The relationship between religiosity and mental health: Distinguishing between shame and guilt

References

• Allport , G. W. and Ross , J. M. 1967 . Personal religious orientation and prejudice . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 5 : 432 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argyle , M. and Beit-Hallahmi , B. 1975 . The Social Psychology of Religion , Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , M. and Gorsuch , R. 1982 . Trait anxiety and intrinsic-extrinsic religiousness . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 21 ( 2 ) : 119 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson , C. D. and Ventis , W. L. 1982 . The Religious Experience. A Social-Psychological Perspective , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Batson , C. D. , Schoenrade , P. and Ventis , L. W. 1993 . Religion and the Individual. A Social-Psychological Perspective , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. 1972 . “ Measuring depression: the Depression Inventory ” . In Recent Advances in the Psychobiology of the Depressive Illnesses , Edited by: Williams , T. A. , Katz , M. M. and Shields , J. A. 299 – 302 . Washington : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , R. J. 1971 . “ Religion and psychological health ” . In Research on Religious Development: A Comprehensive Handbook , Edited by: Strommen , M. P. 391 – 421 . New York : Hawthorne .
   Google Scholar
• Belzen , J. A. 1996 . “ Methodological perspectives on psychopathology and religion: a historical review ” . In Religion, Psychopathology, and Coping , Edited by: Grzymala-Moszczynska , H. and Beit-Hallahmi , B. 23 – 34 . Amsterdam : Rodopi .
   Google Scholar
• Bierbrauer , G. 1992 . Reactions to violation of normative standards: a cross-cultural analysis of shame and guilt . International Journal of Psychology , 27 ( 2 ) : 181 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouman , T. K. , Luteijn , F. , Albersnagel , F. A. and Van Der Ploeg , F. A.E. 1985 . Enige ervaringen met de Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) . Gedrag. Tijdschrift voor Psychologie , 13 ( 2 ) : 13 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Brislin , R. W. 1980 . “ Translation and content analysis of oral and written material ” . In Handbook of cross-cultural psychology , Edited by: Triandis , H. C. and Berry , J. W. Vol. 1 , 389 – 444 . Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Corveleyn , J. and Lietaer , H. 1994 . “ A critical review of current psychological research on the interaction between religion and mental health ” . In Belief and unbelief. Psychological Perspectives , Edited by: Corveleyn , J. and Hutsebaut , D. 203 – 218 . Amsterdam : Rodopi .
   Google Scholar
• Dittes , J. E. 1969 . “ Psychology of religion ” . In The Handbook of Social Psychology , 2nd edn , Edited by: Lindzey , G. and Aronson , E. Vol. 5 , 402 – 659 . Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Dörr , A. 1992 . “ Religiosität und Depression ” . In Religionspsychologie. Eine Bestandsaufnahme des gegenwärtigen Forschungsstandes , Edited by: Schmitz , E. 159 – 180 . Göttingen : Hogrefe .
   Google Scholar
• Ellenberger , H. F. 1970 . The Discovery of the Unconscious. The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , T. J. and Crowley , S. L. 1997 . Measure for measure: a multitrait-multimethod analysis of guilt and shame . Journal of Personality Assessment , 69 ( 2 ) : 425 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontaine , J. R.J. 1992 . De inbedding van schuld en schaamte in culturele context: Een vergelijkend onderzoek met Indonesische en Belgische studenten , Belgium : Catholic University Leuven . [Guilt and shame in cultural context: A comparative study with Indonesian and Belgian students.] Unpublished master's thesis
   Google Scholar
• Fontaine , J. R. J. , Corveleyn , J. and Luyten , P. 1998 . Proneness to guilt and shame: An empirical confrontation and a theoretical integration of two conflicting approaches (Manuscript submitted for publication to Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.)
   Google Scholar
• Fontaine , J. R. J. , Luyten , P. and Corveleyn , J. 1998 . Religious involvement, religious attitudes, and values (Manuscript submitted for publication to Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion.)
   Google Scholar
• Harder , D. W. 1990 . Additional construct validity evidence for the Harder Personal Feelings Questionnaire measure of shame and guilt proneness . Psychological Reports , 67 : 288 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harder , D. W. 1995 . “ Shame and guilt assessment, and relationships of shame- and guilt-prone-ness to psychopathology ” . In Self-conscious Emotions. The Psychology of Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment and Pride , Edited by: Tangney , J. P. and Fischer , K. W. 368 – 392 . New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harder , D. W. and Lewis , S. J. 1987 . “ The assessment of shame and guilt ” . In Advances in Personality Assessment , Edited by: Butcher , J. N. and Spielberger , C. D. Vol. 6 , 89 – 114 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Harder , D. W. and Zalma , A. 1990 . Two promising shame and guilt scales: a construct validity comparison . Journal of Personality Assessment , 55 ( 3&4 ) : 729 – 745 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harder , D. W. , Cutler , L. and Rockart , L. 1992 . Assessment of shame and guilt and their relationships to psychopathology . Journal of Personality Assessment , 59 ( 3 ) : 584 – 604 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hood , R. W. 1992 . “ Sin and guilt in faith traditions: issues for self-esteem ” . In Religion and Mental Health , Edited by: Schumaker , J. F. 110 – 121 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hood , R. W. Jr , Spilka , B. , Hunsberger , B. and Gorsuch , R. 1996 . The Psychology of Religion. An Empirical Approach , 2nd edn , New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hutsebaut , D. 1996 . Post-critical belief. A new approach to the religious attitude problem . Journal of Empirical Theology , 9 ( 2 ) : 48 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Hutsebaut , D. 1997a . Identity statuses, ego integration, god representation and religious cognitive styles . Journal of Empirical Theology , 10 ( 1 ) : 39 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Hutsebaut , D. 1997b . The use of MDS in the construction of post critical belief scales Manuscript in preparation
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , J. L. 1992 . “ Religious ritual and mental health ” . In Religion and Mental Health , Edited by: Schumaker , J. F. 291 – 299 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick , L. A. and Hood , R. W. 1990 . Intrinsic-extrinsic religious orientation: the boon or bane of contemporary psychology of religion? . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 29 ( 4 ) : 442 – 462 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubacka-Jasiecka , D. , Dorczak , R. and Opoczynska , M. 1996 . “ The role of religious values in functioning and mental health ” . In Religion, Psychopathology, and Coping , Edited by: Grzymala-Moszczynska , H. and Beit-Hallahmi , B. 235 – 243 . Amsterdam : Rodopi .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , H. B. 1971 . Shame and Guilt in Neurosis , New York : International Universities Press . Luyten, P., Fontaine, J.R.J., & Corveleyn, J. (1997). The Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA): A critical empirical and conceptual analysis. (Manuscript submitted for publication to Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.)
   Google Scholar
• Masters , K. S. and Bergin , A. E. 1992 . “ Religious orientation and mental health ” . In Religion and Mental Health , Edited by: Schumaker , J. F. 221 – 232 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Maton , K. I. 1989 . The stress-buffering role of spiritual support: cross-sectional and prospective investigations . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 28 ( 3 ) : 310 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pargament , K. I. 1996 . “ Religious contributions to the process of coping with stress ” . In Religion, Psychopathology, and Coping , Edited by: Grzymala-Moszczynska , H. and Beit-Hallahmi , B. 177 – 192 . Amsterdam : Rodopi .
   Google Scholar
• Pargament , K. I. , Maton , K. I. and Hess , R. E. , eds. 1992 . Religion and Prevention in Mental Health. Research, Vision, and Action , New York : The Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Payne , I. R. , Bergin , A. E. , Bielema , K. A. and Jenkins , P. H. 1992 . “ Review of religion and mental health: prevention and the enhancement of psychosocial functioning ” . In Religion and Prevention in Mental Health, Research, Vision, and Action , Edited by: Pargament , K. I. , Maton , K. I. and Hess , R. E. 57 – 82 . New York : The Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , L. P. and Roy , A. 1985 . Religiosity, anxiety, and meaning and purpose: religion's consequences for psychological well-being . Review of Religious Research , 27 ( 1 ) : 49 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pressman , P. , Lyons , J. S. , Larson , D. B. and Gartner , J. 1992 . “ Religion, anxiety, and fear of death ” . In Religion and Mental Health , Edited by: Schumaker , J. F. 98 – 109 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , P. S. 1991 . Religious devoutness in college students: relations with emotional adjustment and psychological separation from parents . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 38 ( 2 ) : 189 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricoeur , P. 1978a . “ The critique of religion ” . In The Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur. An Anthology of his Work , Edited by: Reagan , C. E. and Stewart , D. 213 – 222 . Boston : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ricoeur , P. 1978b . “ The language of faith ” . In The Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur. An Anthology of his Work , Edited by: Reagan , C. E. and Stewart , D. 223 – 238 . Boston : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , C. E. 1990 . Religion and psychological distress . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 29 ( 2 ) : 236 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanua , V. D. 1969 . Religion, mental health, and personality: a review of empirical studies . American Journal of Psychiatry , 125 : 1203 – 1213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumaker , J. F. , ed. 1992a . Religion and Mental Health , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schumaker , J. F. 1992b . “ Introduction ” . In Religion and Mental Health , Edited by: Schumaker , J. F. 3 – 30 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schumaker , J. F. 1992c . “ Mental health consequences of irreligion ” . In Religion and Mental Health , Edited by: Schumaker , J. F. 54 – 69 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz , S. H. 1992 . “ Universals in the content and structure of values: theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries ” . In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , Edited by: Zanno , M. P. Vol. 25 , 1 – 65 . San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. D. , Gorsuch , R. L. and Lushene , R. E. 1970 . Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. D. , Jacobs , G. , Russell , S. and Crane , R. S. 1983 . “ Assessment of anger: the state-trait anger scale ” . In Advances in Personality Assessment , Edited by: Butcher , J. N. and Spielberger , C. D. Vol. 2 , 161 – 189 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Spilka , B. and Werme , P. H. 1971 . “ Religion and mental disorder: a research perspective ” . In Research on Religious Development: A Comprehensive Handbook , Edited by: Strommen , M. P. 461 – 481 . New York : Hawthorne .
   Google Scholar
• Spring , H. , Moosbrugger , H. , Zwingmann , C. and Frank , D. 1992 . Katholische Kirchengemeinden zwischen Tradition und Pluralisierung. Ein quasiexperimenteller Beitrag zum Zusammenhang zwischen kirchlichem Dogmatismus und ekklesiogenen Neurosen , Frankfurt am Main : Institut für Psychologie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität .
   Google Scholar
• Stack , S. 1992 . “ Religiosity, depression, and suicide ” . In Religion and Mental Health , Edited by: Schumaker , J. F. 87 – 97 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tangney , J. P. 1994 . “ The mixed legacy of the superego: adaptive and maladaptive aspects of shame and guilt ” . In Empirical Perspectives on Object Relations Theory , Edited by: Masling , J. M. and Bornstein , R. F. 1 – 28 . Washington : A.P.A .
   Google Scholar
• Tangney , J. P. 1995 . “ Shame and guilt in interpersonal relationships ” . In Self-conscious Emotions. The Psychology of Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment, and Pride , Edited by: Tangney , J. P. and Fischer , K. W. 114 – 139 . New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tangney , J. P. 1996 . Conceptual and methodological issues in the assessment of shame and guilt . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 34 ( 9 ) : 741 – 754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangney , J. P. , Burggraf , S. A. and Wagner , P. E. 1995 . “ Shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, and psychological symptoms ” . In Self-conscious Emotions. The Psychology of Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment, and Pride , Edited by: Tangney , J. P. and Fischer , K. W. 343 – 367 . New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tangney , J. P. , Wagner , P. E. and Gramzow , R. 1989 . The Test of Self-Conscious Affect , Fairfax, VA : George Mason University .
   Google Scholar
• Van de Vijver , F. and Leung , K. 1997 . Methods and Data Analysis for Cross-cultural Research , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Ploeg , H. M. , Defares , P. B. and Spielberger , C. D. 1980 . Handleiding bij de Zelf-Beoordelings Vragenlijst ZBV , Lisse : Swets & Zeitlinger .
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Ploeg , H. M. , Defares , P. B. and Spielberger , C. D. 1982 . Handleiding bij de Zelf-Analyse Vragenlijst ZA V , Lisse : Swets & Zeitlinger .
   Google Scholar
• Van Uden , M. F. H. and Pieper , J. Z.T. 1996 . “ Mental health and religion: a theoretical survey ” . In Religion, Psychopathology and Coping , Edited by: Grzymala-Moszczynska , H. and Beit-Hallahmi , B. 35 – 55 . Amsterdam : Rodopi .
   Google Scholar
• Vergote , A. 1988 . Guilt and Desire. Religious Attitudes and their Pathological Derivatives , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , P. J. , Hood , R. W. Jr , Foster , S. G. and Morris , R. J. 1988 . Sin, depression, and narcissism . Review of Religious Research , 29 ( 3 ) : 295 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulff , D. M. 1991 . Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Wulff , D. M. 1997 . Psychology of Religion. Classic and Contemporary , 2nd edn , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar