References
- Beck , U. 1999 . The Risk Society , London : Sage .
- Becker , H. ( 1997 ) ‘The culture of a deviant group: the “jazz” musician’ , The Subcultures Reader , eds K. Gelder & S. Thornton , Routledge , London .
- Bell , J. 1987 . Doing Your Research Project , Buckingham : Open University Press .
- Bennett , A. ( 1999 ) ‘Subcultures or neo-tribes? Rethinking the relationship between youth style and musical taste’ , Sociology , vol. 33 , no. 3 , pp. 519 – 617
- Bennett , A. 2000 . Popular Music and Youth Culture: Music, Identity and Place , Basingstoke : Macmillan .
- Bennett , A. 2005 . In defence of neo-tribes: a response to Blackman and Hesmondhalgh’ . Journal of Youth Studies , 8 ( 2 ) : 255 – 259 .
- Bennett , A. & Kahn-Harris , K. (eds) ( 2004 ) After Subculture: Critical Studies in Contemporary Youth Culture , Palgrave Macmillan , Basingstoke .
- Blackman , S. 2005 . Youth subcultural theory: a critical engagement with the concept, its origins and politics, from the Chicago school to postmodernism’ . Journal of Youth Studies , 8 ( 1 ) : 1 – 20 .
- Brake , M. 1985 . Comparative Youth Culture: The Sociology of Youth Cultures and Youth Sub-cultures in America, Britain and Canada , London : Routledge .
- City of Edinburgh Council ( 2002 ) Ward Unemployment Data for April 2002 Unemployment Bulletin , City Development Department.
- Clarke , J. , Hall , S. , Jefferson , T. and Roberts , B. 1975 . “ Subcultures, cultures and class—a theoretical overview ” . In Resistance through Rituals , Edited by: Hall , S. and Jefferson , T. London : Hutchison .
- Cohen , A. 1997 . “ A general theory of subcultures ” . In The Subcultures Reader , Edited by: Gelder , K. and Thornton , S. London : Routledge .
- Cohen , A. 2002 . Folk Devils and Moral Panics , 3rd edn , London : Routledge .
- Cohen , L. , Mannion , L. and Morrison , K. 2000 . Research Methods in Education , 5th edn , London : Routledge/Falmer .
- Dean , H. 1997 . “ Underclassed or undermined? Young people and social citizenship ” . In Youth the Underclass and Social Exclusion , Edited by: MacDonald , R. London : Routledge .
- Epstein , J. 1998 . “ Introduction: Generation X, youth culture and identity ” . In Youth Culture: Identity in a Postmodern World , Edited by: Epstein , J. Oxford : Blackwell .
- Furlong , A. and Cartmel , F. 1997 . Young People and Social Change: Individualization and Risk in Late Modernity , Buckingham : Open University Press .
- Gelder , K. & Thornton , S. (eds) ( 1997 ) The Subcultures Reader , Routledge , London .
- Gilbert , N. 2001 . Researching Social Life , London : Sage Publications .
- Government Office for the North East ( 2005 ) Our Region . Government Office for the North East , Newcastle-upon-Tyne .
- Hall , S. & Jefferson , T. (eds) ( 1975 ) Resistance through Rituals: Youth Cultures in Post-War Britain , Hutchison , London .
- Hebdige , D. 1979 . Subculture: The Meaning of Style , London : Methuen .
- Hesmondhalgh , D. 2005 . Subcultures, scenes or tribes? Non of the above’ . Journal of Youth Studies , 8 ( 1 ) : 21 – 40 .
- Hodkinson , P. 2002 . Goth: Identity, Style and Subculture , Oxford : Berg .
- Hodkinson , P. 2004 . “ The Goth scene and (sub)cultural substance ” . In After Subculture , Edited by: Bennett , A. and Kahn-Harris , K. Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan .
- Hollands , R. ( 2002 ) ‘Division in the dark: youth cultures, transitions and segmented consumption spaces in the night-time economy’ , Journal of Youth Studies , vol. 5 , no. 2 , pp. 153 – 172
- Jones , G. and Wallace , C. 1992 . Youth, Family and Citizenship , Milton Keynes : Open University Press .
- Lash , S. and Urry , J. 1987 . The End of Organised Capital , Cambridge : Polity Press .
- Macdonald , R. 1997 . Youth the ‘Underclass’ and Social Exclusion , London : Routledge .
- Martin , H. ( 2004 ) “Neds” offences not only against taste’ , Edinburgh Evening News 19 April , p. 10 .
- Miles , S. 2000 . Youth Lifestyles in a Changing World , Buckingham : Open University Press .
- Muggleton , D. 2000 . Inside Subculture: The Postmodern Meaning of Style , Oxford : Berg .
- Muggleton , D. & Weinzierl , R. (eds) ( 2003 ) The Post-subcultures Reader , Berg , Oxford .
- Murray , C. 1990 . The Emerging British Underclass , London : The IEA Health and Welfare Unit .
- National Statistics ( 2002 ) Socio-Economic Classifications , Office for National Statistics , Cardiff .
- Newcastle City Council ( 2005 ) Unemployment Archive , Newcastle City Council , Newcastle-upon-Tyne .
- Onecity ( 2000 ) The Lord Provost's Commission on Social Exclusion—Final Report , June , City of Edinburgh Council , Edinburgh .
- Redhead , S. 1990 . The End-of-the-century Party: Youth and Pop Toward 2000 , Manchester : Manchester University Press .
- Redhead , S. 1993 . Rave Off: Politics and Deviance in Contemporary Youth Culture , Aldershot : Brookfield .
- Roberts , K. ( 1997 ) ‘Same activities, different meanings: British youth cultures in the 1990's’ , Leisure Studies , vol. 16 , no. 1 , pp. 1 – 15 .
- SCROL ( 2001 ) Scotland census results online 2001 , General Register Office for Scotland , Edinburgh , [online] Available at www.scrol.gov.uk (4 October 2005) .
- Silverman , D. 2000 . Doing Qualitative Research: A Practical Handbook , London : Sage Publications .
- Thornton , S. 1995 . Club Cultures: Music, Media and Subcultural Capital , Cambridge : Polity Press .
- Tyne & Wear Research Institute ( 2005 ) Newcastle—An Overview , Tyne & Wear Research Institute , Newcastle .
- Weinstein , D. 1994 . “ Expendable youth: the rise and fall of youth culture ” . In Adolescents and their Music: If it's Too Loud, You're Too Old , Edited by: Epstein , J. S. New York : Garland .
- Willis , P. 1977 . Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids get Working Class Jobs , Aldershot : Saxon House .
- Willis , P. 1978 . Profane Culture , London : Routledge Kegan & Paul .
- Willis , P. 1990 . Common Culture: Symbolic Work at Play in the Everyday Cultures of the Young , Milton Keynes : Open University Press .
- Wyn , J. and White , R. 1997 . Rethinking Youth , London : Sage .