1,115
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Keep concentrated and carry on: redesigning supply chain concentration in the face of COVID-19

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 01 Jul 2022, Accepted 29 Jan 2023, Published online: 06 Feb 2023

References

  • Ak, B. K., and P. N. Patatoukas. 2016. “Customer-Base Concentration and Inventory Efficiencies: Evidence from the Manufacturing Sector.” Production and Operations Management 25 (2): 258–272. doi:10.1111/poms.12417
  • Ali, M. H., N. Suleiman, N. Khalid, K. H. Tan, M. L. Tseng, and M. Kumar. 2021. “Supply Chain Resilience Reactive Strategies for Food SMEs in Coping to COVID-19 Crisis.” Trends in Food Science & Technology 109: 94–102. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.021
  • Bae, K. H., and J. Wang. 2015. “Why do Firms in Customer–Supplier Relationships Hold More Cash?” International Review of Finance 15 (4): 489–520. doi:10.1111/irfi.12058
  • Barbieri, P., A. Boffelli, S. Elia, L. Fratocchi, M. Kalchschmidt, and D. Samson. 2020. “What Can We Learn About Reshoring After Covid-19?” Operations Management Research 13: 131–136. doi:10.1007/s12063-020-00160-1
  • Basole, R. C., and M. A. Bellamy. 2014. “Supply Network Structure, Visibility, and Risk Diffusion: A Computational Approach.” Decision Sciences 45 (4): 753–789. doi:10.1111/deci.12099
  • Bernardo, V., and X. Fageda. 2017. “The Effects of the Morocco-European Union Open Skies Agreement: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis.” Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 98: 24–41. doi:10.1016/j.tre.2016.11.009
  • Bharadwaj, A. S., S. G. Bharadwaj, and B. R. Konsynski. 1999. “Information Technology Effects on Firm Performance as Measured by Tobin’s q.” Management Science 45 (7): 1008–1024. doi:10.1287/mnsc.45.7.1008
  • Bodlaj, M., S. Kadic-Maglajlic, and I. Vida. 2020. “Disentangling the Impact of Different Innovation Types, Financial Constraints and Geographic Diversification on SMEs’ Export Growth.” Journal of Business Research 108: 466–475. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.043
  • Borgatti, S. P., and X. Li. 2009. “On Social Network Analysis in a Supply Chain Context.” Journal of Supply Chain Management 45 (2): 5–22. doi:10.1111/j.1745-493X.2009.03166.x
  • Brandon-Jones, E., B. Squire, C. W. Autry, and K. J. Petersen. 2014. “A Contingent Resource-Based Perspective of Supply Chain Resilience and Robustness.” Journal of Supply Chain Management 50 (3): 55–73. doi:10.1111/jscm.12050
  • Buckley, P. J., and R. Strange. 2011. “The Governance of the Multinational Enterprise: Insights from Internalization Theory.” Journal of Management Studies 48 (2): 460–470. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00920.x
  • Campello, M., and J. Gao. 2017. “Customer Concentration and Loan Contract Terms.” Journal of Financial Economics 123 (1): 108–136. doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2016.03.010
  • Casalin, F., G. Pang, S. Maioli, and T. Cao. 2017. “Inventories and the Concentration of Suppliers and Customers: Evidence from the Chinese Manufacturing Sector.” International Journal of Production Economics 193: 148–159. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2017.07.010
  • Chakrabarti, A., K. Singh, and I. Mahmood. 2007. “Diversification and Performance: Evidence from East Asian Firms.” Strategic Management Journal 28: 101–120. doi:10.1002/smj.572
  • Chen, H., C.-W. Hsu, Y.-Y. Shih, and D. Caskey. 2022b. “The Reshoring Decision Under Uncertainty in the Post-COVID-19 era.” Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 37 (10): 2064–2074. doi:10.1108/JBIM-01-2021-0066
  • Chen, L., T. Li, F. Jia, and T. Schoenherr. 2022a. “The Impact of Governmental COVID-19 Measures on Manufacturers’ Stock Market Valuations: The Role of Labor Intensity and Operational Slack.” Journal of Operations Management. ahead-of-print. doi:10.1002/joom.1207.
  • Chen, X., C. Liu, F. Liu, and M. Fang. 2021. “Firm Sustainable Growth During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Customer Concentration.” Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 57 (6): 1566–1577. doi:10.1080/1540496X.2021.1904884
  • Cheng, L. T., R. Y. Chan, and T. Y. Leung. 2018. “Impact of Perk Expenditures and Marketing Expenditures on Corporate Performance in China: The Moderating Role of Political Connections.” Journal of Business Research 86: 83–95. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.01.046
  • Choi, T. Y., and D. R. Krause. 2006. “The Supply Base and its Complexity: Implications for Transaction Costs, Risks, Responsiveness, and Innovation.” Journal of Operations Management 24 (5): 637–652. doi:10.1016/j.jom.2005.07.002
  • Dedrick, J., S. X. Xu, and K. X. Zhu. 2008. “How Does Information Technology Shape Supply-Chain Structure?. Evidence on the Number of Suppliers.” Journal of Management Information Systems 25 (2): 41–72. doi:10.2753/MIS0742-1222250203
  • Dhaliwal, D., J. S. Judd, M. Serfling, and S. Shaikh. 2016. “Customer Concentration Risk and the Cost of Equity Capital.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 61 (1): 23–48. doi:10.1016/j.jacceco.2015.03.005
  • Dikova, D., A. Jaklič, A. Burger, and A. Kunčič. 2016. “What is Beneficial for First-Time SME-Exporters from a Transition Economy: A Diversified or a Focused Export-Strategy?” Journal of World Business 51 (2): 185–199. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2015.05.001
  • Dowell, G., and A. Swaminathan. 2006. “Entry Timing, Exploration, and Firm Survival in the Early US Bicycle Industry.” Strategic Management Journal 27 (12): 1159–1182. doi:10.1002/smj.563
  • Elking, I., J. P. Paraskevas, C. Grimm, T. Corsi, and A. Steven. 2017. “Financial Dependence, Lean Inventory Strategy, and Firm Performance.” Journal of Supply Chain Management 53 (2): 22–38. doi:10.1111/jscm.12136
  • Fan, D., Y. Zhou, A. C. L. Yeung, C. K. Y. Lo, and C. Tang. 2022. “Impact of the U.S.–China Trade war on the Operating Performance of U.S. Firms: The Role of Outsourcing and Supply Base Complexity.” Journal of Operations Management. ahead-of-print. doi:10.1002/joom.1225.
  • Fang, M., F. Liu, and K. Park. 2022. “Is Inventory Performance Helping to Improve SME Credit Ratings? The Moderating Role of Supply Chain Concentration.” Applied Economics Letters: 1–5. ahead-of-print. doi:10.1080/13504851.2022.2156455.
  • Fernhaber, S. A., and P. C. Patel. 2012. “How do Young Firms Manage Product Portfolio Complexity? The Role of Absorptive Capacity and Ambidexterity.” Strategic Management Journal 33 (13): 1516–1539. doi:10.1002/smj.1994
  • Gentry, R. J., and W. Shen. 2010. “The Relationship Between Accounting and Market Measures of Firm Financial Performance: How Strong is it?” Journal of Managerial Issues 22 (4): 514–530.
  • Goodell, J. W. 2020. “COVID-19 and Finance: Agendas for Future Research.” Finance Research Letters 35: 101512. doi:10.1016/j.frl.2020.101512
  • Gunessee, S., and N. Subramanian. 2020. “Ambiguity and its Coping Mechanisms in Supply Chains Lessons from the Covid-19 Pandemic and Natural Disasters.” International Journal of Operations & Production Management 40 (7/8): 1201–1223. doi:10.1108/IJOPM-07-2019-0530
  • Hillman, A. J., M. C. Withers, and B. J. Collins. 2009. “Resource Dependence Theory: A Review.” Journal of Management 35 (6): 1404–1427. doi:10.1177/0149206309343469
  • Hu, H.-H., L. Wang, L. Jiang, and W. Yang. 2019. “Strong Ties Versus Weak Ties in Word-of-Mouth Marketing.” BRQ Business Research Quarterly 22 (4): 245–256. doi:10.1016/j.brq.2018.10.004
  • Huang, R. R. 2008. “Evaluating the Real Effect of Bank Branching Deregulation: Comparing Contiguous Counties Across US State Borders.” Journal of Financial Economics 87 (3): 678–705. doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2007.01.004
  • Huang, N., Z. Yan, and H. Yin. 2021. “Effects of Online–Offline Service Integration on e-Healthcare Providers: A Quasi-Natural Experiment.” Production and Operations Management 30 (8): 2359–2378. doi:10.1111/poms.13381
  • Hui, K. W., C. Liang, and P. E. Yeung. 2019. “The Effect of Major Customer Concentration on Firm Profitability: Competitive or Collaborative?” Review of Accounting Studies 24 (1): 189–229. doi:10.1007/s11142-018-9469-8
  • Hvam, L., C. L. Hansen, C. Forza, N. H. Mortensen, and A. Haug. 2020. “The Reduction of Product and Process Complexity Based on the Quantification of Product Complexity Costs.” International Journal of Production Research 58 (2): 350–366. doi:10.1080/00207543.2019.1587188
  • Imbens, G. W., and J. M. Wooldridge. 2009. “Recent Developments in the Econometrics of Program Evaluation.” Journal of Economic Literature 47 (1): 5–86. doi:10.1257/jel.47.1.5
  • Irvine, P. J., S. S. Park, and Ç Yıldızhan. 2015. “Customer-base Concentration, Profitability, and the Relationship Life Cycle.” The Accounting Review 91 (3): 883–906. doi:10.2308/accr-51246
  • Ivanov, D., and A. Dolgui. 2020. “Viability of Intertwined Supply Networks: Extending the Supply Chain Resilience Angles Towards Survivability. A Position Paper Motivated by COVID-19 Outbreak.” International Journal of Production Research 58 (10): 2904–2915. doi:10.1080/00207543.2020.1750727
  • Jacobs, M. A., and M. Swink. 2011. “Product Portfolio Architectural Complexity and Operational Performance: Incorporating the Roles of Learning and Fixed Assets.” Journal of Operations Management 29 (7-8): 677–691. doi:10.1016/j.jom.2011.03.002.
  • Keil, J. 2017. “The Trouble with Approximating Industry Concentration from Compustat.” Journal of Corporate Finance 45: 467–479. doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2017.05.019
  • Khanna, T., and K. Palepu. 2000. “Is Group Affiliation Profitable in Emerging Markets? An Analysis of Diversified Indian Business Groups.” The Journal of Finance 55 (2): 867–891. doi:10.1111/0022-1082.00229
  • Kim, Y. H. 2017. “The Effects of Major Customer Networks on Supplier Profitability.” Journal of Supply Chain Management 53 (1): 26–40. doi:10.1111/jscm.12118
  • Kim, Y., Y.-S. Chen, and K. Linderman. 2015. “Supply Network Disruption and Resilience: A Network Structural Perspective.” Journal of Operations Management 33: 43–59. doi:10.1016/j.jom.2014.10.006
  • Kim, Y. H., and G. F. Davis. 2016. “Challenges for Global Supply Chain Sustainability: Evidence from Conflict Minerals Reports.” Academy of Management Journal 59 (6): 1896–1916. doi:10.5465/amj.2015.0770
  • Kim, Y. S., and I. Mathur. 2008. “The Impact of Geographic Diversification on Firm Performance.” International Review of Financial Analysis 17 (4): 747–766. doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2007.09.007
  • Kim, Y. H., and U. Wemmerlöv. 2015. “Does a Supplier’s Operational Competence Translate Into Financial Performance? An Empirical Analysis of Supplier–Customer Relationships.” Decision Sciences 46 (1): 101–134. doi:10.1111/deci.12117
  • Kim, D. Y., and P. Zhu. 2018. “Supplier Dependence and R&D Intensity: The Moderating Role of Network Centrality and Interconnectedness.” Journal of Operations Management 64: 7–18. doi:10.1016/j.jom.2018.11.002
  • Kirca, A. H., P. Randhawa, M. B. Talay, and M. B. Akdeniz. 2020. “The Interactive Effects of Product and Brand Portfolio Strategies on Brand Performance: Longitudinal Evidence from the U.S. Automotive Industry.” International Journal of Research in Marketing 37 (2): 421–439. doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2019.09.003
  • Kumar, N., L. K. Scheer, and J.-B. E. M. Steenkamp. 1995. “The Effects of Perceived Interdependence on Dealer Attitudes.” Journal of Marketing Research 32 (3): 348–356. doi:10.1177/002224379503200309
  • Lanier, D., W. F. Wempe, and D. Swink. 2019. “Supply Chain Power and Real Earnings Management: Stock Market Perceptions, Financial Performance Effects, and Implications for Suppliers.” Journal of Supply Chain Management 55 (1): 48–70. doi:10.1111/jscm.12186
  • Lanier, D., W. F. Wempe, and Z. G. Zacharia. 2010. “Concentrated Supply Chain Membership and Financial Performance: Chain- and Firm-Level Perspectives.” Journal of Operations Management 28 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.jom.2009.06.002
  • Leung, W. S., and J. Sun. 2021. “Policy Uncertainty and Customer Concentration.” Production and Operations Management 30 (5): 1517–1542. doi:10.1111/poms.13335
  • Li, G., N. Li, and S. P. Sethi. 2020. “Does CSR Reduce Idiosyncratic Risk? Roles of Operational Efficiency and AI Innovation.” Production and Operations Management 30 (7): 2027–2045. doi:10.1111/poms.13483
  • Li, P., Y. Lu, and J. Wang. 2016. “Does Flattening Government Improve Economic Performance? Evidence from China.” Journal of Development Economics 123: 18–37. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.07.002
  • Lin, C., and D. Su. 2008. “Industrial Diversification, Partial Privatization and Firm Valuation: Evidence from Publicly Listed Firms in China.” Journal of Corporate Finance 14 (4): 405–417. doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2008.05.001
  • Ling, Y., H. Zhao, and R. A. Baron. 2007. “Influence of Founder—CEOs’ Personal Values on Firm Performance: Moderating Effects of Firm age and Size.” Journal of Management 33 (5): 673–696. doi:10.1177/0149206307305564
  • Liu, F., M. Fang, K. Park, and X. Chen. 2021. “Supply Chain Finance, Performance, and Risk: How do SMEs Adjust Their Buyer-Supplier Relationship for Competitiveness?” Journal of Competitiveness 13 (4): 78–95. doi:10.7441/joc.2021.04.05
  • Liu, F., B. C. Kim, and K. Park. 2022a. “Supplier-base Concentration as a Moderating Variable in the non-Linear Relationship Between R&D and Firm Value.” Asian Journal of Technology Innovation 30 (2): 342–363. doi:10.1080/19761597.2020.1853576
  • Liu, W., Y. Liang, X. Bao, J. Qin, and M. K. Lim. 2022b. “China's Logistics Development Trends in the Post COVID-19 era.” International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications 25 (6): 965–976. doi:10.1080/13675567.2020.1837760
  • Liu, F., and K. Park. 2021. “Managing Firm Risk Through Supply Chain Dependence: An SME Perspective.” Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing 36 (12): 2231–2242. doi:10.1108/JBIM-05-2019-0229
  • Lo, C. K., F. Wiengarten, P. Humphreys, A. C. Yeung, and T. C. E. Cheng. 2013. “The Impact of Contextual Factors on the Efficacy of ISO 9000 Adoption.” Journal of Operations Management 31 (5): 229–235. doi:10.1016/j.jom.2013.04.002
  • Ma, X., W. Wang, J. Wu, and W. Zhang. 2020. “Corporate Customer Concentration and Stock Price Crash Risk.” Journal of Banking & Finance 119: 105903. doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2020.105903
  • Mayer, M. C., C. Stadler, and J. Hautz. 2015. “The Relationship Between Product and International Diversification: The Role of Experience.” Strategic Management Journal 36 (10): 1458–1468. doi:10.1002/smj.2296
  • Nath, P., S. Nachiappan, and R. Ramanathan. 2010. “The Impact of Marketing Capability, Operations Capability and Diversification Strategy on Performance: A Resource-Based View.” Industrial Marketing Management 39 (2): 317–329. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2008.09.001
  • Oh, J. H., Z. Zheng, and I. R. Bardhan. 2018. “Sooner or Later? Health Information Technology, Length of Stay, and Readmission Risk.” Production and Operations Management 27 (11): 2038–2053. doi:10.1111/poms.12748
  • Patatoukas, P. N. 2012. “Customer-base Concentration: Implications for Firm Performance and Capital Markets.” The Accounting Review 87 (2): 363–392. doi:10.2308/accr-10198
  • Paul, S. K., and P. Chowdhury. 2021. “A Production Recovery Plan in Manufacturing Supply Chains for a High-Demand Item During COVID-19.” International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 55 (2): 104–125. doi:10.1108/IJPDLM-04-2020-0127
  • Remko, V. H. 2020. “Research Opportunities for a More Resilient Post-COVID-19 Supply Chain–Closing the gap Between Research Findings and Industry Practice.” International Journal of Operations & Production Management 40 (4): 341–355. doi:10.1108/IJOPM-03-2020-0165
  • Rubera, G., D. Chandrasekaran, and A. Ordanini. 2016. “Open Innovation, Product Portfolio Innovativeness and Firm Performance: The Dual Role of new Product Development Capabilities.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 44 (2): 166–184. doi:10.1007/s11747-014-0423-4
  • Saboo, A. R., V. Kumar, and A. Anand. 2017. “Assessing the Impact of Customer Concentration on Initial Public Offering and Balance Sheet–Based Outcomes.” Journal of Marketing 81 (6): 42–61. doi:10.1509/jm.16.0457
  • Sako, M., G. Chondrakis, and P. M. Vaaler. 2016. “How do Plural-Sourcing Firms Make and buy? The Impact of Supplier Portfolio Design.” Organization Science 27 (5): 1161–1182. doi:10.1287/orsc.2016.1079
  • Sarkar, A., and P. K. J. Mohapatra. 2006. “Evaluation of Supplier Capability and Performance: A Method for Supply Base Reduction.” Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management 12 (3): 148–163. doi:10.1016/j.pursup.2006.08.003
  • Schneider, A., C. Wickert, and E. Marti. 2017. Reducing Complexity by Creating Complexity: A Systems Theory Perspective on how Organizations Respond to Their Environments.” Journal of Management Studies 54 (2): 182–208. doi:10.1111/joms.12206
  • Schwieterman, M. A., T. J. Goldsby, and K. L. Croxton. 2018. “Customer and Supplier Portfolios: Can Credit Risks be Managed Through Supply Chain Relationships?” Journal of Business Logistics 39 (2): 123–137. doi:10.1111/jbl.12179
  • Schwieterman, M. A., J. Miller, A. M. Knemeyer, and K. L. Croxton. 2020. “Do Supply Chain Exemplars Have More or Less Dependent Suppliers?” Journal of Business Logistics 41 (2): 149–173. doi:10.1111/jbl.12249
  • Sharma, M., S. Luthra, S. Joshi, and A. Kumar. 2022. “Developing a Framework for Enhancing Survivability of Sustainable Supply Chains During and Post-COVID-19 Pandemic.” International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications 25 (4-5): 433–453. doi:10.1080/13675567.2020.1810213
  • Shi, X., W. Liu, and J. Zhang. 2021. “Present and Future Trends of Supply Chain Management in the Presence of COVID-19: A Structured Literature Review.” International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications. ahead-of-print. doi:10.1080/13675567.2021.1988909.
  • Shih, W. C. 2020. “Global Supply Chains in a Post-Pandemic World.” Harvard Business Review 98 (5): 82–89.
  • Singh, S., R. Kumar, R. Panchal, and M. K. Tiwari. 2021. “Impact of COVID-19 on Logistics Systems and Disruptions in Food Supply Chain.” International Journal of Production Research 59 (7): 1993–2008. doi:10.1080/00207543.2020.1792000
  • Song, D. P., J.-X. Dong, and J. Xu. 2014. “Integrated Inventory Management and Supplier Base Reduction in a Supply Chain with Multiple Uncertainties.” European Journal of Operational Research 232 (3): 522–536. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2013.07.044
  • Su, M., J. Zhao, G. Qi, J. Kim, and K. Park. 2021. “Online Retailer Cold Chain Physical Distribution Service Quality and Consumers: Evidence from China During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications. ahead-of-print. doi:10.1080/13675567.2021.1961214.
  • Sun, W., and R. Govind. 2017. “Product Market Diversification and Market Emphasis: Impacts on Firm Idiosyncratic Risk in Market Turbulence.” European Journal of Marketing 51 (7/8): 1308–1331. doi:10.1108/EJM-09-2016-0510
  • Thams, Y., M. J. Alvarado-Vargas, and W. Newburry. 2016. “Geographical Diversification as a Predictor of MNC Reputations in Their Home Nations.” Journal of Business Research 69 (8): 2882–2889. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.12.057
  • Tseng, M.-L., T.-D. Bui, M. K. Lim, M. Fujii, and U. Mishra. 2022. “Assessing Data-Driven Sustainable Supply Chain Management Indicators for the Textile Industry Under Industrial Disruption and Ambidexterity.” International Journal of Production Economics 245: 108401. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108401
  • Verbeke, A., and W. Yuan. 2021. “A few Implications of the Covid-19 Pandemic for International Business Strategy Research.” Journal of Management Studies 58 (2): 597–601. doi:10.1111/joms.12665
  • Wan, X., P. T. Evers, and M. E. Dresner. 2012. “Too Much of a Good Thing: The Impact of Product Variety on Operations and Sales Performance.” Journal of Operations Management 30 (4): 316–324. doi:10.1016/j.jom.2011.12.002
  • Wang, J. 2012. “Do Firms’ Relationships with Principal Customers/Suppliers Affect Shareholders’ Income?” Journal of Corporate Finance 18 (4): 860–878. doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2012.06.007
  • Wang, H., and C. Qian. 2011. “Corporate Philanthropy and Corporate Financial Performance: The Roles of Stakeholder Response and Political Access.” Academy of Management Journal 54 (6): 1159–1181. doi:10.5465/amj.2009.0548
  • Wernerfelt, B., and C. A. Montgomery. 1988. “Tobin’s q and the Importance of Focus in Firm Performance.” The American Economic Review 78 (1): 246–250.
  • Wilcox, R. R. 2003. Applying Contemporary Statistical Techniques. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Wissuwa, F., C. F. Durach, and T. Y. Choi. 2022. “Selecting Resilient Suppliers: Supplier Complexity and Buyer Disruption.” International Journal of Production Economics 253: 108601. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2022.108601
  • Wu, K. J., Y. Bin, M. Ren, M.-L. Tseng, Q. Wang, and A. S. F. Chiu. 2022. “Reconfiguring a Hierarchical Supply Chain Model Under Pandemic Using Text Mining and Social Media Analysis.” Industrial Management & Data Systems 122 (3): 622–644. doi:10.1108/IMDS-06-2021-0358
  • Yiu, L. D., H. K. Lam, A. C. Yeung, and T. C. E. Cheng. 2020. “Enhancing the Financial Returns of R&D Investments Through Operations Management.” Production and Operations Management 29 (7): 1658–1678. doi:10.1111/poms.13186
  • Zhu, M., A. C. L. Yeung, and H. Zhou. 2021. “Diversify or Concentrate: The Impact of Customer Concentration on Corporate Social Responsibility.” International Journal of Production Economics 240: 108214. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108214

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.