Bridging gaps, building futures: evaluating a multinational’s employment programme vs. work-first for youth with diverse education levels

References

• Abbring, J. H., G. J. Berg, and J. C. Ours. 2005. “The Effect of Unemployment Insurance Sanctions on the Transition Rate from Unemployment to Employment.” The Economic Journal 115 (505): 602–630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2005.01011.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akkermans, J., V. Brenninkmeijer, W. B. Schaufeli, and R. W. B. Blonk. 2015. “It's All About CareerSKILLS: Effectiveness of a Career Development Intervention for Young Employees.” Human Resource Management 54 (4): 533–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert, C., M. A. Davia, and N. Legazpe. 2023. “Educational Mismatch in Recent University Graduates. The Role of Labour Mobility.” Journal of Youth Studies 26 (1): 113–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2021.1981840.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arellano-Bover, J., and F. Saltiel. 2024. “Differences in On-the-Job Learning Across Firms.” SSRN Electronic Journal 67: 251. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4783711.
   Google Scholar
• Benda, L., F. Koster, and R. J. van der Veen. 2019. “Levelling the Playing Field? Active Labour Market Policies, Educational Attainment and Unemployment.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 39 (3/4): 276–295. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-08-2018-0138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bol, T., C. Ciocca Eller, H. G. van de Werfhorst, and T. A. DiPrete. 2019. “School-to-Work Linkages, Educational Mismatches, and Labor Market Outcomes.” American Sociological Review 84 (2): 275–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419836081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonoli, G., and K. Hinrichs. 2012. “Statistical Discrimination and Employers’ Recruitment.” European Societies 14 (3): 338–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2012.677050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghouts-van de Pas, I., M. Bosmans, and C. Freese. 2021. “Unemployment Prevention: The Role of Human Resource Management in Job-to-job Transitions in the Event of Redundancy.” European Journal of Social Security 23 (2): 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/1388262721995209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caliendo, M., R. Mahlstedt, and O. A. Mitnik. 2017. “Unobservable, But Unimportant? The Relevance of Usually Unobserved Variables for the Evaluation of Labor Market Policies.” Labour Economics 46: 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2017.02.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caliendo, M., and R. Schmidl. 2016. “Youth Unemployment and Active Labor Market Policies in Europe.” IZA Journal of Labor Policy 5 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-016-0057-x.
   Google Scholar
• Caliendo, M., K. Tatsiramos, and A. Uhlendorff. 2013. “Benefit Duration, Unemployment Duration and Job Match Quality: A Regression-Discontinuity Approach.” Journal of Applied Econometrics 28 (4): 604–627. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.2293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Card, D., J. Kluve, and A. Weber. 2018. “What Works? A Meta Analysis of Recent Active Labor Market Program Evaluations.” Journal of the European Economic Association 16 (3): 894–931. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvx028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, H., S. Bekker, and H. Houwing. 2012. “Young People and the Post-recession Labour Market in the Context of Europe 2020.” Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 18 (3): 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258912448590.
   Google Scholar
• de Lange, M., M. Gesthuizen, and M. H. J. Wolbers. 2014. “Youth Labour Market Integration Across Europe.” European Societies 16 (2): 194–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2013.821621.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichhorst, W., and P. Marx. 2021. “How Stable is Labour Market Dualism? Reforms of Employment Protection in Nine European Countries.” European Journal of Industrial Relations 27 (1): 93–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680119899199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsayed, A., A. de Grip, and D. Fouarge. 2017. “Computer Use, Job Tasks and the Part-time Pay Penalty.” British Journal of Industrial Relations 55 (1): 58–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fervers, L. 2021. “Healing or Deepening the Scars of Unemployment? The Impact of Activation Policies on Unemployed Workers.” Work, Employment and Society 35 (1): 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017019882904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouarge, D., A. de Grip, W. Smits, and R. de Vries. 2012. “Flexible Contracts and Human Capital Investments.” De Economist 160 (2): 177–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10645-011-9179-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangl, M. 2006. “Scar Effects of Unemployment: An Assessment of Institutional Complementarities.” American Sociological Review 71 (6): 986–1013. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerards, R., J. Muysken, and R. Welters. 2014. “Active Labour Market Policy by a Profit-maximizing Firm.” British Journal of Industrial Relations 52 (1): 136–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2012.00915.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerfin, M., M. Lechner, and H. Steiger. 2005. “Does Subsidised Temporary Employment Get the Unemployed Back to Work? Aneconometric Analysis of Two Different Schemes.” Labour Economics 12 (6): 807–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2004.04.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunau, P., and J. Lang. 2020. “Retraining for the Unemployed and the Quality of the Job Match.” Applied Economics 52 (47): 5098–5114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1753879.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakim, C. 2002. “Lifestyle Preferences as Determinants of Women's Differentiated Labor Market Careers.” Work and Occupations 29 (4): 428–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888402029004003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honkatukia, P., and M. Lähde. 2021. “Navigating Towards Sustainable Working Life – Young People Imagining the Technologised Future of Work.” Journal of Youth Studies 24 (9): 1199–1214. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2020.1820971.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyggen, C., and J. S. Vedeler. 2021. “Employer Engagement and Active Labour Market Policies. Evidence from a Norwegian Multi-method Study.” Social Policy and Society 20 (4): 548–560. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746420000421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Južnik Rotar, L. 2021. “Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Employment Programme on Young Unemployed People.” Engineering Economics 32 (1): 60–69. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.32.1.23276.
   Google Scholar
• Kalleberg, A. L., and A. Mastekaasa. 2001. “Satisfied Movers, Committed Stayers.” Work and Occupations 28 (2): 183–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888401028002004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klug, K., S. Drobnič, and H. Brockmann. 2019. “Trajectories of Insecurity: Young Adults’ Employment Entry, Health and Well-being.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 115: 103308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.05.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluve, J., S. Puerto, D. Robalino, J. M. Romero, F. Rother, J. Stöterau, F. Weidenkaff, and M. Witte. 2019. “Do youth employment programs improve labor market outcomes? A quantitative review.” World Development 114 (February): 237–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.10.004.
   Google Scholar
• Liechti, F., F. Fossati, G. Bonoli, and D. Auer. 2017. “The Signalling Value of Labour Market Programmes.” European Sociological Review 33 (2): jcw061. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcw061.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay, C. 2014. “Work First Versus Human Capital Development in Employability Programs.” In The Oxford Handbook of Job Loss and Job Search. Vol. 1, edited by U.-C. Klehe and E. van Hooft, 1–288. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.029.
   Google Scholar
• Mattijssen, L., and D. Pavlopoulos. 2019. “A Multichannel Typology of Temporary Employment Careers in the Netherlands: Identifying Traps and Stepping Stones in Terms of Employment and Income Security.” Social Science Research 77: 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.10.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattijssen, L., D. Pavlopoulos, and W. Smits. 2020. “Occupations and the Non-standard Employment Career: How the Occupational Skill Level and Task Types Influence the Career Outcomes of Non-standard Employment.” Work, Employment and Society 34 (3): 495–513. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017020902984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McTier, A., and A. McGregor. 2018. “Influence of Work–Welfare Cycling and Labour Market Segmentation on Employment Histories of Young Long-term Unemployed.” Work, Employment and Society 32 (1): 20–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017017697857.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooi-Reci, I., and R. Dekker. 2015. “Fixed-term Contracts: Short-term Blessings or Long-term Scars? Empirical Findings from the Netherlands 1980–2000.” British Journal of Industrial Relations 53 (1): 112–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muffels, R. 2013. “Exposure to Single and Multiple Risks of Youngsters in Their Early Career in Britain: Continuous or Cumulative Disadvantage?” SSRN Electronic Journal March 1, 2013: 1–25. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2539586.
   Google Scholar
• Muja, A., L. Blommaert, M. Gesthuizen, and M. H. J. Wolbers. 2019. “The Vocational Impact of Educational Programs on Youth Labor Market Integration.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 64: 100437. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSSM.2019.100437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastore, F., C. Quintano, and A. Rocca. 2021. “Some Young People Have All the Luck! The Duration Dependence of the School-to-work Transition in Europe.” Labour Economics 70: 101982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2021.101982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennoni, F., and B. Bal-Domańska. 2022. “NEETs and Youth Unemployment: A Longitudinal Comparison Across European Countries.” Social Indicators Research 162 (2): 739–761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02813-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piore, M. J. 1972. Notes for a Theory of Labor Market Stratification. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Rözer, J., and H. G. van de Werfhorst. 2020. “Three Worlds of Vocational Education: Specialised and General Craftsmanship in France, Germany, and The Netherlands.” European Sociological Review 36 (5): 780–797. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueda, D. 2014. “Dualisation, Crisis and the Welfare State.” Socio-Economic Review 12 (2): 381–407. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwu015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattinger, M. 1993. “Assignment Models of the Distribution of Earnings.” Journal of Economic Literature 31 (2): 831–880. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2728516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scandurra, R., R. Cefalo, and Y. Kazepov. 2021. “Drivers of Youth Labour Market Integration Across European Regions.” Social Indicators Research 154 (3): 835–856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02549-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmelzer, P. 2012. “The Consequences of Job Mobility for Future Earnings in Early Working Life in Germany–Placing Indirect and Direct Job Mobility into Institutional Context.” European Sociological Review 28 (1): 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcq049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, L. P., and V. Di Stasio. 2022. “Finding a Job After Unemployment—Education as a Moderator of Unemployment Scarring in Norway and German-speaking Switzerland.” Socio-Economic Review 20 (3): 1125–1149. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwaa056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sianesi, B. 2008. “Differential Effects of Active Labour Market Programs for the Unemployed.” Labour Economics 15 (3): 370–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2007.04.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sicherman, N., and O. Galor. 1990. “A Theory of Career Mobility.” Journal of Political Economy 98 (1): 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1086/261674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Aa, P., and R. van Berkel. 2014. “Innovating Job Activation By Involving Employers.” International Social Security Review 67 (2): 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12036.
   Google Scholar
• van Hooft, E. A. J., J. D. Kammeyer-Mueller, C. R. Wanberg, R. Kanfer, and G. Basbug. 2021. “Job Search and Employment Success: A Quantitative Review and Future Research Agenda.” Journal of Applied Psychology 106 (5): 674–713. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ours, J. C. 2004. “The Locking-in Effect of Subsidised Jobs.” Journal of Comparative Economics 32 (1): 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2003.10.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Vugt, L., M. Levels, and R. van der Velden. 2024. “The Low Skills Trap: The Failure of Education and Social Policies in Preventing Low-literate Young People from Being Long-term NEET.” Journal of Youth Studies 27 (2): 217–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2022.2118036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walther, A. 2022. “Welfare States as Transition Regimes: Reconstruction from International Comparisons of Young People's Transitions to Work.” In Doing Transitions in the Life Course: Processes and Practices, edited by B. Stauber, A. Walther, and Richard A. Settersten, 16th ed., 37–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13512-5_3.
   Google Scholar
• Waugh, J., and M. Circelli. 2021. “What VET Can Offer to COVID-19 Youth Unemployment Recovery.” In National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER). NCVER. https://www.ncver.edu.au/research-and-statistics/publications/all-publications/what-vet-can-offer-to-covid-19-youth-unemployment-recovery.
   Google Scholar
• Wesseling, W. I. E. 2021. “Towards a More All-inclusive Evaluation of Interventions for Unemployed Youth: A Longitudinal Investigation of Participant, Programme, Relational and Contextual Factors.” Social Policy & Administration 55 (7): 1145–1161. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12705.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerman, J. 2021. “Should I Learn or Should I Turn? Implications of Job Mobility for Subsequent Learning at Work.” European Sociological Review 37 (6): 935–951. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcab018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar