What's at risk? The proliferation of risk across child and youth policy in England

References

• Armstrong , D. 2004 . A risky business? Research, policy, governmentality and youth offending . Youth justice , 4 ( 2 ) : 100 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Audit Commission , 1996 . Misspent youth: young people and crime . Abingdon : Audit Commission Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Audit Commission , 1998 . Misspent youth '98: the challenge for youth justice . Abingdon : Audit Commission Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , U. 1992 . Risk society , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Bessant , J. , Hil , R. and Watts , R. 2003 . ‘Discovering risk’ , New York : Peter Lang Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Bynner , J. 2005 . Rethinking the youth phase: the case for emerging adulthood? . Journal of youth studies , 8 ( 4 ) : 367 – 384 .
   Google Scholar
• Case , S. and Haines , K. 2009 . Understanding youth offending: risk factor research, policy and practice , Cullompton, Devon : Willan Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Castel , R. 1991 . “ From dangerousness to risk ” . In The foucault effect: studies in governmentality , Edited by: Burchell , G. , Gordon , C. and Miller , P. 281 – 298 . Hemel Hempstead : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , B. 2008 . The new labour years: a history of the youth service in England – volume 3 1997–2007 , Leicester : National Youth Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Dean , M. 1999 . “ Risk, calculable and incalculable ” . In Risk and sociocultural theory: new directions and perspectives , Edited by: Lupton , D. 131 – 159 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCFS) , 2007 . The children's plan: building brighter futures . Norwich : The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCFS) , 2008a . Youth task force action plan: give respect, get respect – youth matters . Nottingham : DCFS Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCFS) , 2008b . The children's plan one year on: a progress report . Nottingham : DCFS Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education and Employment , 2000 . Connexions: the best start in life for every young person . Nottingham : Department for Education and Employment .
   Google Scholar
• Department for education and employment , 2001 . Transforming youth work: developing youth work for young people . Nottingham : Department for Education and Employment/Connexions .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education and Skills , 2003 . Every child matters . London : Department for Education and Skills .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education and Skills , 2004 . Every child matters: next steps . Nottingham : Department for Education and Skills .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education and Skills , 2006 . Youth matters: next steps: something to do, somewhere to go, someone to talk to . Nottingham : Department for Education and Skills .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education and Skills , 2007 . Care matters: Time for change. Cm7137. London: The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Douglas , M. and Wildavsky , A. 1983 . Risk and culture , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Erikson , E. 1968 . Identity, youth and crisis , New York : Norton & Co .
   Google Scholar
• Farrington , D. 1994 . “ Human development and criminal careers ” . In The Oxford handbook of criminology , Edited by: Maguire , M. , Morgan , R. and Reiner , R. Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Farrington , D. 1996 . Understanding and preventing youth crime , York : Joseph Rowntree Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Farrington , D.P. 2000 . Explaining and preventing crime: the globalization of knowledge—The American Society of Criminology 1999 presidential address . Criminology , 38 ( 1 ) : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrington , D.P. and West , D. 1990 . “ The Cambridge study in delinquent development: a long term follow up of 411 London males ” . In Criminality: personality, behaviour, life history , Edited by: Kaiser , G. and Kerner , H.J. 115 – 138 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• France , A. 2008 . Risk factor analysis and the youth question . Journal of youth studies , 11 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• France , A. and Utting , D. 2005 . The paradigm of ‘risk and protection-focused prevention’ and its impact on services for children and families . Children & society , 19 : 77 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Frith , S. 1984 . The sociology of youth , Ormskirk : Causeway Press .
   Google Scholar
• Furedi , F. 2002 . Culture of fear , 2nd ed , London : Continuum .
   Google Scholar
• Furlong , A. and Cartmel , F. 2007 . Young people and social change: new perspectives , 2nd ed , Berkshire : Open University Press/McGraw Hill Education .
   Google Scholar
• Giddens , A. 1991 . Modernity and self-identity: self and society in the late modern age , Cambridge : Polity .
   Google Scholar
• Giddens , A. 1999 . Risk and responsibility . The modern law review. , 62 ( 1 ) : 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldson , G. , 2000 . ‘ Children in Need’ or ‘Young Offenders’? Hardening ideology, organizational change and new challenges for social work with children in trouble’ . Child and family social work , 5 (3) , 255 – 265 .
   Google Scholar
• Graham , J. and Bowling , B. 1995 . Young people and crime: a research and planning unit report, home office research study 145 , London : Home Office .
   Google Scholar
• Green , M. 2007 . What has Mary Douglas Got To Say About Youth Work? . Youth and policy , 94 : 79 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Haines , K. and Case , C. 2008 . The rhetoric and reality of the ‘Risk Factor Prevention Paradigm’ approach to preventing and reducing youth offending . Youth justice , 8 ( 1 ) : 5 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Hine , J. 2006 . Risky business Safer society (Nacro) , 25 – 27 . Summer 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• HM Government . 2004 . Every child matters: change for children , London : Department for Education and Skills .
   Google Scholar
• HM Government , 2005a . 14–19 Education and skills, Cm 6476. London: The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• HM Government . 2005b . Youth Matters , London : Department for Education and Skills .
   Google Scholar
• HM Government/Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCFS) , 2007 . Staying safe: a consultation document . Nottingham : DCFS Publications .
   Google Scholar
• HM Government . 2008 . Youth crime action plan , London : Home Office .
   Google Scholar
• HM Treasury , 2002 . Opportunity and security for all: new public spending plans 2003–2006 . London : HM Treasury . Available from: http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/spend_sr02_repindex.htm [Accessed 23 April 2010].
   Google Scholar
• HM Treasury/DCFS , 2007 . Aiming high for young people: a ten year strategy for positive activities . London : HM Treasury/Department for Children, Schools and Families .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , S. and MacDonald , S. 2011 . Tackling youth anti-social behaviour in devolving Wales: a study of the tiered approach in Swansea . Youth justice , 11 ( 2 ) : 150 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Home Office, Department of Health, Department of Education and Science, and the Welsh Office , 1991 . Working together under the children act 1989: a guide to arrangements for inter-agency co-operation for the protection of children from abuse . London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Home Office , 1997 . No more excuses: a new approach to tackling youth crime in England and Wales . Cm3809 . London : Stationery Office . Available from: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ERORecords/HO/421/2/cpd/jou/nme.htm [Accessed 21 June 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Home , Office . 2003 . Youth justice: next steps , London : Home Office .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , P. 2000 . The dangerousness of youth at-risk: the possibilities of surveillance and intervention in uncertain times . Journal of adolescence , 23 : 463 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , P. 2003 . Growing up as risky business? Risks, surveillance and the institutionalised mistrust of youth . Journal of youth studies , 6 ( 2 ) : 165 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , P. 2006 . The entrepreneurial self and ‘Youth at-risk’: exploring the horizons of identity in the twenty-first century . Journal of youth studies , 9 ( 1 ) : 17 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Kemshall , H. 1997 . Concepts of risk in relation to organisational structure and functioning within the personal social services and probation . Social policy and administration , 31 ( 3 ) : 213 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemshall , H. 2002 . Risk, social policy and welfare , Maidenhead : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kemshall , H. 2008 . Risks, rights and justice: understanding and responding to youth at risk . Youth Justice , 8 ( 1 ) : 21 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Laming , Lord . 2003 . The Victoria Climbie inquiry: report of an inquiry by Lord Laming , London : The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Laming , Lord . 2009 . The protection of children in England: a progress report , London : The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Lash , S. 2000 . “ Risk culture ” . In The risk society and beyond: critical issues for social theory , Edited by: Adam , B. , Beck , U. and Van Loon , J. 47 – 62 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Leccardi , C. 2006 . “ Facing uncertainty: temporality and biographies in the new century ” . In A new youth: young people, generations and family life , Edited by: Leccardi , C. and Ruspini , E. 15 – 40 . Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Levitas , R. 1996 . The concept of social exclusion and the new Durkheimian hegemony . Critical social policy , 16 ( 5 ) : 5 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Lupton , D. 1999 . Risk , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Mcara , L. and McVie , S. 2005 . The usual suspects? Street-life, young people and the police . Criminal justice , 5 ( 1 ) : 5 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , K. 1999 . Struggles for subjectivity: identity, action and youth experience , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mørch , S. and Anderson , H. 2006 . “ Individualization and the changing youth life ” . In A new youth: young people, generations and family life , Edited by: Leccardi , C. and Ruspini , E. 63 – 84 . Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• O'Mahoney , P. 2009 . The risk factor prevention paradigm and the causes of youth crime: a deceptively useful analysis? . Youth justice , 9 ( 2 ) : 99 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Malley , P. 2000 . Uncertain subjects: risk, liberalism and contract . Economy and society , 29 ( 4 ) : 460 – 484 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parton , N. , Thorpe , D. and Wattam , C. 1997 . Child protection: risk and the moral order , Basingstoke : MacMillan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parton , N. 2006 . Safeguarding childhood: early intervention and surveillance in a late modern society , Basingstoke : Palgrave MacMillan .
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , A. 1996 . “ Risk, governance and the new public health ” . In Foucault, health and medicine , Edited by: Peterson , A. and Bunton , R. 189 – 206 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Rodger , J. 2000 . From a welfare state to a welfare society: the changing context of social policy in a post modern era , Basingstoke and London : MacMillan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rose , N. 1996 . The death of the social? Re-configuring the territory of government . Economy and society , 25 ( 3 ) : 327 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. , Giller , H. and Hagell , A. 1998 . Antisocial behaviour by young people , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sercombe , H. and Paus , T. 2009 . The ‘Teen Brain’ research: an introduction and implications for practitioners . Youth and policy , 103 : 25 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Shildrick , T. , Blackman , S. and MacDonald , R. 2009 . Young people, class and place . Journal of youth studies , 12 ( 5 ) : 457 – 465 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. 2001 . Trust and confidence: possibilities for social work in ‘High Modernity’ . British journal of social work , 31 : 287 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. , Stainton Rogers , W. and Tucker , S. 2007 . “ Risk ” . In Youth in context: frameworks, settings and encounters , Edited by: Robb , M. 219 – 250 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Social Exclusion Unit . 1999a . Teenage pregnancy. Cm4342 , London : Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Social exclusion unit . 1999b . Bridging the gap: new opportunities for 16–18 year-olds not in education, employment or training. Cm4405 , London : The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Social Exclusion unit . 2000 . National strategy for neighbourhood renewal – report of policy action team 12: young people , London : The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Tait , G. 1995 . Shaping the ‘At-Risk Youth’: risk, governmentality and the finn report . Discourse , 16 ( 1 ) : 123 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Tonkiss , F. and Passey , A. 1999 . Trust, confidence and voluntary organisations: between values and institutions . Sociology , 33 ( 2 ) : 257 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Utting , D. , Bright , J. and Henricson , C. 1993 . Crime and the family: improving child rearing and preventing delinquency , London : Family Policy Studies Unit .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , S.A. 2006 . Social work in a risk society: social and political perspectives , Basingstoke : Palgrave MacMillan .
   Google Scholar
• Webster , C. , MacDonald , R. and Simpson , M. 2006 . Predicting criminality? Risk factors, neighbourhood influence and desistance . Youth justice , 6 ( 7 ) : 7 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• West , D.J. and Farrington , D.P. 1973 . Who becomes delinquent? , London : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Withers , G. and Batten , M. 1995 . Programs for at-risk youth: a review of the American, Canadian and British literature since 1984 , Camberwell : The Australian Council for Educational Research Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Woodman , D. 2009 . The mysterious case of the pervasive choice biography: ulrich beck, structure/agency, and the middling state of theory in the sociology of youth . Journal of youth studies , 12 ( 3 ) : 243 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youth Justice Board , (YJB) . 2009 . Youth justice: the scaled approach , London : Youth Justice Board .
   Google Scholar
• Zinn , J.O. 2008 . “ The contribution of sociology to the discourse on risk and uncertainty ” . In Social theories of risk and uncertainty: an introduction , Edited by: Zinn , J.O. 1 – 17 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar