An examination of the relationship between self-efficacy and stress in adolescents: the role of gender and self-esteem

References

• Abela, J. R. Z., C. A. Webb, C. Wagner, M. R. Ho, and P. Adams. 2006. “The Role of Self-Criticism, Dependency, and Hassles in the Course of Depressive Illness: A Multiwave Longitudinal Study.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32: 328–338. doi:10.1177/0146167205280911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abouserie, R. 1994. “Sources and Levels of Stress in Relation to Locus of Control and Self Esteem in University Students.” Educational Psychology 14: 323–331. doi:10.1080/0144341940140306
   Google Scholar
• Allison, K. R., E. M. Adlaf, A. Ialomiteanu, and J. Rehm. 1999. “Predictors of Health Risk Behaviors among Young Adults: Analysis of the National Population Health Survey.” Canadian Journal of Public Health 90: 85–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacchini, D., and F. Magliulo. 2003. “Self-Image and Perceived Self-Efficacy during Adolescence.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 32: 337–350. doi:10.1023/A:1024969914672
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, S. A., and J. P. Hoffmann. 2002. “The Dynamics of Self-Esteem: A Growth Curve Analysis.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 31: 101–103. doi:10.1023/A:1014065825598
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. 1986. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. 1997. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York, NY: Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. 2000. “Self-Efficacy.” In Encyclopedia of Psychology, edited by A. E. Kazdin, 212–213. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A., C. Barbaranelli, G. V. Caprara, and C. Pastorelli. 2001. “Self-Efficacy Beliefs as Shapers of Children's Aspirations and Career Trajectories.” Child Development 72 (1): 187–206. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A., G. V. Caprara, C. Barbaranelli, M. Gerbino, and C. Pastorelli. 2003. “Role of Affective Self-Regulatory Efficacy in Diverse Spheres of Psychosocial Functioning.” Child Development 74 (3): 769–782. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A., D. Cioffi, C. B. Taylor, and M. E. Brouillard. 1988. “Perceived Self-Efficacy in Coping with Cognitive Stressors and Opioid Activation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 (3): 479–488. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.3.479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A., C. Pastorelli, C. Barbaranelli, and G. V. Caprara. 1999. “Self-Efficacy Pathways to Childhood Depression.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (2): 258–269. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., J. D. Campbell, J. I. I. Krueger, and K. D. Vohs. 2003. “Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4: 1–44. doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biro, F. M., R. H. Striegel-Moore, D. L. Franko, J. Padgett, and J. A. Bean. 2006. “Self-Esteem in Adolescent Females.” Journal of Adolescent Health 39 (4): 501–507. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden, J. M., D. M. Fergusson, and L. J. Horwood. 2008. “Does Adolescent Self-Esteem Predict Later Life Outcomes? A Test of the Causal Role of Self-Esteem.” Development and Psychopathology 20 (1): 319–339. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, D. G., S. C. Davenport, and J. Mazanov. 2007. “Profiles of Adolescent Stress: The Development of the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ).” Journal of Adolescence 30 (3): 393–416. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, D. G., and J. Mazanov. 2001. “Self-Esteem, Stress and Cigarette Smoking in Adolescents.” Stress and Health 17 (2): 105–110. doi:10.1002/smi.885
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, D. G., and J. Mazanov. 2002. “Sources of Stress in Australian Adolescents: Factor Structure and Stability over Time.” Stress and Health 18 (4): 185–192. doi:10.1002/smi.940
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, D. G., and J. Mazanov. 2003. “Adolescent Stress and Future Smoking Behavior: A Prospective Investigation.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 54: 313–321. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00411-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caprara, G. V., C. Barbaranelli, C. Pastorelli, and D. Cervone. 2004. “The Contribution of Self-Efficacy Beliefs to Psychosocial Outcomes in Adolescence: Predicting beyond Global Dispositional Tendencies.” Personality and Individual Differences 37 (4): 751–763. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caprara, G. V., P. Steca, D. Cervone, and D. Artistico. 2003. “The Contribution of Self-Efficacy Beliefs to Dispositional Shyness: On Social-Cognitive Systems and the Development of Personality Dispositions.” Journal of Personality 71 (6): 943–970. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7106003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, J. S., J. Garber, J. A. Ciesla, and D. A. Cole. 2006. “Modeling Relations between Hassles and Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms in Adolescents: A Four-Year Prospective Study.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 115 (3): 428–442. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charbonneau, A. M., A. H. Mezulis, and J. S. Hyde. 2009. “Stress and Emotional Reactivity as Explanations for Gender Differences in Adolescents” Depressive Symptoms.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 38 (8): 1050–1058. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9398-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicognani, E. 2011. “Coping Strategies with Minor Stressors in Adolescence: Relationships with Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Psychological Well-Being.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 41: 559–578. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00726.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, D. A., S. E. Maxwell, J. M. Martin, L. G. Peeke, A. D. Seroczynski, J. M. Tram, K. B. Hoffman, M. D. Ruiz, F. Jacquez, and T. Maschman. 2001. “The Development of Multiple Domains of Child and Adolescent Self-Concept: A Cohort Sequential Longitudinal Design.” Child Development 72 (6): 1723–1746. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, P. K. 2003. “Perceptions of Parent-Child Attachment, Social Self-Efficacy, and Peer Relationships in Middle Childhood.” Infant and Child Development 12 (4): 351–368. doi:10.1002/icd.316
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, J., and L. Hendry. 1999. The Nature of Adolescence. 3rd ed. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Colten, M. E., and S. Gore. 1991. Adolescent Stress: Causes and Consequences. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• Compas, B. E., J. K. Connor-Smith, H. Saltzman, A. H. Thomsen, and M. E. Wadsworth. 2001. “Coping with Stress during Childhood and Adolescence: Problems, Progress and Potential in Theory and Research.” Psychological Bulletin 127 (1): 87–127. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comunian, A. L. 1989. “Some Characteristics of Relations among Depression, Anxiety, and Self-Efficacy.” Perceptual and Motor Skills 69 (3): 755–764. doi:10.2466/pms.1989.69.3.755
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crocker, J., and C. T. Wolfe. 2001. “Contingencies of Self-Worth.” Psychological Review 108 (3): 593–623. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vriendt, T., L. A. Moreno, and S. De Henauw. 2009. “Chronic Stress and Obesity in Adolescents: Scientific Evidence and Methodological Issues for Epidemiological Research.” Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 19 (7): 511–519. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz, A., E. Symantov, and V. I. Rickert. 2002. “Effect of Abuse on Health: Results of a National Survey.” Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 156: 811–817. doi:10.1001/archpedi.156.8.811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuBois, D. L., and H. D. Tevendale. 1999. Self-Esteem in Childhood and Adolescence: Vaccine or Epiphenomenon.” Applied and Preventive Psychology 8 (2): 103–117. doi:10.1016/S0962-1849(99)80002-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dusek, J. B. 2000. “Commentary on the Special Issue: The Maturing of Self-Esteem Research with Early Adolescents.” The Journal of Early Adolescence 20: 231–240. doi:10.1177/0272431600020002006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, J. A., K. W. Griffin, and G. J. Botvin. 2002. “Positive Impact of Competence Skills and Psychological Wellness in Protecting Inner-City Adolescents from Alcohol Use.” Prevention Science 3 (2): 95–104. doi:10.1023/A:1015479216401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forbes, D., and S. Fairbrother. 2008. “Cyclic Nausea and Vomiting in Childhood.” Australian Family Physician 37: 33–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaffney, L. R., K. Thorpe, R. Young, R. Collett, and S. Occhipinti. 1998. “Social Skills, Expectancies and Drinking in Adolescents.” Addictive Behaviors 23: 587–599. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00025-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosling, S. D., P. J. Rentfrow, and W. B. Swann, Jr., 2003. “A Very Brief Measure of the Big Five Personality Domains.” Journal of Research in Personality 37: 504–528. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graber, J. A., and L. M. Sontag. 2009. “Internalizing Problems during Adolescence.” In Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, 3rd ed., edited by R. M. Lerner and L. Steinberg, 642–682. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, K. E., B. E. Compas, A. F. Stuhlmacher, A. E. Thurm, S. D. McMahon, and J. A. Halpert. 2003. “Stressors and Child and Adolescent Psychopathology: Moving from Markers to Mechanisms of Risk.” Psychological Bulletin 129 (3): 447–466. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, K. E., B. E. Compas, A. E. Thurm, S. D. McMahon, and P. Y. Gipson. 2004. “Stressors and Child and Adolescent Psychopathology: Measurement Issues and Prospective Effects.” Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 33 (2): 412–425. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, K. E., B. E. Compas, A. E. Thurm, S. D. McMahon, P. Y. Gipson, A. J. Campbell, K. Krochock, and R. I. Westerholm. 2006. “Stressors and Child and Adolescent Psychopathology: Evidence of Moderating and Mediating Effects.” Clinical Psychology Review 26 (3): 257–283. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grau, R., M. Salanova, and J. M. Peiro. 2001. “Moderator Effects of Self-Efficacy on Occupational Stress.” Psychology in Spain 5: 63–74.
   Google Scholar
• Gray-Little, B., V. S. L. Williams, and T. D. Hancock. 1997. “An Item Response Theory Analysis of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23 (5): 443–451. doi:10.1177/0146167297235001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullette, D. L., and M. A. Lyons. 2006. “Sensation Seeking, Self-Esteem, and Unprotected Sex in College Students.” Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 17 (5): 23–31. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2006.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackett, G., N. E. Betz, J. M. Casas, and I. A. Rocha-Singh. 1992. Gender, Ethnicity, and Social Cognitive Factors Predicting the Academic Achievement of Students in Engineering.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 39: 527–553. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.39.4.527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, A. S., and I. Torres. 2002. “Partnerships in Preventing Adolescent Stress: Increasing Self-Esteem, Coping and Support through Effective Counseling.” Journal of Mental Health Counseling 24: 97–109.
   Google Scholar
• Hankin, B. L., and J. R. Z. Abela. 2005. “Depression from Childhood through Adolescence and Adulthood. A Developmental Vulnerability and Stress Perspective.” In Development of Psychopathology, edited by B. L. Hankin and J. R. Z. Abela, 245–288. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hankin, B. L., R. Mermelstein, and L. Roesch. 2007. “Sex Differences in Adolescent Depression: Stress Exposure and Reactivity Models.” Child Development 78: 278–295. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00997.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, A. S., D. G. Byrne, and P. Duncan-Jones. 1981. Neurosis and the Social Environment. Sydney: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Humphrey, J. H. 2004. Childhood Stress in Contemporary Society. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, C., L. Henriksen, D. Dickinson, and D. W. Levine. 1997. “The Early Use of Alcohol and Tobacco: Its Relation to Children's Competence and Parent's Behavior.” American Journal of Public Health 87: 359–364. doi:10.2105/AJPH.87.3.359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, S., and L. Goossens, eds. 2006. Handbook of Adolescent Development. Hove: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jex, S. M., and P. D. Bliese. 1999. “Efficacy Beliefs as a Moderator of the Impact of Work-Related Stressors: A Multilevel Study.” Journal of Applied Psychology 84: 349–361. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.3.349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. G., P. Cohen, M. S. Gould, S. Kasen, J. Brown, and J. S. Brook. 2002. “Childhood Adversities, Interpersonal Difficulties, and Risk for Suicide Attempts during Late Adolescence and Early Adulthood.” Archives of General Psychiatry 59: 741–749. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.8.741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., S. Avenevoli, and K. R. Merikangas. 2001. “Mood Disorders in Children and Adolescents: An Epidemiologic Perspective.” Society of Biological Psychiatry 49: 1002–1014. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01129-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y.-H. 2003. “Correlation of Mental Health Problems with Psychological Constructs in Adolescence: Final Results from a 2-Year Study.” International Journal of Nursing Studies 40 (2): 115–124. doi:10.1016/S0020-7489(02)00037-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, P. 2000. Handbook of Psychological Testing. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kraag, G., M. P. Zeegers, G. Kok, C. Hosman, and H. H. Abu-Saad. 2006. “School Programs Targeting Stress Management in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of School Psychology 44 (6): 449–472. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2006.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. 1966. Psychological Stress and the Coping Process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Maddux, J. E. 2002. “Self-Efficacy: The Power of Believing You Can.” In Handbook of Positive Psychology, edited by C. R. Snyder and S. J. Lopez, 277–287. London: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Matsushima, R., and K. Shiomi. 2003. “Social Self-Efficacy and Interpersonal Stress in Adolescence.” Social Behavior and Personality 31: 323–332. doi:10.2224/sbp.2003.31.4.323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, J., and W. J. Filstead. 1979. “The Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 40: 291–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay, M. T., H. R. Sumnall, M. Field, A. J. Goudie, and J. C. Cole. 2011. “What Differentiates Adolescent Problematic Drinkers from Their Peers? Results from a Cross Sectional Study in Northern Irish School Children.” Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 18: 187–199. doi:10.3109/09687637.2010.502160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay, M. T., and J. C. Cole. 2012. “Adolescent Drinking and Adolescent Stress: A Domain-specific Relationship in Northern Irish Schoolchildren.” Journal of Youth Studies 16 (2): 237–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaels, M. L., A. Barr, M. W. Roosa, and G. P. Knight. 2007. “Self-Esteem: Assessing Measurement Equivalence in a Multi-Ethnic Sample of Youth.” The Journal of Early Adolescence 27: 269–295. doi:10.1177/0272431607302009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moksnes, U. K., D. G. Byrne, J. Mazanov, and G. A. Espnes. 2010a. “Adolescent Stress: Evaluation of the Factor Structure of the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ-N).” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 51: 203–209. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00803.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moksnes, U. K., I. E. O. Moljord, G. A. Espnes, and D. G. Byrne. 2010b. “The Association between Stress and Emotional States in Adolescents: The Role of Gender and Self-Esteem.” Personality and Individual Differences 49 (5): 430–435. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.04.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moksnes, U. K., and G. A. Espnes. 2011. “Evaluation of the Norwegian Version of the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ-N): Factorial Validity across Samples.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52: 601–608. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00907.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossholder, K. V., A. G. Bedein, and A. A. Armenakis. 1982. Employee-Organization Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment and Turnover. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Murberg, T. A., and E. Bru. 2005. “The Role of Coping Styles as Predictors of Depressive Symptoms among Adolescents: A Prospective Study.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 46: 385–393. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00469.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muris, P. 2001. “A Brief Questionnaire for Measuring Self-Efficacy in Youths.” Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 23 (3): 145–149. doi:10.1023/A:1010961119608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, K. M., D. G. Byrne, and E. Rieger. 2011. “Investigating Adolescent Stress and Body Image.” Journal of Adolescence 34 (2): 269–278. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newby-Fraser, E., and L. Schlebusch. 1997. “Social Support, Self-Efficacy and Assertiveness as Mediators of Student Stress.” Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior 34: 61–69.
   Google Scholar
• NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) 2010. Alcohol-Use Disorders: Preventing Harmful Drinking. London: NICE Public Health Guidance 24. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13001/48984/48984.pdf
   Google Scholar
• NISRA (Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency) 2008. Young Person's Behaviour and Attitudes Survey. Belfast: NISRA.
   Google Scholar
• Oppedal, B., and E. Røysamb. 2004. “Mental Health, Life Stress and Social Support among Young Norwegian Adolescents with Immigrant and Host National Background.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 45: 131–144. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2004.00388.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orth, U., R. W. Robins, and B. W. Roberts. 2008. “Low Self-Esteem Prospectively Predicts Depression in Adolescence and Young Adulthood.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95 (3): 695–708. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orth, U., R. W. Robins, and L. L. Meier. 2009. “Disentangling the Effects of Low Self-Esteem and Stressful Life Events on Depression: Findings from Three Longitudinal Studies.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97 (2): 307–321. doi:10.1037/a0015645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percy, A., and D. Iwaniec. 2010. Teenage Drinking: Causes and Consequences. Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Plunkett, S. W., K. A. Radmacher, and D. Moll-Phanara. 2000. “Adolescent Life Events, Stress and Coping: A Comparison of Communities and Genders.” Professional School Counseling 3: 356–366.
   Google Scholar
• Roddenberry, A., and K. Renk. 2010. “Locus of Control and Self-Efficacy: Potential Mediators of Stress, Illness, and Utilization of Health Services in College Students.” Child Psychiatry and Human Development 41 (4): 353–370. doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0173-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. 1989. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. rev. ed., 325–327. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rudolph, D. R. 2002. “Gender Differences in Emotional Responses to Interpersonal Stress during Adolescence.” Journal of Adolescent Health 30: 3–13. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00383-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, J., L. Davis, T. Williams, and J. H. Williams. 2004. “Gender Differences in Self-Perceptions and Academic Outcomes: A Study of African-American High School Students.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 33 (1): 81–90. doi:10.1023/A:1027390531768
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schunk, D. H., and F. Pajares. 2002. “The Development of Academic Self-Efficacy.” In Development of Achievement Motivation, edited by A. Wigfield and J. Eccles, 16–31. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro, D. H., C. E. Schwartz, and J. A. Astin. 1996. “Controlling Ourselves, Controlling Our World.” American Psychologist 51 (12): 1213–1230. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.12.1213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelley, M., and K. I. Pakenham. 2004. “External Health Locus of Control and General Self-Efficacy: Moderators of Emotional Distress among University Students.” Australian Journal of Psychology 56 (3): 191–199. doi:10.1080/00049530412331283336
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields, A. L., D. C. Campfield, C. S. Miller, P. T. Howell, K. Wallace, and R. D. Weiss. 2008. “Score Reliability of Adolescent Alcohol Screening Measures: A Meta-Analytic Inquiry.” Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 17: 75–97. doi:10.1080/15470650802292855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih, J. H., N. K. Eberhart, C. L. Hammen, and P. A. Brennan. 2006. “Differential Exposure and Reactivity to Interpersonal Stress Predict Sex Differences in Adolescent Depression.” Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 35 (1): 103–115. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3501_9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sontag, L. M., J. Graber, J. Brooks-Gunn, and M. P. Warren. 2008. “Coping with Social Stress: Implications for Psychopathology in Young Adolescent Girls.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 36: 1159–1174. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9239-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L. 2008. Adolescence. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Suldo, S. M., and E. J. Shaffer. 2007. “Evaluation of the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children in Two Samples of American Adolescents.” Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 25 (4): 341–355. doi:10.1177/0734282907300636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trzesniewski, K. H., M. B. Donnellan, and R. W. Robins. 2003. “Stability of Self-Esteem across the Life Span.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 (1): 205–220. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udry, J. R., R. M. Li, and J. Hendrickson-Smith. 2003. “Health and Behavior Risks of Adolescents with Mixed Race Identity.” American Journal of Public Health 93: 1865–1870. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.11.1865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usher, E. L., and F. Pajares. 2006. “Sources of Academic and Self-Regulatory Efficacy Beliefs of Entering Middle School Students.” Contemporary Educational Psychology 31 (2): 125–141. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2005.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanaelst, B., T. De Vriendt, I. Huybrechts, S. Rinaldi, and S. De Henauw. 2012. “Epidemiological Approaches to Measure Childhood Stress.” Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 26: 280–297. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01258.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vecchio, G. M., M. Gerbino, C. Pastorelli, G. Del Bove, and G. V. Caprara. 2007. “Multi-Faceted Self-Efficacy Beliefs as Predictors of Life Satisfaction in Late Adolescence.” Personality and Individual Differences 43 (7): 1807–1818. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.05.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waaktaar, T., A. I. H. Borge, H. P. Fundingsrud, H. J. Christie, and S. Torgersen. 2004. “The Role of Stressful Life Events in the Development of Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence – A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Adolescence 27: 153–163. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, P., and H. Sweeting. 2003. “Fifteen, Female and Stressed: Changing Patterns of Psychological Distress over Time.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 44 (3): 399–411. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedenfeld, S. A., A. Bandura, S. Levine, A. O'Leary, S. Brown, and K. Raska. 1990. “Impact of Perceived Self-Efficacy in Coping with Stressors on Components of the Immune System.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59: 1082–1094. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.1082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, S. A., and S. E. Hampson. 2005. “Measuring the Big Five with Single Items Using a Bipolar Response Scale.” European Journal of Personality 19: 373–390. doi:10.1002/per.542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2008. Management of Substance Abuse – Alcohol. Geneva: World Health Organization. Accessed January 7, 2014. http://www.who.int/substanceabuse/facts/alcohol/en/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Wyman, P. A., J. Moynihan, S. Eberly, C. Cox, W. Cross, X. Jin, and M. T. Caserta. 2007. “Association of Family Stress with Natural Killer Cell Activity and the Frequency of Illnesses in Children.” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 161 (3): 228–234. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.3.228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar