1,316
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Young tourists, gender and fear on holiday

&
Pages 707-724 | Received 10 May 2011, Accepted 26 Sep 2011, Published online: 26 Oct 2011

References

  • Abu-Lughod , L. and Lutz , C. 1990 . “ Introduction: Emotion, discourse, and the politics of everyday life ” . In Language and the politics of emotion , Edited by: Lutz , C. and Abu-Lughod , L. 1 – 23 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Alexander , M. G. and Wood , W. 2000 . “ Women, men and positive emotion: A social role interpretation A ” . In Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspective , Edited by: Fischer , H. 189 – 210 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Anderson , G. F. and Hussey , P. S. 2000 . Population aging: A comparison among industrialized countries . Health Affairs , 19 ( 3 ) : 191 – 204 . (doi:10.1377/hlthaff.19.3.191)
  • Armon-Jones , C. 1986 . “ The thesis of constructionism ” . In The social construction of emotions , Edited by: Harré , R. 32 – 56 . Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
  • Averill , J. 1980 . “ A constructivist view of emotion ” . In Emotion theory, research and experience. Vol. I: Theories of emotion , Edited by: Plutchik , R. and Kellerman , H. 305 – 339 . London : Academic Press .
  • Baron , S. 2007 . Street youth, gender, financial strain, and crime: Exploring Broidy and Agnew's extension to general strain theory . Deviant Behavior , 28 ( 3 ) : 273 – 302 . (doi:10.1080/01639620701233217)
  • Beautrais , A. L. 2002 . Gender issues in youth suicidal behaviour . Emergency Medicine , 14 ( 1 ) : 35 – 42 . (doi:10.1046/j.1442-2026.2002.00283.x)
  • de Beauvoir , S. 1949/1974 . The second sex (H.M. Parshley, Trans.). New York, NY: Vintage. (Original work published 1949)
  • Bellis , M. A. , Hughes , K. , Thomson , R. and Bennett , A. 2004 . Sexual behaviour of young people in international tourist resorts . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 80 : 43 – 47 . (doi:10.1136/sti.2003.005199)
  • Bem , S. L. 1974 . The Measurement of psychological androgyny . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 42 : 155 – 162 . (doi:10.1037/h0036215)
  • Bialeschki , M. D. and Hicks , H. I refuse to live in fear: The influence of violence on women's outdoor recreation activities . Paper presented at the LSA Conference . Leeds, UK .
  • Birke , L. 1986 . Women, feminism and biology , Brighton : Harvester .
  • Borooah , V. K. and Carcach , C. A. 1997 . Crime and fear – evidence from Australia . The British Journal of Criminology , 37 ( 4 ) : 635 – 657 . (doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014202)
  • Bradley , H. 2007 . Gender , Cambridge : Polity Press .
  • Brody , L. 1999 . Gender, emotion, and the family , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Brody , L. R. and Hall , J. A. 1993 . “ Gender and emotion ” . In Handbook of emotions , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Haviland , J. M. 447 – 460 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
  • Brunt , P. , Mawby , R. and Hambly , Z. 2000 . Tourist victimisation and the fear of crime on holiday . Tourism Management , 21 : 417 – 424 . (doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00084-9)
  • Bryman , A. 1988 . Quantity and quality in social research , London : Unwin Hyman .
  • Burr , V. 1998 . Gender and social psychology , London : Routledge .
  • Caesar , T. 1999 . Sexual assault and cognitive mapping in women's travel guidebooks . Women's Studies , 28 : 527 – 545 . (doi:10.1080/00497878.1999.9979276)
  • Carr , N. 1999 . A study of gender differences: Young tourist behaviour in a UK coastal resort . Tourism Management , 20 : 223 – 228 . (doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00087-9)
  • Carr , N. 2001 . An exploratory study of gendered differences in young tourists’ perception of danger within London . Tourism Management , 22 : 565 – 570 . (doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00014-0)
  • Cassell , J. , Huffaker , D. , Tversky , D. and Ferriman , K. 2006 . The language of online leadership: Gender and youth engagement on the Internet . Developmental Psychology , 42 ( 3 ) : 436 (doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.3.436)
  • Chant , S. and Jones , G. A. 2005 . Youth, gender and livelihoods in West Africa: Perspectives from Ghana and The Gambia . Children's Geographies , 3 ( 2 ) : 185 – 199 . (doi:10.1080/14733280500161602)
  • Chisholm , L. and Bois-Reymond , M. 1993 . Youth transitions, gender and social change . Sociology , 27 ( 2 ) : 259 – 279 . (doi:10.1177/0038038593027002006)
  • Christenson , P. G. and Peterson , J. B. 1988 . Genre and gender in the structure of music preferences . Communication Research , 15 ( 3 ) : 282 – 301 . (doi:10.1177/009365088015003004)
  • Clarke , J. A. 1992 . Marketing spotlight on the youth ‘Four S'S’ consumer . Tourism Management , 13 ( 3 ) : 321 – 327 . (doi:10.1016/0261-5177(92)90105-G)
  • Clarke , J. and Critchener , C. 1985 . The devil makes work: Leisure in capitalist Britain , London : Macmillan .
  • Clynes , M. 1977 . Sentics: The touch of emotions , New York , NY : Anchor/Doubleday .
  • Connell , R. W. 1987 . Gender and power , Sydney : Allen & Unwin .
  • Connell , R. W. 1993 . The big picture: Masculinties in recent world history . Theory and Society , 22 ( 5 ) : 597 – 623 . (doi:10.1007/BF00993538)
  • Connell , R. W. 1995 . Masculinties , Cambridge : Polity Press .
  • Connell , R. W. 2002 . Gender , Cambridge : Polity Press .
  • Connolly , P. 2006 . The effects of social class and ethnicity on gender differences in GCSE attainment: a secondary analysis of the Youth Cohort Study of England and Wales 1997–2001 . British Educational Research Journal , 32 ( 1 ) : 3 – 21 . (doi:10.1080/01411920500401963)
  • Crawford , J. , Kippax , S. , Onyx , J. , Gault , U. and Benton , P. 1992 . Emotion and gender – constructing meaning from memory , London : Sage Publications .
  • Darwin , C. 1872 . The expression of the emotions in man and animals , London : John Murray .
  • Day , K. 1997 . Better safe than sorry? Consequences of sexual assault prevention for women in public space . Perspectives on Social Problems , 9 : 83 – 101 .
  • Day , K. 2001 . Constructing masculinity and women's fear in public space in Irvine, California . Gender, Place and Culture , 8 ( 2 ) : 109 – 127 . (doi:10.1080/09663690120050742)
  • Day , K. , Stump , C. and Carreon , D. 2003 . Confrontation and loss of control: Masculinity and men's fear in public space . Journal of Environmental Psychology , 23 ( 3 ) : 311 – 322 . (doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00024-0)
  • Dean , K. 1989 . Self-care components of lifestyles: The importance of gender, attitudes and the social situation . Social Science Medicine , 29 ( 2 ) : 137 – 152 . (doi:10.1016/0277-9536(89)90162-7)
  • Deaux , K. 1984 . From individual differences to social categories: Analysis of a decade's research on gender . American Psychologist , 39 ( 2 ) : 105 – 116 . (doi:10.1037/0003-066X.39.2.105)
  • Deem , R. 1988 . “ Feminism and leisure studies: Opening up new directions ” . In Relative freedoms: Women and leisure , Edited by: Wimbush , E. and Talbot , M. 5 – 32 . Maidenhead : Open University Press .
  • Descartes , R. 1641/1986 . Meditationes de prima philosophia (J. Cottingham Trans.) , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . (Original work published 1641)
  • Doumato , E. A. 1991 . Women and the stability of Saudi Arabia . Middle East Report , 171 : 34 – 37 . (doi:10.2307/3013073)
  • Eagly , A. H. 1987 . Sex differences in social behaviour: A social-role interpretation , Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Ekman , P. 1977 . “ Biological and cultural contributions to body and facial movement ” . In A.S.A. monograph 15, the anthropology of the body , Edited by: Blacking , J. 39 – 84 . London : Academic Press .
  • Elson , D. 1991 . Male bias in the development process , Manchester : Manchester University Press .
  • Ferraro , K. F. 1996 . Women's fear of victimization: Shadow of sexual assault . Social Forces , 75 ( 2 ) : 667 – 690 .
  • Fischer , A. H. , Rodriguez Mosquera , P. M. , van Vianen , A. E.M. and Manstead , A. S.R. 2004 . Gender and culture differences in emotion . Emotion , 4 ( 1 ) : 87 – 94 . (doi:10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87)
  • Fritz , C. and Spaneli , S. 2010 . Ios: An island for all seasons , Athens : AD Care .
  • Furedi, F. (2007). The only thing we have to fear is the ‘culture of fear’ itself. Retrieved November 1, 2008, from Spiked Online: http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/3053/
  • George , R. 2003 . Tourist's perceptions of safety and security while visiting Cape Town . Tourism Management , 24 ( 5 ) : 575 – 585 . (doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00003-7)
  • Glover , D. and Kaplan , K. 2000 . Genders , London : Routledge .
  • Goffman , E. 1971 . Relations in public – microstudies of the public order , New York , NY : Basic Books .
  • Golombok , S. and Fivush , R. 1994 . Gender development , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Goodey , J. 1997 . Boys don't cry – Masculinities, fear of crime and fearlessness . British Journal of Criminology , 37 : 401 – 418 . (doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014177)
  • Gordon , M. T. and Riger , S. 1991 . The female fear – the social cost of rape , New York , NY : Free Press .
  • Gullone , E. 2000 . The development of normal fear: A century of research . Clinical Psychology Review , 20 ( 4 ) : 429 – 451 . (doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00034-3)
  • Hall , C. M. and Page , S. J. 2006 . The geography of tourism and recreation – environment, place and space , 3 , London : Routledge .
  • Harré , R. 1986 . “ An outline of the social constructionist viewpoint ” . In The Social construction of emotions , Edited by: Harré , R. 2 – 14 . Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
  • Heimtun , B. and Abelsen , B. 2011 . The tourist experience and bonding . Current Issues in Tourism , iFirst article. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2011.609275
  • Henderson , K. A. 1994 . Broadening an understanding of women, gender, and leisure . Journal of Leisure Research , 26 ( 1 ) : 1 – 7 .
  • Holmes , M. 2007 . What is gender? Sociological approaches , London : Sage Publications .
  • Kemper , T. D. 1974 . On the nature and purpose of ascription . American Sociological Review , 39 : 844 – 853 . (doi:10.2307/2094157)
  • Kinnaird , V. , Kothari , U. and Hall , D. 1994 . “ Tourism: Gender perspectives ” . In Tourism – a gender analysis , Edited by: Kinnaird , V. and Hall , D. 1 – 34 . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Koskela , H. 1997 . Bold walk and breakings: Women's spatial confidence versus fear of violence . Gender, Place, and Culture , 4 ( 3 ) : 301 – 320 . (doi:10.1080/09663699725369)
  • Kourilsky , M. L. and Walstad , W. B. 1998 . Entrepreneurship and female youth: Knowledge, attitudes, gender differences, and educational practices . Journal of Business Venturing , 13 ( 1 ) : 77 – 88 . (doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00032-3)
  • LaGrange , R. L. and Ferraro , K. F. 1989 . Assessing age and gender differences in perceived risk and fear of crime . Criminology , 27 ( 4 ) : 697 – 720 . (doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01051.x)
  • Lazarus , R. S. 1975 . A cognitively oriented psychologist looks at feedback . American Psychologist , 30 : 553 – 561 . (doi:10.1037/h0076649)
  • Leventhal , H. 1980 . Towards a comprehensive theory of emotion . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , 13 : 139 – 207 . (doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60132-X)
  • Lips , H. M. 2005 . Sex and gender – an introduction , 5 , New York : McGraw-Hill .
  • Lofland , J. and Lofland , L. 1994 . Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis , London : Wandsworth .
  • Lucas , R. 1997 . Youth, gender and part-time work-students in the labour process . Work, Employment & Society , 11 ( 4 ) : 595
  • Maccoby , E. E. 1998 . The two sexes: Growing up apart, coming together , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Madriz , E. I. 1997 . Images of criminals and victims – a study on women's fear and social control . Gender & Society , 11 ( 3 ) : 342 – 356 . (doi:10.1177/089124397011003005)
  • Marx , K. and Engels , F. 1848/1967 . The communist manifesto (A.J.P. Taylor, Trans.). Harmondsworth: Penguin (Original work published 1848)
  • Mason , J. 2002 . Qualitative researching , 2 , London : Sage Publications .
  • Mawby , R. I. , Brunt , P. and Hambly , Z. 2000 . Fear of crime among British holidaymakers . British Journal of Criminology , 40 ( 3 ) : 468 – 479 . (doi:10.1093/bjc/40.3.468)
  • Mehta , A. and Bondi , L. 1999 . Embodied discourse: On gender and fear of violence . Gender, Place and Culture , 6 ( 1 ) : 67 – 84 . (doi:10.1080/09663699925150)
  • Mermelstein , R. 1999 . Explanations of ethnic and gender differences in youth smoking: A multi-site, qualitative investigation . Nicotine & Tobacco Research , 1 ( Suppl. 1 ) : S91 – S98 . (doi:10.1080/14622299050011661)
  • Ministry of the Interior. Basic characteristics. Retrieved August 7, 2007, from Hellenic Republic – Ministry of Interior, Decentralisation & E-government from website: www.ypes.gr
  • Mitchell , C. and Smith , A. 2001 . Changing the picture: Youth, gender and HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns in South Africa . Canadian Woman Studies , 21 ( 2 ) : 56 – 61 .
  • Money , J. and Ehrhardt , A. A. 1972 . Man & woman – boy and girl , Baltimore , MD : The Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • Nayak , A. and Kehily , M. J. 2008 . Gender, youth and culture: Young masculinities and femininities , Basingstoke : Palgave .
  • Oakley , A. 1972 . Sex, gender and society , London : Temple Smith .
  • Pain , R. 1997 . Social geographies of women's fear of crime . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 22 : 231 – 244 .
  • Parsons , T. and Bales , R. 1956 . Family socialisation and interaction process , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
  • Patton , M. Q. 1990 . Qualitative evaluation and research methods , 2 , Newbury Park , CA : Sage Publications .
  • Pierce , K. A. and Kirkpatrick , D. R. 1992 . Do men lie on fear surveys? . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 30 ( 4 ) : 415 – 418 . (doi:10.1016/0005-7967(92)90055-L)
  • Punch , K. F. 2005 . Introduction to social research – quantitative and qualitative approaches , 2 , London : Sage Publications .
  • Richards , G. 2007 . New horizons II – the young independent traveller 2007 , Amsterdam : WYSE Travel Confederation .
  • Rountree , P. W. and Land , K. C. 1996 . Perceived risk versus fear of crime: Empirical evidence of conceptually distinct reactions in survey data . Social Forces , 74 ( 4 ) : 1353 – 1376 .
  • Rubin , G. 1975 . “ The traffic in women: Notes on the ‘political economy’ of sex ” . In Toward an anthropology of women , Edited by: Reiter , R. R. 157 – 210 . New York , NY : Monthly Review Press .
  • Sax , L. 2005 . Why gender matters – what parents and teachers need to know about the emerging science of sex differences , New York : Doubleday .
  • Schneer , J. A. and Reitman , F. 1994 . The importance of gender in mid-career: A longitudinal study of MBAs . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 15 : 199 – 207 . (doi:10.1002/job.4030150303)
  • Shepherd , J. 1990 . Violent crime in Bristol – an accident and emergency department perspective . British Journal of Criminology , 30 : 289 – 305 .
  • Shields , S. A. 2002 . Speaking from the heart – gender and social meaning of emotion , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Skogan , W. 1986 . “ Fear of crime and neighbourhood change ” . In Crime and justice, Vol. 8: Communities and crime , Edited by: Reiss , A. J. and Tonry , M. 203 – 229 . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
  • Skogan , W. G. and Maxfield , M. G. 1981 . Coping with crime , London : Sage Publications .
  • Sparks , R. 1996 . Masculinity and heroism in the Hollywood ‘blockbuster’ – The culture industry and contemporary images of crime and law enforcement . British Journal of Criminology , 36 ( 3 ) : 348 – 360 . (doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014099)
  • Spence, J.T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1974). The personal attributes questionnaire: A measure of sex-role stereotypes and masculinity–femininity. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 4, 43–44. Ms. No. 617.
  • Spinoza , B. 2001 . Spinoza ethics (W.H. White & A.H. Stirling, Trans.). Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions (Original work published 1677)
  • Stanko , E. A. 1987 . “ Typical violence, normal precaution: Men, women and interpersonal violence in England, Wales, Scotland and the USA ” . In Violence and social control , Edited by: Hanmer , J. and Maynard , M. 122 – 134 . London : Macmillan .
  • Stanko , E. A. and Hobdell , K. 1993 . Assault on men: Masculinity and male victimisation . British Journal of Criminology , 33 ( 3 ) : 400 – 415 .
  • Stoller , R. 1968 . Sex and gender: On the development of masculinity and femininity , London : The Hogarth Press .
  • Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research – Techniques and procedures for developing Grounded Theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
  • Stylidis , D. , Terzidou , M. and Terzidis , K. 2008 . Islands and destination image: The case of Ios . Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism , 3 ( 1 ) : 180 – 199 .
  • Swain , M. B. 1995 . Gender in tourism . Annals of Tourism Research , 22 ( 2 ) : 247 – 266 . (doi:10.1016/0160-7383(94)00095-6)
  • Thomson , R. 2009 . Unfolding lives: Youth, gender, change , Bristol : Policy Press .
  • Trost , S. G. , Pate , R. R. , Sallis , J. F. , Freedson , P. S. , Taylor , W. C. , Dowda , M. and Sirard , J. 2002 . Age and gender differences in objectively measured physical activity in youth . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 34 ( 2 ) : 350 – 355 . (doi:10.1097/00005768-200202000-00025)
  • NSSG. (2007, February 15). Island in the Sun moves towards the high end. USA Today.
  • Valentine , G. 1989 . The geography of women's fear . Area , 21 ( 4 ) : 385 – 390 .
  • Valentine , G. 1990 . Women's fear and the design of public space . Built Environment , 16 ( 4 ) : 288 – 303 .
  • Walby , S. 1990 . Theorizing patriarchy , Oxford : Blackwell .
  • Walker , L. and Page , S. J. 2008 . The visitor experience of crime: The case of Central Scotland . Current Issues in Tourism , 10 ( 6 ) : 505 – 542 . (doi:10.2167/cit333.0)
  • Warr , M. 1985 . Fear of rape among urban women . Social Problems , 32 ( 3 ) : 238 – 250 . (doi:10.2307/800684)
  • Warr , M. 1990 . Dangerous situations: Social context and fear of victimization . Social Forces , 68 ( 3 ) : 891 – 907 .
  • Warr , M. 2000 . Fear of crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy . Criminal Justice , 4 : 451 – 489 .
  • Weber , A. 1947 . Farewell to European history or, the conquest of nihilism (R.F.C. Hull, Trans.) , London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co .
  • Weedon , C. 1997 . Feminist practice and poststructuralist theory , 2 , Oxford : Blackwell Publishers Ltd .
  • Westwood , S. , Pritchard , A. and Morgan , N. J. 2000 . Gender-blind marketing: Businesswomen's perceptions of airline services . Tourism Management , 21 : 353 – 362 . (doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00069-2)
  • Wilson , E. and Little , D. E. 2008 . The solo female travel experience: Exploring the geography of women's fear . Current Issues in Tourism , 11 ( 2 ) : 167 – 186 . (doi:10.2167/cit342.0)
  • Wood , J. T. 2010 . Gendered lives: Communication, gender, and culture , Boston , MA : Wadsworth .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.