawad, S., & Al Salhi, N. (2022). Theorizing the notion of well-being in Islam: An update of Ryff's theory of eudaimonic psychological well-being. Journal of Community Psychology, 2475–2490. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22790
   Google Scholar
• Li, R. H., Kao, C. M., & Wu, Y. Y. (2015). Gender differences in psychological well-being: Tests of factorial invariance. Quality of Life Research, 24(11), 2577–2581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-015-0999-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindfors, P., Berntsson, L., & Lundberg, U. (2006). Factor structure of Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scales in Swedish female and male white-collar workers. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(6), 1213–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.10.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manchirajhu, S. (2020). Psychometric evaluation of the Ryff’s Scale of psychological wellbeing in self-identified American entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, e00204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00204
   Google Scholar
• Marks, N. F., & Lambert, J. D. (1998). Marital status continuity and change among young and midlife adults: Longitudinal effects on psychological well-being. Journal of Family Issues, 19(6), 652–686. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251398019006001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrens, W., & Lehmann, L. (1983). Measurement and evaluation in education and psychology (3rd ed.). Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Mondi, C. F., & Reynolds, A. J. (2022). Psychological well-being in midlife following early childhood intervention. Development and Psychopathology, 34(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579421001528
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morozink, J. A., Friedman, E. M., Coe, C. L., & Ryff, C. D. (2010). Socioeconomic and psychosocial predictors of Interleukin-6 in the MIDUS national sample. Health Psychology, 29(6), 626–635. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musharraf, S., Lewis, C. A., & Sultan, S. (2014). The Urdu translation of the Sahin-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam: A case of using only positive valence items in Pakistan. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 35(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2014.884847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Oishi, S., & Heintzelman, S. J. (2019). Individual and societal wellbeing. In K. Deaux, & M. Snyder (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of personality and social psychology (pp. 698–722). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190224837.013.28.
   Google Scholar
• Pool, F. W. (2020). Respect, freedom, citizenship: Muslim women’s secularities and perspectives on wellbeing. Religion, State and Society, 50(1), 40–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2021.1971038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, P. H., Wright, J. D., & Anderson, A. B. (1983). Handbook of survey research. Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roszkowski, M. J., & Soven, M. (2010). Shifting gears: Consequences of including two negatively worded items in the middle of a positively worded questionnaire. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 35(1), 113–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930802618344
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. (1989a). Beyond Ponce de Leon and life satisfaction: New directions in quest of successful ageing. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 12(1), 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/016502548901200102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. (1989b). In the eye of the beholder: Views of psychological well-being among middle-aged and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 4(2), 195–210. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.4.2.195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. (1989c). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 10–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. D. (2019). Entrepreneurship and eudaimonic well-being: Five venues for new science. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(4), 646–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. D., Lee, Y. H., Essex, M. J., & Schmutte, P. S. (1994). My children and me: Midlife evaluations of grown children and of self. Psychology and Aging, 9(2), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.9.2.195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1996). Psychological well-being: Meaning, measurement, and implications for psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 65(1), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1159/000289026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Dienberg Love, G. (2004). Positive health: Connecting well-being with biology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1383–1394. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahin, A., & Francis, L. J. (2002). Assessing attitude toward Islam among Muslim adolescents: The psychometric properties of the Sahin-Francis scale. Muslim Educational Quarterly, 19(4), 35–47.
   Google Scholar
• Scull, N. C. (2015). Forgiveness, revenge, and adherence to Islam as moderators for psychological wellbeing and depression among survivors of the 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 9(1), 41–64. https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0009.103
   Google Scholar
• Seo, Y. J., Sun, S., & Cheah, C. S. J. (2019). Confirming the multidimensionality of psychological well-being among Korean immigrant mothers in the United States. International Journal of Mental Health, 48(1), 40–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2019.1578612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shyrock, S., & Meeks, S. (2018). Internal consistency and factorial validity of the 42-item psychological well-being scales. Innovation in Aging, 2(1), 690–691. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igy023.2568
   Google Scholar
• Springer, K. W., & Hauser, R. M. (2006). An assessment of the construct validity of Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-being: Method, mode and measurement effects. Social Science Research, 35(4), 1080–1102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2005.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suárez-Alvarez, J., Pedrosa, I., Lozano, L. M., García-Cueto, E., Cuesta, M., & Muñiz, J. (2018). Using reversed items in Likert scales: A questionable practice. Psicothema, 30(2), 149–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triadó, C., Villar, F., Solé, C., & Celdrán, M. (2007). Construct balidity of Ryff's Scale of Psychological Well-being in Spanish older adults. Psychological Reports, 100(3), 1151–1164. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.100.3.1151-1164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dierendonck, D. (2005). The construct validity of Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-being and its extension with spiritual well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 629–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00122-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villar, F., Triado, C., Celdran, M., & Sole, C. (2010). Measuring well-being among Spanish older adults: Development of a simplified version of Ryff’s scales of psychological well-being. Psychological Reports, 107(1), 265–280. https://doi.org/10.2466/02.07.08.10.21.PR0.107.4.265-280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodlock, R. (2012). Muslim wellbeing in Australia: An analysis of personal and national wellbeing among a sample of Muslims living in New South Wales and Victoria. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 23(2), 181–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2012.655063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusli, N., Roslan, S., Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Ghiami, Z., & Ahmad, N. (2021). Role of restorativeness in improving the psychological well-being of university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(646329), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646329
   Google Scholar
• Zizek, S., Treven, S., & Cancer, V. (2015). Employees in Slovenia and their psychological well-being based on Ryff’s model of psychological well-being. Social Indicators Research, 121(1), 483–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0645-3
   Google Scholar