References
- Banaji, Shakuntala, and David Buckingham. 2013. The Civic Web: Young People, the Internet, and Civic Participation. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
- Bennett, Andy. 1999. “Subcultures or Neo-Tribes? Rethinking the Relationship Between Youth, Style and Musical Taste.” Sociology 3 (3): 599–617.
- Bennett, Andy. 2000. Popular Music and Youth Culture: Music, Identity and Place. London: Macmillan.
- Bennett, Andy. 2004. “Virtual Subculture? Youth, Identity and the Internet.” In After Subculture: Critical Studies in Contemporary Youth Culture, edited by A. Bennett and K. Kahn-Harris, 162–172. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
- Bennett, Andy. 2011. “The Post-Subcultural Turn: Some Reflections 10 Years on”. Journal of Youth Studies 14 (5): 493–506. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2011.559216
- Bennett, Andy, and Keith Kahn-Harris, eds. 2004. After Subculture. Critical Studies in Contemporary Youth Cultures. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Blackman, Shane. 2005. “Youth Subcultural Theory: A Critical Engagement with the Concept, its Origins and Politics, from the Chicago School to Postmodernism.” Journal of Youth Studies 8 (1): 1–20. doi: 10.1080/13676260500063629
- Bourdieu, Pierre. 1993. The Field of Cultural Production. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Boyd, Danah. 2014. It’s Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Brake, Michael. 1985. Comparative Youth Culture. The Sociology of Youth Cultures and Youth Subcultures in America, Britain and Canada. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Burgess, Robert. 1984. In the Field: An Introduction to Field Research. London: Allen & Unwin.
- Campos, Ricardo. 2010. Porque pintamos a cidade? Uma abordagem etnográfica ao graffiti urbano. Lisbon: Fim de Século.
- Campos, Ricardo. 2013. “Graffiti Writer as Superhero.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 16 (2): 155–170. doi: 10.1177/1367549412467177
- Campos, Ricardo, and José A. Simões. 2014. “Digital Participation at the Margins: Online Circuits of Rap Music by Portuguese Afro-Descendant Youth.” Young: Nordic Journal of Youth Research 21 (1): 87–106. doi: 10.1177/1103308813512931
- Castleman, Craig. 1982. Getting Up – Subway Graffiti in New York. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
- Cohen, Phil. [1972] 1997. “Subcultural Conflict and Working-Class Community.” In The Subcultures Reader, edited by Ken Gelder and Sarah Thornton, 90–99. London: Routledge.
- Contador, António, and Emanuel Ferreira. 1997. Ritmo e Poesia: os caminhos do rap. Lisboa: Assírio & Alvim.
- Cooper, Martha, and Henry Chalfant. 1984. Subway Art. London: Thames & Hudson.
- Dahlgren, Peter, ed. 2007. Young Citizens and New Media. Learning for Democratic Participation. London: Routledge.
- De Juan, Edurne. 2008. “Prácticas Creativas y de Intervención: el rap político en la Cova da Moura, Lisboa.” Fórum Sociológico 18: 59–66. doi: 10.4000/sociologico.266
- Feixa, Carles, and Jordi Nofre, eds. 2013. #Generación Indignada: Topías y utopias del 15M. Lleida: Editorial Milenio.
- Feixa, Carles, Cármen Costa, and Joan R. Saura, eds. 2002. Movimientos juveniles: de la globalización a la antiglobalización. Barcelona: Ariel.
- Forman, Murray. 2002. The ‘Hood comes First. Race, Space and Place in Rap and Hip-Hop. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
- Fradique, Teresa. 2003. Fixar o movimento – Representações da música rap em Portugal. Lisboa: Publicações Dom Quixote.
- Gelder, Ken. 2007. Subcultures: Cultural Histories and Social Practice. London and New York: Routledge.
- Grácio, Sérgio, José A. Simões, Pedro Nunes, and Ricardo Campos. 2004. Subculturas juvenis urbanas: ideologia, performatividade e consumo cultural. O caso do movimento hip-hop. Lisboa: FCSH/UNL.
- Greener, Tracey, and Robert Hollands. 2007. “Beyond Subculture and Post-Subculture? The Case of Virtual Psytrance.” Journal of Youth Studies 9 (4): 393–418. doi: 10.1080/13676260600914390
- Griffin, Christine E. 2011. “The Trouble with Class: Researching Youth, Class and Culture Beyond the ‘Birmingham School’.” Journal of Youth Studies 14 (3): 245–259. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2010.533757
- Haenfler, Ross. 2006. Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean Living Youth, and Social Change. New Brunswick: Rutdgers University Press.
- Hall, Stuart, and Tony Jefferson, eds. 1976. Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Cultures in Post-War Britain. London: Hutchinson.
- Hammersley, Martyn, and Paul Atkinson. 1995. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. London: Routledge.
- Hebdige, Dick. 1979. Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Methuen.
- Hodkinson, Paul. 2002. Goth. Identity, Style, and Subculture. Oxford: Berg.
- Hodkinson, Paul. 2004. “Translocal Connections in Goth Scene.” In Music Scenes. Local, Translocal, and Virtual, edited by A. Bennett and R. Peterson, 131–148. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
- Huq, Rupa. 2006. Beyond Subculture: Pop, Youth and Identity in a Postcolonial World. London: Routledge.
- Ito, Mizuko, Heather Horst, Matteo Bittanti, danah boyd, Becky Herr-Stephenson, Patricia G. Lange, C. J. Pascoe, et al. 2008. Living and Learning with New Media: Summary of Findings from the Digital Youth Project. Chicago: MacArthur Foundation. http://digitalyouth.ischool.berkeley.edu/files/report/digitalyouth-WhitePaper.pdf.
- Johansson, Thomas, and Philip Lalander. 2012. “Doing Resistance – Youth and Changing Theories of Resistance”. Journal of Youth Studies 15 (8): 1078–1088. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2012.693591
- Keyes, Cheryl L. 2002. Rap Music and Street Consciousness. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
- Lenhart, Amanda, Mary Madden, Alexandra Rankin Macgill, and Aaron Smith. 2007. Teens and Social Media. Washington: Pew Internet & American Life Project. http://www.pewinternet.org/files/old-media/Files/Reports/2007/PIP_Teens_Social_Media_Final.pdf.pdf.
- Loader, Bryan D. ed. 2007. Young Citizens in Digital Age: Political Engagement, Young People and New Media. London: Routledge.
- Macdonald, Nancy. 2001. The Graffiti Subculture. Youth, Masculinity and Identity in London and New York. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Matza, David, and Gresham Sykes. 1961. “Juvenile Delinquency and subterranean values.” American Sociological Review, 26 (5): 712–719. doi: 10.2307/2090200
- McCulloch, Ken, Alexis Stewart, and Nick Lovegreen. 2006. “‘We Just Hang Out Together’: Youth Cultures and Social Class.” Journal of Youth Studies 9 (5): 539–556. doi: 10.1080/13676260601020999
- Mckay, George. 1998. “DiY Culture: Notes Toward an Intro”.” In Party & Protest in Nineties Britain, edited by George McKay, 1–53. London: Verso.
- Miles, Steven. 2000. Youth Lifestyles in a Changing World. Buckingham: Open University Press.
- Mitchell, Tony. 1996. Popular Music and Local Identity: Rock, Pop and Rap in Europe and Oceania. London: Leicester University Press.
- Mitchell, Tony. 2001. “Introduction: Another Root – Hip Hop outside the USA.” In Global Noise: Rap and Hip-Hop Outside the USA, edited by T. Mitchell, 1–38. Middletown: Connecticut, Wesleyan University Press.
- Muggleton, David. 1997. “The Post-Subculturalist.” In The Clubcultures Reader. Readings in Popular Cultural Studies, edited by Redhead, Wynne, and O’Connor, 185–203. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Muggleton, David. 2000. Inside Subculture: The Postmodern Meaning of Style. New York: Berg.
- Muggleton, David, and Rupert Weinzierl, eds. 2003. The Post-Subcultures Reader. New York: Berg.
- OBERCOM. 2015. Anuário da Comunicação 2013–2014. Lisbon: Obercom.
- Olsson, Tobias, and Peter Dahlgren. 2010. “Introduction.” In Young people, ICTs and Democracy, edited by P. Dahlgren and T. Olson, 9–15. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
- Pardue, Derek. 2011. Brazilian Hip-hoppers Speak from the Margins. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Peterson, Richard, and Andy Bennett. 2004. “Introducing Music Scenes.” In Music Scenes. Local, Translocal, and Virtual, edited by A. Bennett and R. Peterson, 1–15. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
- Rose, Tricia. 1994. Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America. London: Wesleyan University Press.
- Saucier, P. Khalil, ed. 2011. Native Tongues. An African Hip-Hop Reader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
- Shildrick, Tracy, and Robert MacDonald. 2006. “In Defence of Subculture: Young People, Leisure and Social Divisions.” Journal of Youth Studies 9 (2): 125–140. doi: 10.1080/13676260600635599
- Simões, J. A. 2010. Entre a rua e a internet. Um estudo sobre o hip-hop português. Lisbon: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.
- Simões, J. A. 2013. “Entre percursos e discursos identitários: etnicidade, classe e género na cultura hip-hop.” Revista Estudos Feministas 21 (1): 107–128. doi: 10.1590/S0104-026X2013000100006
- Simões, J. A., P. Nunes, and R. Campos. 2005. “Entre subculturas e neotribos: propostas de análise dos circuitos culturais juvenis. O caso da música rap e do hip-hop em Portugal.” Fórum Sociológico 13/14: 171–189.
- St. John, Graham. 2003. “Post-Rave Thecnotribalism and the Carnival of Protest.” In The Post-Subcultures Reader, edited by D. Muggleton and R. Weinzierl, 65–82. New York: Berg.
- Thornton, Sarah. 1997. “General Introduction.” In The Subcultures Reader, edited by Ken Gelder and Sarah Thornton, 1–7. London: Routledge.
- Vickery, Graham, and Sacha Wunsch-Vincent. 2007. Participative Web: User-Created Content. Web 2.0, Wikis and Social Networking. Paris: OECD.
- Williams, J. Patrick. 2006. “Authentic Identities: Straightedge Subculture, Music, and the Internet.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 35 (2): 173–200. doi: 10.1177/0891241605285100
- Williams, J. Patrick. 2011. Subcultural Theory: Traditions and Concepts. Cambridge: Polity.
- Wilson, Brian, and Michael Atkinson. 2005. “Rave and Straightedge, the Virtual and the Real: Exploring Online and Offline Experiences in Canadian Youth Subcultures.” Youth & Society, 36 (3): 276–311. doi: 10.1177/0044118X03260498
- Young, Jock. [1971] 1997. “The Subterranean World of Play.” In The Subcultures Reader, edited by Ken Gelder and Sarah Thornton, 71–80. London: Routledge.