397
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Role of religion in posttraumatic growth among population exposed to armed conflict: a systematic review

ORCID Icon
Pages 455-469 | Received 12 Jun 2023, Accepted 13 Jul 2023, Published online: 18 Aug 2023

References

  • Askay, S., & Magyar-Russell, G. (2009). Post-traumatic growth and spirituality in burn recovery. International Review of Psychiatry, 21(6), 570–579. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540260903344107
  • Bendavid, E., Boerma, T., Akseer, N., Langer, A., Malembaka, E. B., Okiro, E. A., Wise, P. H., Heft-Neal, S., Black, R. E., Bhutta, Z. A., Bhutta, Z., Black, R., Blanchet, K., Boerma, T., Gaffey, M., Langer, A., Spiegel, P., Waldman, R., & Wise, P. (2021). The effects of armed conflict on the health of women and children. The Lancet, 397(10273), 522–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00131-8
  • Bernstein, M., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2018). Posttraumatic growth as a response to natural disasters in children and adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(5), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0900-4
  • Bhat, R. M., & Rangaiah, B. (2015). The impact of conflict exposure and social support on posttraumatic growth among the young adults in Kashmir. Cogent Psychology, 2(1), 1000077. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2014.1000077
  • Bhat, R. M., & Rangaiah, B. (2016). The relationship of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress with posttraumatic growth: Linear or curvilinear. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 7(3), 296.
  • Bromet, E. J., Atwoli, L., Kawakami, N., Navarro-Mateu, F., Piotrowski, P., King, A. J., Guilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Bunting, B., Demyttenaere, K., Florescu, S., de Girolamo, G., Gluzman, S., Haro, J. M., de Jonge, P., Karam, E. G., Lee, S., Kovess-Masfety, V., Medina-Mora, M. E., … Kessler, R. C. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychological Medicine, 47(2), 227–241. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716002026
  • Brooks, M., Lowe, M., Graham-Kevan, N., & Robinson, S. (2016). Posttraumatic growth in students, crime survivors and trauma workers exposed to adversity. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 199-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.051
  • Canevello, A., Michels, V., & Hilaire, N. M. (2016). Posttraumatic growth: Spouses’ relationship quality and psychological distress. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 21(6), 548–559. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2016.1159112
  • Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
  • Chemali, Z., Smati, H., Johnson, K., Borba, C. P. C., & Fricchione, G. L. (2018). Reflections from the Lebanese field: “First, heal thyself”. Conflict and Health, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-018-0144-2
  • Cox, K. E., Simonds, L. M., & Moulton-Perkins, A. (2021). Patient-targeted googling by psychological therapists: A narrative review of the literature and ethical implications. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 23(2), 288–299. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12454
  • Ewert, A., & Tessneer, S. (2019). Psychological resilience and posttraumatic growth: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Experiential Education, 42(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825919859027
  • Fayaz, I. (2022). Posttraumatic growth experiences in suicide survivors: A qualitative inquiry in conflict zone. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2022.2124524
  • Fernander, A., Wilson, J. F., Staton, M., & Leukefeld, C. (2005). Exploring the type-of-crime hypothesis, religiosity, and spirituality in an adult male prison population. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 49(6), 682–695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X05274897
  • Fouad, F. M., Barkil-Oteo, A., & Diab, J. L. (2021). Mental health in Lebanon’s triple-fold crisis: The case of refugees and vulnerable groups in times of COVID-19. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 589264. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.589264
  • Galea, S., Nandi, A., & Vlahov, D. (2005). The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters. Epidemiologic Reviews, 27(1), 78–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxi003
  • Goldmann, E., & Galea, S. (2014). Mental health consequences of disasters. Annual Review of Public Health, 35(1), 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182435
  • Hammad, J., & Tribe, R. (2021). Culturally informed resilience in conflict settings: A literature review of Sumud in the occupied Palestinian territories. International Review of Psychiatry, 33(1–2), 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1741259
  • Hassan, G., Ventevogel, P., Jefee-Bahloul, H., Barkil-Oteo, A., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2016). Mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Syrians affected by armed conflict. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 25(2), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796016000044
  • Heim, L., & Schaal, S. (2014). Rates and predictors of mental stress in Rwanda: Investigating the impact of gender, persecution, readiness to reconcile and religiosity via a structural equation model. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 8(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-8-37
  • Henson, C., Truchot, D., & Canevello, A. (2021). What promotes post traumatic growth? A systematic review. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(4), 100195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100195
  • Hirooka, K., Fukahori, H., Ozawa, M., & Akita, Y. (2017). Differences in posttraumatic growth and grief reactions among adolescents by relationship with the deceased. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73(4), 955–965. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13196
  • Hobfoll, S. E., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2006). The impact of resource loss and traumatic growth on probable PTSD and depression following terrorist attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(6), 867–878. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20166
  • Höltge, J., Mc Gee, S. L., Maercker, A., & Thoma, M. V. (2018). A salutogenic perspective on adverse experiences. European Journal of Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1027/2512-8442/a000011
  • Housen, T., Lenglet, A., Ariti, C., Shah, S., Shah, H., Ara, S., & Pintaldi, G. (2017). Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder in the Kashmir Valley. BMJ Global Health, 2(4), e000419. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000419
  • International Committee of the Red Cross (2008). How is the Term "Armed Conflict" Defined in International Humanitarian Law? Opinion paper. Retrieved June 2015, from https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/opinion-paper-armedconflict.pdf.
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7(2), 113–136. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.113
  • Kadir, A., Shenoda, S., & Goldhagen, J. (2019). Effects of armed conflict on child health and development: A systematic review. PLoS one, 14(1), e0210071. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210071
  • Kijewski, S., & Freitag, M. (2018). Civil war and the formation of social trust in Kosovo: Posttraumatic growth or war-related distress? Journal of conflict resolution, 62(4), 717–742. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002716666324
  • Kilmer, R. P., Gil-Rivas, V., Griese, B., Hardy, S. J., Hafstad, G. S., & Alisic, E. (2014). Posttraumatic growth in children and youth: Clinical implications of an emerging research literature. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(5), 506–518. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000016
  • Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). In H. G. Koenig, M. E. McCullough, & D. B. Larson (Eds.), Handbook of religion and health (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Kunst, M. (2011). Affective personality type, post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity, and post-traumatic growth in victims of violence. Stress and Health, 27(1), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1318
  • Laufer, A., & Solomon, Z. (2006). Posttraumatic symptoms and posttraumatic growth among Israeli youth exposed to terror incidents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(4), 429–447. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.4.429
  • Lev-Wiesel, R., Amir, M., & Besser, A. V. I. (2004). Posttraumatic growth among female survivors of childhood sexual abuse in relation to the perpetrator identity. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 10(1), 7–17.
  • Linley, P. A. (2003). Positive adaptation to trauma: Wisdom as both process and outcome. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 601-610. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000004086.64509.09
  • Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000014671.27856.7e
  • Lösel, F., Bender, D., Jugl, I., & King, S. (2020). Resilience against political and religious extremism, radicalization, and related violence: A systematic review of studies on protective factors. In Understanding recruitment to organized crime and terrorism (pp. 55–84). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36639-1_3
  • Mahdi, M. S., & Selim, I. S. (2023). Role of civil and international organizations to support families of missing persons, field study in Anbar Governorate after 2014. Resmilitaris, 13(3), 3053–3066.
  • Malhotra, M., & Chebiyan, S. (2016). Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes following adversity-an overview. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 6(3), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijpbs.20160603.03
  • Mapham, A., & Hefferon, K. (2012). “I used to be an offender—now I'm a defender”: Positive psychology approaches in the facilitation of posttraumatic growth in offenders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 51(6), 389–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2012.683239
  • McCann, E., Donohue, G., & Timmins, F. (2020). An exploration of the relationship between spirituality, religion and mental health among youth who identify as LGBT+: A systematic literature review. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(2), 828–844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-00989-7
  • Milam, J. E., Ritt-Olson, A., & Unger, J. B. (2004). Posttraumatic growth among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(2), 192–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403258273
  • Miller, K. E., & Rasmussen, A. (2017). The mental health of civilians displaced by armed conflict: An ecological model of refugee distress. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 26(2), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796016000172
  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & PRISMA Group*. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), 264–269. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135
  • Newton, T., McIntosh, D. N., Hicks, J. A., & Routledge, C. (2013). Unique contributions of religion to meaning. In J. A. Hicks & C. Routledge (Eds.), The experience of meaning in life: Classical perspectives, emerging themes, and controversies (pp. 257–269). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6527-6_20
  • Nguyen, A. W. (2020). Religion and mental health in racial and ethnic minority populations: A review of the literature. Innovation in Aging, 4(5). https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa035
  • Niewiadomska, I., Jurek, K., Chwaszcz, J., Wośko, P., & Korżyńska-Piętas, M. (2021). Personal resources and spiritual change among participants’ hostilities in Ukraine: The mediating role of posttraumatic stress disorder and turn to religion. Religions, 12(3), 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12030182
  • Oman, D., & Thoresen, C. E. (2005). Do religion and spirituality influence health? In R. F. Paloutzian, & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 435–459). Guilford Press.
  • Palmieri, P. A., Chipman, K. J., Canetti, D., Johnson, R. J., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2010). Prevalence and correlates of sleep problems in adult Israeli Jews exposed to actual or threatened terrorist or rocket attacks. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 15, 557–564. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.27989
  • Panjikidze, M., Beelmann, A., Martskvishvili, K., & Chitashvili, M. (2019). Posttraumatic growth, personality factors, and social support among war-experienced young Georgians. Psychological Reports, https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118823177
  • Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301
  • Parry, S. J., & Wilkinson, E. (2020). Mental health services in Cambodia: An overview. BJPsych International, 17(2), 29–31. https://doi.org/10.1192/bji.2019.24
  • Paul Victor, C. G., & Treschuk, J. V. (2020). Critical literature review on the definition clarity of the concept of faith, religion, and spirituality. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 38(1), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010119895368
  • Razum, O., Barros, H., Buckingham, R., Codd, M., Czabanowska, K., Künzli, N., Lyubomirova, K., Otok, R., Signorelli, C., & Middleton, J. (2019). Is war a man-made public health problem? The Lancet, 394(10209), 1613. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31900-2
  • Roberts, B., & Browne, J. (2011). A systematic review of factors influencing the psychological health of conflict-affected populations in low- and middle-income countries. Global Public Health, 6(8), 814–829. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2010.511625
  • Shah, H., & Mishra, A. K. (2021). Trauma and children: Exploring posttraumatic growth among school children impacted by armed conflict in Kashmir. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 91(1), 132–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000523
  • Shaw, A., Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2005). Religion, spirituality, and posttraumatic growth: A systematic review. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 8(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/1367467032000157981
  • Sherr, L., Nagra, N., Kulubya, G., Catalan, J., Clucas, C., & Harding, R. (2011). HIV infection associated posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth: A systematic review. Psychology Health and Medicine, 16(5), 612–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2011.579991
  • Shoshani, A., & Slone, M. (2016). The resilience function of character strengths in the face of war and protracted conflict. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02006
  • Şimşir, Z., Dilmaç, B., & Özteke Kozan, Hİ. (2021). Posttraumatic growth experiences of Syrian refugees after war. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 61(1), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167818801090
  • Taher, R., & Allan, T. (2020). Posttraumatic growth in displaced Syrians in the UK: A mixed-methods approach. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(4), 333–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2019.1688022
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma and transformation. Sage.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–472. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490090305
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Moore, B. A. (2021). Posttraumatic growth as an integrative therapeutic philosophy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 31(2), 180–194. https://doi.org/10.1037/int0000250
  • Tedeschi, R. G., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Taku, K., & Calhoun, L. G. (2018). Posttraumatic growth: Theory, research, and applications. Routledge.
  • Tomich, P. L., & Helgeson, V. S. (2012). Posttraumatic growth following cancer: Links to quality of life. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 567–573. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21738
  • Trani, J. F., Ballard, E., Bakhshi, P., & Hovmand, P. (2016). Community based system dynamic as an approach for understanding and acting on messy problems: A case study for global mental health intervention in Afghanistan. Conflict and Health, 10(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-016-0089-2
  • Tsai, J., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Pietrzak, R. H., & Southwick, S. M. (2012). The role of coping, resilience, and social support in mediating the relation between PTSD and social functioning in veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 75(2), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2012.75.2.135
  • Ungureanu, J. C. (2019). Science, religion, and the Protestant tradition: Retracing the origins of conflict. University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • Usset, T. J., Butler, M., & Harris, J. I. (2021). Building spiritual strength: A group treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder, moral injury, and spiritual distress. In J. M. Currier, K. D. Drescher, & J. Nieuwsma (Eds.), Addressing moral injury in clinical practice (pp. 223–241). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000204–013
  • Veronese, G., Pepe, A., Massaiu, I., De Mol, A.-S., & Robbins, I. (2017). Posttraumatic growth is related to subjective well-being of aid workers exposed to cumulative trauma in Palestine. Transcultural Psychiatry, 54(3), 332–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461517706288
  • Wang, Z., Koenig, H., Ma, H., & Shohaib, S. (2016). Religion, purpose in life, social support, and psychological distress in Chinese university students. Journal of Religion and Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0184-0
  • Worthington Jr, E. L., Wade, N. G., Hight, T. L., Ripley, J. S., McCullough, M. E., Berry, J. W., … & O'Connor, L. (2003). The Religious Commitment Inventory–10: Development, refinement, and validation of a brief scale for research and counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.1.84
  • Yitbarek, K., Birhanu, Z., Tucho, G. T., Anand, S., Agenagnew, L., Ahmed, G., Getnet, M., & Tesfaye, Y. (2021). Barriers and facilitators for implementing mental health services into the Ethiopian health extension program: A qualitative study. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 14, 1199–1210. PMID: 33776497; PMCID: PMC7989539. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S298190
  • Zeligman, M., & Fakhro, D. (2023). Posttraumatic growth and spirituality among adults with chronic illness. Traumatology. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000441
  • Zhai, J., Newton, J., & Copnell, B. (2019). Posttraumatic growth experiences and its contextual factors in women with breast cancer: An integrative review. Health Care for Women International, 40(5), 554–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2019.1578360
  • Zoellner, T., & Maercker, A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology—A critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(5), 626–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.008

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.