Staying inside: social withdrawal of the young, Finnish ‘Hikikomori’

References

• Bandura, A. 1995. “Cultivate Self-Efficacy for Personal and Organizational Effectiveness.” In Handbook of Principles of Organization Behavior. 2nd ed., edited by E. A. Locke, 179–200. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, U., A. Giddens, and S. Lash. 1994. Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetic in the Modern Social Order. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Borovay, A. 2008. “Japan’s Hidden Youths: Mainstreaming the Emotionally Distressed in Japan.” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 32: 552–576. doi: 10.1007/s11013-008-9106-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Translated by R. Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1985. “The Social Space and the Genesis of the Group.” Theory and Society 14 (6): 723–744. doi: 10.1007/BF00174048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1989. “Social Space and Symbolic Power.” Sociological Theory 7 (1): 14–25. doi: 10.2307/202060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1990. In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology. Translated by M. Adamson. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1992. The Logic of Practice. Translated by R. Nice. Cambridge: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 2000. Pascalian Meditations. Translated by R. Nice. Cambridge: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, Pierre, and Jean-Claude Passeron. 1970. Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. Translated by R. Nice. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P., and L. J. D. Wacquant. 1992. An Invitation to Reflective Sociology. Oxford: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bowker, J. C., L. J. Nelson, A. Markovic, and S. Luster. 2013. “Social Withdrawal During Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood.” In The Handbook of Solitude, edited by R. J. Coplan and J. C. Bowker, 167–183. New York: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Bynner, J. 2013. “School to Work Transitions and Wellbeing in a Changing Labour Market.” In Youth and Work Transitions in Changing Social Landscapes, edited by H. Helve and K. Evans, 31–42. London: Tufnell Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., and L. C. Hawkley. 2011. “Perceived Social Isolation: Social Threat Vigilance and Its Implications for Health.” In The Oxford Handbook of Social Neuroscience, edited by J. Decety and J. T. Cacioppo, 765–755. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, H., and T. Lo. 2014. “Quality of Life of the Hidden Youth in Hong Kong.” Applied Research in Quality of Life 9 (4): 951–969. doi: 10.1007/s11482-013-9279-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choroszewicz, M., and P. Wolff. 2010. “51 Million Young EU Adults Lived with Their Parent(s) in 2008.” Eurostat: 50. Population and Social Conditions. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3433488/5565692/KS-SF-10-050-EN.PDF/877f8776-e7fe-4f2b-8bec-0a5cf54dcba4.
   Google Scholar
• Colley, H., and P. Hodkinson. 2001. “Problems with Bridging the Gap: The Reversal of Structure and Agency in Addressing Social Exclusion.” Critical Social Policy 21 (3): 335–359. doi: 10.1177/026101830102100304
   Google Scholar
• Convery, I., and Diane Cox. 2012. “A Review of Research Ethics in Internet-Based Research.” Practitioner Research in Higher Education 6 (1): 50–57.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenberg, A. 2010. The Weariness of the Self: Diagnosing the History of Depression in the Contemporary Age. Quebec: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Emirbayer, M., and C. A. Goldberg. 2005. “Pragmatism, Bourdieu, and Collective Emotions in Contentious Politics.” Theory and Society 34: 469–518. doi: 10.1007/s11186-005-1619-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eurofound, ed. 2012. NEETs – Young People Not in Employment, Education or Training: Characteristics, Costs and Policy Responses in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Furlong, A. 2008. “The Japanese hikikomori Phenomenon: Acute Social Withdrawal among Young People.” Sociological Review 56 (2): 309–325. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2008.00790.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlong, A., and F. Cartmel. 2007. Young People and Social Change: New Perspectives. 2nd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giddens, Anthony. 1991. Modernity and Self Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, K. E., K. Grossman, and E. Waters, eds. 2005. Attachment to Infancy to Adulthood: The Major Longitudinal Studies. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haasio, A. 2015. Toiseus, tiedontarpeet ja tiedon jakaminen tietoverkon ‘pienessä maailmassa’: Tutkimus sosiaalisesti vetäytyneiden henkilöiden informaatiokäyttäytymisestä. Tampere: Tampere University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heinrich, L. M., and E. Gullone. 2006. “The Clinical Significance of Loneliness: A Literature Review.” Clinical Psychology Review 26 (6): 695–718. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, S., J. Holland, S. McGrellis, and R. Thompson. 2007. Inventing Adulthoods: A Biographical Approach to Youth Transitions. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Holland, Janet, and Rachel Thompson. 2009. “Gaining Perspective on Choice and Fate.” European Societies 11 (3): 451–469. doi: 10.1080/14616690902764799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jämsä, A. 2012. “ Kokemuksia nuorten komeroitumisesta?” Yle Uutiset. http://yle.fi/uutiset/kokemuksia_nuorten_komeroitumisesta/6385281.
   Google Scholar
• Krieg, A., and J. R. Dickie. 2013. “Attachment and Hikikomori: A Psychosocial Developmental Model.” International Journal of Social Psychiatry 59 (1): 61–72. doi: 10.1177/0020764011423182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lizardo, Omar. 2004. “The Cognitive Origins of Bourdieu’s Habitus.” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 34 (4): 375–401. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5914.2004.00255.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, R., T. Shildrick, C. Webster, and D. Simson. 2005. “Growing Up in Poor Neighbourhoods: The Significance of Class and Place in the Extended Transition of ‘Socially Excluded’ Young Adults.” Sociology 39 (5): 873–891. doi: 10.1177/0038038505058370
   Google Scholar
• Malagón, A., P. Alvaro, D. Córcoles, L. M. Martín-López, and A. Bulbena. 2010. “‘Hikikomori’: A New Diagnosis or a Syndrome Associated with a Psychiatric Diagnosis?” International Journal of Social Psychiatry 56 (5): 558–559. doi: 10.1177/0020764009376612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marttinen, E., J. Dietrich, and K. Salmela-Aro. 2016. “Dark Shadows of Rumination: Finnish Young Adults’ Identity Profiles, Personal Goals and Concerns.” Journal of Adolescence 47: 185–196. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.10.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merton, R. K. 1968. “Continuities in the Theory of Social Structure and Anomie.” In Social Theory and Social Structure, edited by Robert K. Merton, 215–248. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Myrskylä, P. 2011. Nuoret työmarkkinoiden ja opiskelun ulkopuolella. Helsinki: Työ- ja elinkeinoministeriö.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2013. “ Finland’s Falling Mental Health Spending and High Suicide Rates Concerning”. https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/MMHC-Country-Press-Note-Finland.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Paananen, R., T. Ristikari, M. Merikukka, A. Rämö, and M. Gissler. 2012. Children’s and Youth’s Well-Being in Light of the 1987 Finnish Birth Cohort-Study. National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Report 52.
   Google Scholar
• Raffo, Carlo, and Michelle Reeves. 2000. “Youth Transitions and Social Exclusion: Developments in Social Capital Theory.” Journal of Youth Studies 3 (2): 147–166. doi: 10.1080/713684372
   Google Scholar
• Reay, Diane. 2015. “Habitus and Psychosocial: Bourdieu with Feelings.” Cambridge Journal of Education 45 (1&2): 9–23. doi: 10.1080/0305764X.2014.990420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees, P. 2002. “Japan: The Missing Million.” BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/correspondent/2334893.stm.
   Google Scholar
• Ribbens McCarthy, Jane. 2007. “They All Look as if They’re Coping, But I’m Not: The Relational Power/lessness of “Youth” in Responding to Experiences of Bereavement.” Journal of Youth Studies 10 (3): 285–303. doi: 10.1080/13676260701262574
   Google Scholar
• Rothbart, M. K. 2007. “Temperament, Development, and Personality.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 16 (4): 207–212. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00505.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, K. H., K. B. Burgess, and R. J. Coplan. 2002. “Social Withdrawal and Shyness.” In Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development, edited by P. K. Smith and C. H. Hart, 330–352. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, K. H., R. J. Coplan, and J. C. Bowker. 2009. “Social Withdrawal in Childhood.” Annual Review of Psychology 60 (1): 141–171. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito, T. 2013. Hikikomori: Adolescence Without End. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sayer, Andrew. 2000. Realism and Social Sciences. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Siisiäinen, M. 2010. “Osallistumisen ongelma.” Kansalaisyhteiskunta 1: 8–40.
   Google Scholar
• Siisiäinen, M. 2014. “Työtä vailla olevat nuoret.” In Eriarvoisuuden rakenteet: Haurastuvat työmarkkinat Suomessa, edited by K. Lempiäinen and T. Silvasti, 91–125. Tampere: Vastapaino.
   Google Scholar
• Sipilä, N., L. Kestilä, and P. Martikainen. 2011. “Koulutuksen yhteys nuorten työttömyyteen: Mihin peruskoulututkinto riittää 2000-luvun alussa?” Yhteiskuntqpolitiikka 72 (2): 121–134.
   Google Scholar
• Sourander, A., D. Gyllenberg, A. Brunstein Klomek, L. Sillanmäki, A.-M. Ilola, and K. Kumpulainen. 2016. “Association of Bullying Behavior at 8 Years of Age and Use of Specialized Services for Psychiatric Disorders by 29 Years of Age.” JAMA Psychiatry 73 (2): 159–165. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinmetz, G. 2006. “Bourdieu’s Disavowal of Lacan: Psychoanalytic Theory and the Concept of ‘Habitus’ and ‘Symbolic Capital’.” Constellations 13 (4): 445–464. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8675.2006.00415.x
   Google Scholar
• Tamminen, L., and J. Eskelinen. 2013. Komerot: Kadotettujen nuorten tarinoita. Helsinki: Osuuskunta IVA.
   Google Scholar
• Teo, A. R. 2010. “A New Form of Social Withdrawal in Japan: A Review of Hikikomori.” International Journal of Social Psychiatry 56: 178–185. doi: 10.1177/0020764008100629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo, A. R. 2013. “Social Isolation Associated with Depression: A Case Report of Hikikomori.” International Journal of Social Psychiatry 59 (4): 339–341. doi: 10.1177/0020764012437128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, R., R. Bell, J. Holland, S. Henderson, S. McGrellis, and S. Sharpe. 2002. “Critical Moments: Choice, Chance and Opportunity in Young People’s Narratives of Transition.” Sociology 36 (2): 335–354. doi: 10.1177/0038038502036002006
   Google Scholar
• Toivonen, T., V. Norasakkunkit, and Y. Uchida. 2011. “Unable to Conform, Unwilling to Rebel? Youth, Culture, and Motivation in Globalizing Japan.” Frontiers in Psychology 2: 1–9. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torikka, A., R. Kaltiala-Heino, A. Rimpelä, M. Marttunen, T. Luukkaala, and M. Rimpelä. 2014. “Self-Reported Depression is Increasing among Socio-Economically Disadvantaged Adolescents – Repeated Cross-Sectional Surveys from Finland from 2000 to 2011.” BMC Public Health 14 (1): 408. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valaskivi, K., and T. Hoikkala. 2006. “Vauraat Vanhemmat ja Kuluttajalapset: Sukupolvien Muuttuvat Suhteet Suomessa ja Japanissa.” In Vaurauden Lapset: Näkökulmia Japanilaiseen ja Suomalaiseen Nykykulttuuriin, edited by K. Valaskivi, 211–232. Tampere: Vastapaino.
   Google Scholar
• Vanttaja, M., and T. Järvinen. 2006. “The Young Outsiders: the Later Life Courses of ‘Drop-out Youths’.” International Journal of Lifelong Education 25 (2): 173–184. doi: 10.1080/02601370500510850
   Google Scholar
• Whiteman, N. 2012. Undoing Ethics: Rethinking Practice in Online Research. Boston, MA: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, V., and W. Ying. 2006. “Social Withdrawal of Young People in Hong Kong: A Social Exclusion Perspective.” Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 40 (1/2): 61–91. doi: 10.1142/S0219246206000064
   Google Scholar
• Zielenziger, M. 2006. Shutting the Sun: How Japan Created Its Own Lost Generations. New York: Random House.
   Google Scholar