Potential Chinese travellers to Western Europe: segmenting motivations and service expectations

References

• Arlt, G. W. (2006). China's outbound tourism. Oxford: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Arlt, G. W. (2008). Chinese tourists in ‘elsewhereland': behaviour and perceptions of mainland Chinese tourists at different destinations. In J. Cochrane (Ed.), Asian tourism: Growth and change (pp. 135–144). London: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Breakey, N., Ding, P., & Lee, T. (2008). Impact of Chinese outbound tourism to Australia: Reviewing the past; implications for the future. Current Issues in Tourism, 11(6), 587–603. doi: 10.1080/13683500802475935
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, Y. W. (2006). Coming of age of the Chinese tourists: The emergence of non-Western tourism and host-guest interactions in Vietnam's border tourism. Tourist Studies, 6(3), 187–213. doi: 10.1177/1468797607076671
   Google Scholar
• Chen, G., Bao, J., & Huang, S. (2013). Segmenting Chinese backpackers by travel motivations. International Journal of Tourism Research. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1002/jtr.1928
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• China Tourism Academy. (2013). Research findings of the blue books of China tourism economy 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013, from http://www.ctaweb.org/html/2013-1/2013-1-9-14-45-23752.html
   Google Scholar
• Corigliano, M. A. (2011). The outbound Chinese tourism to Italy: The new graduates’ generation. Journal of China Tourism Research, 7(4), 396–410. doi: 10.1080/19388160.2011.627015
   Google Scholar
• Dolnicar, S. (2008). Market segmentation in tourism. In A. Woodside & D. Martin (Eds.), Tourism management, analysis, behavior and strategy (pp. 129–150). Cambridge: CABI.
   Google Scholar
• Dolnicar, S., & Grun, B. (2008). Challenging factor-cluster segmentation. Journal of Travel Research, 47(August), 63–71. doi: 10.1177/0047287508318910
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, J., & Dai, B. (2004). Annual report of China outbound tourism development. Beijing: Tourism Education Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elsrud, T. (2001). Risk creation in traveling: Backpacker adventure narration. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 597–617. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00061-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Travel Commission. (2011). European tourism insights 2009-10. Retrieved February 12, 2012, from http://www.etc-corporate.org/
   Google Scholar
• European Travel Commission. (2012). European tourism – trends and prospects. Retrieved April 17, 2013, from http://www.etc-corporate.org/reports/tourism-trends
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Y., Kim, S. S., & Timothy, D. J. (2007). Development characteristics and implications of Mainland Chinese outbound tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 12(4), 313–332. doi: 10.1080/10941660701760995
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, B. J., Babin, R., Anderson, E., & Tatham, R. L. (2005). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hampton, M. P. (1998). Backpacker tourism and economic development. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(3), 639–660. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00021-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht, J., & Martin, D. (2006). Backpacking and hostel picking: An analysis from Canada. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18(1), 69–77. doi: 10.1108/09596110610641993
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G., & McCrae, R. (2004). Personality and culture revisited: Linking traits and dimensions of culture. Cross-Cultural Research, 38(1), 52–88. doi: 10.1177/1069397103259443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hostelworld.com. (2012). Voice of the Chinese backpackers. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http://www.hostelworld.com/videos/21/voice-of-the-chinese-backpackers
   Google Scholar
• Hsu, C. H. C., Cai, L. A., & Li, M. (2010). Expectation, motivation, and attitude: A tourist behavioral model. Journal of Travel Research, 49(3), 282–296. doi: 10.1177/0047287509349266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, C. H. C., Kang, S. K., & Lam, T. (2006). Reference group influences among Chinese travelers. Journal of Travel Research, 44, 474–484. doi: 10.1177/0047287505282951
   Google Scholar
• Hyde, K. F., & Lawson, R. (2003). The nature of independent travel. Journal of Travel Research, 42, 13–23. doi: 10.1177/0047287503253944
   Google Scholar
• Kozak, M. (2002). Comparative analysis of tourist motivations by nationality and destinations. Tourism Management, 23(3), 221–232. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00090-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, C., Li, X., & Harrill, R. (2013). Chinese outbound tourists’ perceived constraints to visiting the United States. Tourism Management, 37, 136–146. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.01.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, S., Øgaard, T., & Brun, W. (2011). Backpackers and mainstreamers: Realities and myths. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(2), 690–707. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M., Wen, T., & Leung, A. (2011). An exploratory study of the travel motivation of Chinese female outbound tourists. Journal of China Tourism Research, 7(4), 411–424. doi: 10.1080/19388160.2011.627020
   Google Scholar
• Li, M., Zhang, H., Mao, Y., & Deng, C. (2011). Segmenting Chinese outbound tourists by perceived constraints. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(6), 629–643. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2011.598747
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., Harrill, R., Uysal, M., Burnett, T., & Zhan, X. (2010). Estimating the size of the Chinese outbound travel market: A demand-side approach. Tourism Management, 31, 250–259. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., Lai, C., Harrill, R., Kline, S., & Wang, L. (2011). When east meets west: An exploratory study on Chinese outbound tourists’ travel expectations. Tourism Management, 32, 741–749. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.06.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., Meng, F., Uysal, M., & Mihalik, B. (2013). Understanding China's long-haul outbound travel market: An overlapped segmentation approach. Journal of Business Research, 66, 786–793. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.09.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, F. K. G. (2009). ‘Donkey friends in China: The Internet, civil society and the emergence of the Chinese backpacking community. In T. Winter, P. Teo, & T. C. Chang (Eds.), Asia on tour: Exploring the rise of Asian tourism (pp. 291–301). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Loker-Murphy, L., & Pearce, P. L. (1995). Young budget travelers: Backpackers in Australia. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), 819–843. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(95)00026-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maoz, D. (2007). Backpackers’ motivations: The role of culture and nationality. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(1), 122–140. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2006.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March, R. (1997). Diversity in Asian outbound travel industries: A comparison between Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, South Korea and Japan. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 16(2), 231–238. doi: 10.1016/S0278-4319(97)00009-1
   Google Scholar
• McKercher, B., & Tse, T. S. M. (2012). Is intention to return a valid proxy for actual repeat visitation? Journal of Travel Research, 51(6), 671–686. doi: 10.1177/0047287512451140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara, K. E., & Prideaux, B. (2010). A typology of solo independent women travelers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12, 253–264. doi: 10.1002/jtr.751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohsin, A., & Ryan, C. (2003). Backpackers in the Northern Territory of Australia – Motives, behaviours and satisfactions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5, 113–131. doi: 10.1002/jtr.421
   Google Scholar
• Mok, C., & DeFranco, A. L. (1999). Chinese cultural values: Their implications for travel and tourism marketing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 8(2), 99–114. doi: 10.1300/J073v08n02_07
   Google Scholar
• Moscardo, G. (2006). Backpackers and other young travelers to the Great Barrier Reef: An exploration of changes in characteristics and behaviors over time. Tourism Recreation Research, 31(3), 29–37. doi: 10.1080/02508281.2006.11081503
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, L. (2001). Exploring social interactions of backpackers. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), 50–67. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00003-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musa, G., & Thirumoorthi, T. (2011). Red Palm: Exploring service quality and servicescape of the best backpacker hostel in Asia. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(2), 103–120. doi: 10.1080/13683500903511125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muzaini, H. (2006). Backpacking Southeast Asia: Strategies of ‘looking local’. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 144–161. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2005.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash, R., Thyne, M., & Davies, S. (2006). An investigation into customer satisfaction levels in the budget accommodation sector in Scotland: A case study of backpacker tourists and the Scottish Youth Hotels Association. Tourism Management, 27, 525–532. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2005.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong, C., & du Cros, H. (2012). The post-Mao gazes: Chinese backpackers in Macau. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 735–754. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2011.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris, C. M. (2012). Flashpackers: An emerging sub-culture? Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 1094–1115. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2011.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris, C. M., & Teye, V. (2010). Backpacker motivations: A travel career approach. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 19(3), 244–259. doi: 10.1080/19368621003591350
   Google Scholar
• Park, D. B., & Yoon, Y. S. (2009). Segmentation by motivation in rural tourism: A Korean case study. Tourism Management, 30, 99–108. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.03.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, P. L., & Foster, F. (2007). A ‘university of travel’: Backpacker learning. Tourism Management, 28(5), 1285–1298. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.11.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, P. L., & Lu, H. (2011). A framework for studying the learning outcomes of Chinese outbound group tourists. Journal of China Tourism Research, 7(4), 445–458. doi: 10.1080/19388160.2011.627027
   Google Scholar
• Prayag, G. (2012). Paradise for who? Segmenting visitors’ satisfaction with cognitive image and predicting behavioral loyalty. International Journal of Tourism Research, 14, 1–15. doi: 10.1002/jtr.837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2004). Drifting towards the global nomad. In G. Richards & J. Wilson (Eds.), The global nomad: Backpacker travel in theory and practice (pp. 3–13). Clevedon: Channel View.
   Google Scholar
• Riley, P. J. (1988). Road culture of international long-term budget travelers. Annals of Tourism Research, 15, 313–328. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(88)90025-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, C., & Zhang, Z. (2007). Chinese students: Holiday behaviors in New Zealand. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 13(2), 91–105. doi: 10.1177/1356766707074734
   Google Scholar
• Sarigollu, E., & Huang, R. (2005). Benefits segmentation of visitors to Latin America. Journal of Travel Research, 43(February), 277–293. doi: 10.1177/0047287504272032
   Google Scholar
• Sheppard, A. G. (1996). The sequence of factor analysis and cluster analysis: Differences in segmentation and dimensionality through the use of raw and factor scores. Tourism Analysis, 1, 49–57.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, J. (1990). A typology of consumer dissatisfaction response styles. Journal of Retailing, 66(1), 57–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks, B., & Pan, G. W. (2009). Chinese outbound tourists: Understanding their attitudes, constraints and use of information sources. Tourism Management, 30, 483–494. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.10.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo, P., & Leong, S. (2006). A postcolonial analysis of backpacking. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 109–131. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2005.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Economist. (2010). Chinese tourists: A new grand tour. Retrieved February 12, 2012, from http://www.economist.com/node/17722582
   Google Scholar
• Tse, T. S. M., & Hobson, J. S. P. (2008). The forces shaping China's outbound tourism. Journal of China Tourism Research, 4(2), 136–155. doi: 10.1080/19388160802279459
   Google Scholar
• Uriely, N. (2005). The tourist experience: Conceptual developments. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 199–216. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uriely, N., Yonay, Y., & Simchai, D. (2002). Backpacking experiences: A type and form analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2), 520–538. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00075-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visit Britain. (2012). Holiday planning and perceptions: Key insights from motivations and attitudes to holidays, reaching consumers and perceptions of Britain. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from http://www.visitbritain.org/insightsandstatistics/markets/uae/planning.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., Vela, M. R., & Tyler, K. (2008). Cultural perspectives: Chinese perceptions of UK hotel service quality. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2(4), 312–329. doi: 10.1108/17506180810908970
   Google Scholar
• Winter, T. (2007). Rethinking tourism in Asia. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(1), 27–44. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2006.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, S., & Lau, E. (2001). Understanding the behavior of Hong Kong Chinese tourists on group tour packages. Journal of Travel Research, 40, 57–67. doi: 10.1177/004728750104000108
   Google Scholar
• Xinhuanet. (2011). China had given approved destination status to 140 countries and regions. Retrieved April 15, 2013, from http://news.xinhuanet.com/society/2011-12/28/c_111325314.htm
   Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., & McGehee, N. G. (2012). Shopping behavior of Chinese tourists visiting the United States: Letting the shoppers do the talking. Tourism Management, 33, 427–430. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J., Ryan, C., & Zhang, L. (2012). The use of questionnaires in Chinese tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(3), 1690–1693. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2012.02.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, X., Reeh, T., & Kreisel, W. (2011). Cross-cultural perspectives on promoting festival tourism – An examination of motives and perceptions of Chinese visitors attending the Oktoberfest in Munich (Germany). Journal of China Tourism Research, 7(4), 377–395. doi: 10.1080/19388160.2011.627009
   Google Scholar
• Yiannakis, A., & Gibson, H. (1992). Roles tourists play. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(2), 287–303. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(92)90082-Z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, X., & Weiler, B. (2001). Mainland Chinese pleasure travelers to Australia: A leisure behavior analysis. Tourism, Culture & Communication, 3, 81–91.
   Google Scholar
• Yun, D., & Joppe, M. (2011). Chinese perceptions of seven long-haul holiday destinations: Focusing on activities, knowledge and interest. Journal of China Tourism Research, 7(4), 459–489. doi: 10.1080/19388160.2011.627029
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, G. (2011). Analyses and forecast on China's outbound tourism development 2010-2011. In G. Zhang, R. Song, & D. Liu (Eds.), Green book of China's tourism 2011: China's tourism development analysis and forecast (pp. 89–104). Heide: COTRI.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, H. Q., & Lam, T. (1999). An analysis of Mainland Chinese visitors’ motivations to visit Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 20, 587–594. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00020-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar