5,319
Views
151
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Current and potential methods for measuring emotion in tourism experiences: a review

, &
Pages 805-827 | Received 18 Aug 2014, Accepted 07 Oct 2014, Published online: 05 Nov 2014

Reference

  • Aaker, D. A., Stayman, D. M., & Hagerty, M. R. (1986). Warmth in advertising: Measurement, impact, and sequence effects. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(4), 365–381. doi:10.1086/208524
  • Abeele, P. V., & MacLachlan, D. L. (1994). Process tracing of emotional responses to TV ads: Revisiting the warmth monitor. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(4), 586–600. doi:10.1086/209372
  • Aho, S. K. (2001). Towards a general theory of touristic experiences: Modelling experience process in tourism. Tourism Review, 56(3/4), 33–37.
  • Alistair, W. (2006). Tourism and hospitality marketing: Fantasy, feeling and fun. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18(6), 482–495. doi:10.1108/09596110610681520
  • Arnold, M. B. (1961). Emotion and personality, Vol.1 and 2. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Bagozzi, R. P., Gopinath, M., & Nyer, P. U. (1999). The role of emotions in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27(2), 184–206.
  • Barsky, J., & Nash, L. (2002). Evoking emotion: Affective keys to hotel loyalty. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 43(1), 39–46.
  • Benkenstein, M., Yavas, U., & Forberger, D. (2003). Emotional and cognitive antecedents of customer satisfaction in leisure services: The case of the Rostock Zoo. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 10(3–4), 173–184. doi:10.1300/J150v10n03_11
  • Ben-Shakhar, G. (1985). Standardization within individuals: A simple method to neutralize individual differences in skin conductance. Psychophysiology, 22(3), 292–299. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01603.x
  • Bigné, J. E., & Andreu, L. (2004). Emotions in segmentation. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 682–696. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2003.12.018
  • Bigné, J. E., Andreu, L., & Gnoth, J. (2005). The theme park experience: An analysis of pleasure, arousal and satisfaction. Tourism Management, 26(6), 833–844. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.05.006
  • Bigné, J. E., Mattila, A. S., & Andreu, L. (2008). The impact of experiential consumption cognitions and emotions on behavioral intentions. Journal of Services Marketing, 22(4), 303–315.
  • Bloch, P. H., Sherrell, D. L., & Ridgway, N. M. (1986). Consumer search: An extended framework. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(1), 119–126.
  • Bolls, P. D., Lang, A., & Potter, R. F. (2001). The effects of message valence and listener arousal on attention, memory, and facial muscular responses to radio advert0isements. Communication Research, 28(5), 627–651.
  • Bolls, P. D., Muehling, D. D., & Yoon, K. (2003). The effects of television commercial pacing on viewers’ attention and memory. Journal of Marketing Communications, 9(1), 17–28. doi:10.1080/1352726032000068032
  • Boxtel, A. v. (2001). Optimal signal bandwidth for the recording of surface EMG activity of facial, jaw, oral, and neck muscles. Psychophysiology, 38(1), 22–34.
  • Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Measuring emotion: Behavior, feeling, and physiology. In R. D. L. L. Nadel (Ed.), Cognitive neuroscience of emotion (pp. 242–276). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Bradley, S. D., Angelini, J. R., & Lee, S. (2007). Psychophysiological and memory effects of negative political ads: Aversive, arousing, and well remembered. Journal of Advertising, 36(4), 115–127.
  • Brownley, K. A., Hurwitz, B. E., & Schneiderman, N. (2000). Cardiovascular psychophysiology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1983). Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Chamberlain, L., & Broderick, J. A. (2007). The application of physiological observation methods to emotion research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 10(2), 199–216. doi:10.1108/13522750710740853
  • Chartrand, T. L. (2005). The role of conscious awareness in consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15(3), 203–210.
  • Chebat, J.-C., & Michon, R. (2003). Impact of ambient odors on mall shoppers’ emotions, cognition, and spending: A test of competitive causal theories. Journal of Business Research, 56(7), 529–539.
  • Cohen, J. B., Pham, M. T., & Andrade, E. B. (2008). The nature and role of affect in consumer behavior. In C. P. Haugtvedt, P. M. Herr, & F. R. Kardes (Eds.), Handbook of consumer psychology (pp. 297–348). New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2004). The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(3), 245–265.
  • Cuthbert, B. N., Bradleym, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1996). Probing picture perception: Activation and emotion. Psychophysiology, 33(2), 103–111.
  • Davidson, J., Bondi, L., & Smith, M. (2005). Emotional geographies. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
  • Dawson, M. E., Schell, A. M., & Filion, D. L. (2007). The electrodermal system. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of Psychophysiology (3rd edition, pp. 159–181). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • del Bosque, I. R., & Martín, H. S. (2008). Tourist satisfaction a cognitive-affective model. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 551–573. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.006
  • Donovan, R. J., Rossiter, J. R., Marcoolyn, G., & Nesdale, A. (1994). Store atmosphere and purchasing behavior. Journal of Retailing, 70(3), 283–294. doi:10.1016/0022-4359(94)90037-X
  • Ekman, P., Davidson, R. J., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology: II. Journal of personality and social psychology, 58(2), 342–353.
  • Fernández, C., Pascual, J. C., Soler, J., Elices, M., Portella, M. J., & Fernández-Abascal, E. (2012). Physiological responses induced by emotion-eliciting films. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 37(2), 73–79. doi:10.1007/s10484-012-9180-7
  • Floyd, M. F. (1997). Pleasure, arousal, and dominance: Exploring affective determinants of recreation satisfaction. Leisure Sciences, 19(2), 83–96.
  • Fredrikson, M., & Öhman, A. (1979). Cardiovascular and electrodermal responses conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli. Psychophysiology, 16(1), 1–7.
  • Fridlund, A. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Guidelines for human electromyographic research. Psychophysiology, 23(5), 567–589. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00676.x
  • Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Frost, R., & Stauffer, J. (1987). The effects of social class, gender, and personality on physiological responses to filmed violence. Journal of Communication, 37(2), 29–45.
  • Gakhal, B., & Senior, C. (2008). Examining the influence of fame in the presence of beauty: An electrodermal ‘neuromarketing' study. Journal of consumer behaviour, 7(4/5), 331–341. doi:10.1002/cb.255
  • Gangadharbatla, H., Bradley, S., & Wise, W. (2013). Psychophysiological responses to background brand placements in video games. Journal of Advertising, 42(2–3), 251–263.
  • Gardner, M. P. (1985). Mood states and consumer behavior: A critical review. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 281–300.
  • Goossens, C. (2000). Tourism information and pleasure motivation. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 301–321.
  • Gretzel, U., Fesenmaier, D. R., Formica, S., & O'Leary, J. T. (2006). Searching for the future: Challenges faced by destination marketing organizations. Journal of Travel Research, 45(2), 116–126.
  • Groeppel-Klein, A. (2005). Arousal and consumer in-store behavior. Brain Research Bulletin, 67(5), 428–437.
  • Groeppel-Klein, A., & Baun, D. (2001). The role of customers’ arousal for retail stores – results from an experimental pilot study using electrodermal activity as indicator. Advances in consumer research, 28(1), 412–419.
  • Hazlett, R. L., & Hazlett, S. Y. (1999). Emotional response to television commercials: Facial EMG vs. self-report. Journal of Advertising Research, 39(2), 7–24.
  • Holbrook, M. B. (2006). Consumption experience, customer value, and subjective personal introspection: An illustrative photographic essay. Journal of Business Research, 59(6), 714–725.
  • Hopkins, R., & Fletcher, J. E. (1994). Electrodermal measurement: Particularly effective for forecasting message influence on sales appeal. In Measuring psychological responses to media messages (pp. 113–132). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Hosany, S. (2012). Appraisal determinants of tourist emotional responses. Journal of Travel Research, 51(3), 303–314. doi:10.1177/0047287511410320
  • Hosany, S., & Gilbert, D. (2010). Measuring tourists’ emotional experiences toward hedonic holiday destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 49(4), 513–526. doi:10.1177/0047287509349267
  • Hosany, S., & Prayag, G. (2013). Patterns of tourists’ emotional responses, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. Journal of Business Research, 66(6), 730–737. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.09.011
  • Huang, M. H. (2001). The theory of emotions in marketing. Journal of Business and Psychology, 16(2), 239–247. doi:10.1023/A:1011109200392
  • Hutcherson, D. E. (2013). Measuring arousal through physiological responses to packaging designs: Investigating the validity of electrodermal activity as a measure of arousal in a realistic shopping environment. (Dissertation/thesis), Clemson University, Clemson, the USA.
  • Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Jacobs, M. H., Fehres, P., & Campbell, M. (2012). Measuring emotions toward wildlife: A review of generic methods and instruments. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 17(4), 233–247.
  • Jang, S., & Namkung, Y. (2009). Perceived quality, emotions, and behavioral intentions: Application of an extended Mehrabian–Russell model to restaurants. Journal of Business Research, 62(4), 451–460. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.01.038
  • Kappeler-Setz, C., Gravenhorst, F., Schumm, J., Arnrich, B., & Tröster, G. (2013). Towards long term monitoring of electrodermal activity in daily life. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 17(2), 261–271. doi:10.1007/s00779-011-0463-4
  • Kardes, F. R., Posavac, S. S., & Cronley, M. L. (2004). Consumer inference: A review of processes, bases, and judgment contexts. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(3), 230–256. doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1403_6
  • Klebba, J. M. (1985). Physiological measures of research: A review of brain activity, electrodermal response, pupil dilation, and voice analysis methods and studies. Current issues and research in advertising, 8(1), 53–76.
  • Kleinginna, P. R., Jr & Kleinginna, A. M. (1981). A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition. Motivation and emotion, 5(4), 345–379.
  • Kroeber-Riel, W. (1979). Activation research: Psychobiological approaches in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 5(4), 240–250.
  • Krugman, D. M., Fox, R. J., Fletcher, J. E., Fischer, P. M., & Rojas, T. H. (1994). Do adolescents attend to warnings in cigarette advertising? An eye-tracking approachj. Journal of Advertising Research, 34(6), 39–52.
  • Kwortnik, R. J., & Ross, W. T. (2007). The role of positive emotions in experiential decisions. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 24(4), 324–335. doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2007.09.002
  • Kyle, G. T., & Lee, J. J. (2012). Recollection consistency of festival consumption emotions. Journal of Travel Research, 51(2), 178–190. doi:10.1177/0047287510394197
  • LaBarbera, P. A., & Tucciarone, J. D. (1995). GSR reconsidered: A behavior-based approach to evaluating and improving the sales potency of advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 35(5), 33–53.
  • Lajante, M., Droulers, O., Dondaine, T., & Amarantini, D. (2012). Opening the ‘black box' of electrodermal activity in consumer neuroscience research. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 5(4), 238–249. doi:10.1037/a0030680
  • Lambie, J. A., & Marcel, A. J. (2002). Consciousness and the varieties of emotion experience: A theoretical framework. Psychological Review, 109(2), 219–259. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.109.2.219
  • Lang, A. (1990). Involuntary attention and physiological arousal evoked by structural features and emotional content in TV commercials. Communication Research, 17(3), 275–299.
  • Lang, A. (2002). Captured by the World Wide Web: Orienting to structural and content features of computer-presented information. Communication Research, 29(3), 215–245. doi:10.1177/0093650202029003001
  • Lang, P. (1988). What are the data of emotion? In V. Hamilton, G. Bower & N. Frijda (Eds.), Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation (Vol. 44, pp. 173–191). Netherlands: Springer.
  • Lang, P. J. (1995). The emotion probe. Studies of motivation and attentionj. The American psychologist, 50(5), 372–385. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.50.5.372
  • Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993). Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30(3), 261–273.
  • Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology: Emotion (pp. 25–59). Newbury Park: Sage.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  • Li, J., Yang, D., He, L., Tao, S., Zeng, L., & Buckley, R. (2012). Psychological, physiological and behavioural responses of tourists to interactions with rhesus macaques at Zhangjiajie, China. Journal of Ecotourism, 11(3), 202–206.
  • Lzard, C. E. (1992). Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion-cognition relations. Psychological Review, 99(3), 561–565. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.99.3.561
  • Ma, J. (2013). Emotions derived from theme park experiences: The antecedents and consequences of customer delight. (Dissertation/thesis), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
  • Ma, J., Gao, J., Scott, N., & Ding, P. (2013). Customer delight from theme park experiences: The antecedents of delight based on cognitive appraisal theory. Annals of Tourism Research, 42, 359–381. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2013.02.018
  • Machleit, K. A., & Eroglu, S. A. (2000). Describing and measuring emotional response to shopping experience. Journal of Business Research, 49(2), 101–111. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00007-7
  • Mandler, G. (1975). Mind and emotion. New York: Wiley.
  • Marion, G. M., Arvid, K., & Bettina, O. (2012). Perceiving press photography: A new integrative model, combining iconology with psychophysiological and eye-tracking methods. Visual Communication, 11(3), 307–328. doi:10.1177/1470357212446410
  • Mattila, A., & Wirtz, J. (2000). The role of preconsumption affect in postpurchase evaluation of services. Psychology and Marketing, 17(7), 587–605.
  • Matzler, K., & Faullant, R. (2011). Personality, basic emotions, and satisfaction: Primary emotions in the mountaineering experience. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1423–1430. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2011.01.004
  • Mauss, I. B., Levenson, R. W., McCarter, L., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The tie that binds? Coherence among emotion experience, behavior, and physiology. Emotion, 5(2), 175–190. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.2.175
  • Mauss, I. B., & Robinson, M. D. (2009). Measures of emotion: A review. Cognition & Emotion, 23(2), 209–237. doi:10.1080/02699930802204677
  • Mcintosh, A. J., & Siggs, A. (2005). An exploration of the experiential nature of boutique accommodation. Journal of Travel Research, 44(1), 74–81.
  • Micu, A. C., & Plummer, J. T. (2010). Measurable emotions: How television ads really work: patterns of reactions to commercials can demonstrate advertising effectiveness. Journal of Advertising Research, 50(2), 137–153. doi:10.2501/S0021849910091300
  • Ming-Zher, P., Swenson, N. C., & Picard, R. W. (2010). A wearable sensor for unobtrusive, long-term assessment of electrodermal activity. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 57(5), 1243–1252. doi:10.1109/TBME.2009.2038487.
  • Morin, C. (2011). Neuromarketing: The new science of consumer behavior. Society, 48(2), 131–135. doi:10.1007/s12115-010-9408-1
  • Niedenthal, P. M., & Brauer, M. (2012). Social functionality of human emotion. Annual review of psychology, 63(1), 259–285. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131605
  • Ohme, R., Reykowska, D., Wiener, D., & Choromanska, A. (2009). Analysis of neurophysiological reactions to advertising stimuli by means of EEG and galvanic skin response measures. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 2(1), 21–31. doi:10.1037/a0015462
  • Otto, J. E., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1996). The service experience in tourism. Tourism Management, 17(3), 165–174. doi:10.1016/0261-5177(96)00003-9
  • Parrott, W. G. (2001). Emotions in social psychology: Essential readings. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
  • Paulhus, D. L. (2002). Socially desirable responding: The evolution of a construct. In H. Braun, D. N. Jackson, & D. E. Wiley (Eds.), The role of constructs in psychological and educational measurement (pp. 67–88). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Peacock, J., Purvis, S., & Hazlett, R. L. (2011). Which broadcast medium better drives engagement? Measuring the powers of radio and television with electromyography and skin-conductance measurements. Journal of Advertising Research, 51(4), 578–585.
  • Pearce, P., & Coghlan, A. (2010). Tracking affective components of satisfaction. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(1), 42–58. doi:10.1057/thr.2009.18
  • Pieters, R., Rosbergen, E., & Wedel, M. (1999). Visual attention to repeated print advertising: A test of scanpath theory. Journal of Marketing Research, 36(4), 424–438.
  • Pieters, R., & Wedel, M. (2004). Attention capture and transfer in advertising: Brand, pictorial, and text-size effects. Journal of Marketing, 68(2), 36–50.
  • Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Plutchik, R. (1982). A psychoevolutionary theory of emotions. Social Science Information, 21(4–5), 529–553. doi:10.1177/053901882021004003
  • Poels, K., & Dewitte, S. (2006). How to capture the heart? Reviewing 20 years of emotion measurement in advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 46(1), 18–37.
  • Rachman, S. (1978). Human fears: A three systems analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 7(4), 237–245.
  • Ravaja, N. (2004). Contributions of psychophysiology to media research: Review and recommendations. Media Psychology, 6(2), 193–235. doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0602_4
  • Ravaja, N., & Somervuori, O. (2013). Purchase behavior and psychophysiological responses to different price levels. Psychology & Marketing, 30(6), 479–489. doi:10.1002/mar.20621
  • Richins, M. L. (1997). Measuring emotions in the consumption experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(2), 127–146.
  • Ritz, T., George, C., & Dahme, B. (2000). Respiratory resistance during emotional stimulation: Evidence for a nonspecific effect of experienced arousal? Biological Psychology, 52(2), 143–160.
  • de Rojas, C., & Camarero, C. (2008). Visitors’ experience, mood and satisfaction in a heritage context: Evidence from an interpretation center. Tourism Management, 29(3), 525–537. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.004
  • Roseman, I. J. (1984). Cognitive determinants of emotion: A structural theory. Review of Personality & Social Psychology, 5(5), 11–36.
  • Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of personality and social psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178. doi:10.1037/h0077714
  • Russell, J. A., & Mehrabian, A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press.
  • Russell, J. A., & Snodgrass, J. (1987). Emotion and the environment. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Psychology (Vol. I, pp. 245–280). New York: Wiley.
  • Sanbonmatsu, D. M., & Kardes, F. R. (1988). The effects of physiological arousal on information processing and persuasion. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(3), 379–385.
  • Seyhmus, B., & David, B. (1997). Affective images of tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 35(4), 11–15.
  • Stewart, D. W., & Furse, D. H. (1982). Applying psychophysiological measures to marketing and advertising research problems. Current issues and research in advertising, 5(1), 1–38.
  • Tassinary, L.G., Cacioppo, J. T., & Vanman, E. J. (2007). The skeletomotor system: Surface electromyography. The electrodermal system. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson, (Eds.), Handbook of Psychophysiology (3rd edition, pp. 267–299). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Teixeira, T., & Wedel, M. (2012). Emotion-induced engagement in internet video advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research, 49(2), 144–159.
  • Tsaur, S.-H., Chiu, Y.-T., & Wang, C.-H. (2007). The visitors behavioral consequences of experiential marketing: An empirical study on Taipei Zoo. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 21(1), 47–64. doi:10.1300/J073v21n01_04
  • Tung, V. W. S., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2011). Exploring the essence of memorable tourism experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1367–1386. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.009
  • Turpin, G. (1986). Effects of stimulus intensity on autonomic responding: The problem of differentiating orienting and defense reflexes. Psychophysiology, 23(1), 1–14.
  • Vögele, C. (1995). Cardiovascular reactivity and stress: Patterns of physiological response. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 39(3), 382–389. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(95)90139-6
  • Walla, P., Brenner, G., & Koller, M. (2011). Objective measures of emotion related to brand attitude: A new way to quantify emotion-related aspects relevant to marketing. PloS one, 6(11), e26782. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026782
  • Walters, G., & Sparks, B. (2012). The impact of consumption vision and emotion on the tourism consumer's decision behavior. Journal of hospitality & tourism research, 36(3), 366–389. doi:10.1177/1096348010390815
  • Wang, Y. J., & Minor, M. S. (2008). Validity, reliability, and applicability of psychophysiological techniques in marketing research. Psychology & marketing, 25(2), 197–232. doi:10.1002/mar.20206
  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
  • Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological bulletin, 98(2), 219–235. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.219
  • Watson, P. J., & Gatchel, R. J. (1979). Autonomic measures of advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 19(3), 15–26.
  • Wedel, M., & Pieters, R. (2000). Eye fixations on advertisements and memory for brands: A model and findings. Marketing science, 19(4), 297–312.
  • White, C. J., & Scandale, S. (2005). The role of emotions in destination visitation intentions: A cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Management, 12(2), 168–178.
  • Wiles, J. A., & Cornwell, T. B. (1991). A review of methods utilized in measuring affect, feelings, and emotion in advertising. Current issues and research in advertising, 13(1–2), 241–275.
  • Yüksel, A. (2007). Tourist shopping habitat: Effects on emotions, shopping value and behaviours. Tourism Management, 28(1), 58–69. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2005.07.017
  • Yuksel, F., Yuksel, A., & Bilim, Y. (2010). Destination attachment: Effects on customer satisfaction and cognitive, affective and conative loyalty. Tourism Management, 31(2), 274–284. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2009.03.007
  • Zaltman, G. (2003). How customers think: Essential insights into the mind of the market. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
  • Zillmann, D., Katcher, A. H., & Milavsky, B. (1972). Excitation transfer from physical exercise to subsequent aggressive behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8(3), 247–259.
  • Zins, A. H. (2002). Consumption emotions, experience quality and satisfaction: A structural analysis for complainers versus non-complainers. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 12(2–3), 3–18. doi:10.1300/J073v12n02_02

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.