References
- Adam, I. (2015). Backpackers’ risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies in Ghana. Tourism Management, 49, 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.02.016
- Akehurst, G. (2009). User generated content: The use of blogs for tourism organisations and tourism consumers. Service Business, 3(1), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-008-0054-2
- Beirman, D. (2003). Restoring tourism destinations in crisis. CABI.
- Blackshaw, P., & Nazzaro, M. (2006). Consumer-generated media (CGM) 101: Wordof-mouth in the age of the web-fortified consumer. New York: Nielsen BuzzMetrics.
- Borah, A., & Tellis, G. J. (2016). Halo (spillover) effects in social media: Do product recalls of one brand hurt or help rival brands? Journal of Marketing Research, 53(April), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.13.0009
- Bubeck, P., Botzen, W. J. W., & Aerts, J. H. (2012). A review of risk perception and other factors that influence flood mitigation behavior. Risk Analysis, 32(9), 1481–1495. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01783.x
- Chen, Y. R. R., Hung, C. J. F., & Kim, J. N. (2017). Identifying active hot-issue communicators and subgroup identifiers: Examining the situational theory of problem solving. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 94(1), 124–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016629371
- Cheng, M., Wong, I. A., Wearing, S., & McDonald, M. (2016). Ecotourism social media initiatives in China. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(3), 441–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1214141
- Cheung, G. W., & Lau, R. S. (2015). Accuracy of parameter estimates and confidence intervals in moderated mediation models: A comparison of regression and latent moderated structural equations. Organizational Research Methods, 20, 746–769.
- Choi, Y., & Lin, Y. H. (2009). Consumer response to crisis: Exploring the concept of involvement in Mattel product recalls. Public Relations Review, 35(1), 18–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2008.09.009
- Epstein, S., Pacini, R., Denes-Raj, V., & Heier, H. (1996). Individual differences in intuitive–experiential and analytical–rational thinking styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 390–405. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.390
- Ferrer, R. A., Klein, W. M., Persoskie, A., Avishaiyitshak, A., & Sheeran, P. (2016). The tripartite model of risk perception (TRIRISK): Distinguishing deliberative, affective, and experiential components of perceived risk. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-016-9790-z
- Ferrer, R. A., Portnoy, D. B., & Klein, W. M. (2013). Worry and risk perceptions as independent and interacting predictors of health protective behaviors. Journal of Health Communication, 18(4), 397–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2012.727954
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
- Gadahad, P. R., Theng, Y. L., Ching, J. S. S., & Pang, N. (2013). Web searching for health information: An observational study to explore users’ emotions. International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 181–188. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
- George, R. (2003). Tourist’s perceptions of safety and security while visiting Cape Town. Tourism Management, 24(5), 575–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00003-7
- George, R. (2010). Visitor perceptions of crime-safety and attitudes towards risk: The case of Table Mountain national park, Cape Town. Tourism Management, 31(6), 806–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.011
- Greenwood, V. A., & Dwyer, L. (2015). Consumer protection legislation: A neglected determinant of destination competitiveness? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 24, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2015.04.001
- Grunig, J. E. (2003). Constructing public relations theory and practice. In B. Dervin, S. Chaffee, & L. Foreman-Wernet (Eds.), Communication, another kind of horse race: Essays honoring Richard F. Carter (pp. 85–115). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
- Han, W., McCabe, S., & Wang, Y. (2018). Evaluating user-generated content in social media: An effective approach to encourage greater pro-environmental behavior in tourism? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(4), 600–614. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1372442
- He, Q. F. (2011). The inherent mechanism and temporal-spatial feature of China’s domestic tourist satisfaction. Tourism Tribune, 26(9), 45–52. (in Chinese).
- Howard, R. W. (2009). Risky business? Asking tourists what hazards they actually encountered in Thailand. Tourism Management, 30(3), 359–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.08.007
- Janssen, E., Waters, E. A., van Osch, L., Lechner, L., & de Vries, H. (2014). The importance of affectively-laden beliefs about health risks: The case of tobacco use and sun protection. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-012-9462-9
- Kang, M., & Schuett, M. A. (2013). Determinants of sharing travel experiences in social media. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(1–2), 93–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.751237
- Kim, J.-N., & Grunig, J. E. (2011). Problem solving and communicative action: A situational theory of problem solving. Journal of Communication, 61(1), 120–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01529.x
- Kim, J.-N., Grunig, J. E., & Ni, L. (2010). Reconceptualizing the communicative action of publics: Acquisition, selection, and transmission of information in problematic situations. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 4(2), 126–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/15531181003701913
- Kim, J., & Rhee, Y. (2011). Strategic thinking about employee communication behavior (ECB) in public relations: Testing the models of megaphoning and scouting effects in Korea. Journal of Public Relations Research, 23(3), 243–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2011.582204
- Kim, J. N., Shen, H., & Morgan, S. E. (2011). Information behaviors and problem chain recognition effect: Applying situational theory of problem solving in organ donation issues. Health Communication, 26(2), 171–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2010.544282
- Kruglanski, A. W. (1996). Motivated social cognition: Principles of the interface. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 493–520). Guilford.
- Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H., & Moon, S. (2010). What is Twitter, a social network or a news media? Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web, April 26–30, 2010, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
- Lee, F. L. F. (2017). The spillover effects of political scandals: The moderating role of cynicism and social media communications. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(3), 714–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699017723604
- Lee, H., Oshita, T., Oh, H. J., & Hove, T. (2014). When do people speak out? Integrating the spiral of silence and the situational theory of problem solving. Journal of Public Relations Research, 26(3), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2013.864243
- Lei, J., Dawar, N., & Lemmink, J. (2008). Negative spillover in brand portfolios: Exploring the antecedents of asymmetric effects. Journal of Marketing, 72(3), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1509/JMKG.72.3.111
- Li, J., & Pearce, P. (2016). Tourist scams in the city: Challenges for domestic travelers in urban China. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 2(4), 294–308. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-09-2016-0024
- Lindell, M. K., & Perry, R. W. (2012). The protective action decision model: Theoretical modifications and additional evidence. Risk Analysis, 32(4), 616–632. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01647.x
- Lithium. (2014). Big reasons for serious WOMM. http://aci.info/wp-content/uploads/ 2014/02/lithium-wom-marketing-infographic.png. Accessed Dec 10th, 2014
- Litvin, S. W., Goldsmith, R. E., & Pan, B. (2008). Electronic word-of-mouth in hospitality and tourism management. Tourism Management, 29(3), 458–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.05.011
- Loewenstein, G., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 267–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267
- Lu, S., & Wei, J. (2018). Public’s perceived overcrowding risk and their adoption of precautionary actions: A study of holiday travel in China. Journal of Risk Research, https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2017.1422784
- Luminet, O., Bouts, P., Delie, F., Manstead, A. R., & Rimé, B. (2000). Social sharing of emotion following exposure to a negatively valenced situation. Cognition & Emotion, 14(5), 661–688. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930050117666
- Mansfeld, Y. (2006). The role of security information in tourism crisis management: The missing Link. In Y. Mansfeld & A. Pizam (Eds.), Tourism, security & safety from theory to practice (pp. 271–290). Elsevier and Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Mcdonald, L., & Härtel, C. E. J. (2000). pplying the involvement construct to organisational crises. In Proceedings of the Australian and NewZealand Marketing Academy Conference (pp. 799–803), Gold Coast, Australia: Griffith University, Department of Marketing.
- Müller-Kalthoff, T., & Möller, J. (2003). The effects of graphical overviews, prior knowledge, and self-concept on hypertext disorientation and learning achievement. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 12(2), 117–134. https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/14576/
- Parra-López, E., Bulchand-Gidumal, J., Gutiérrez-Taño, D., & Díaz-Armas, R. (2011). Intentions to use social media in organizing and taking vacation trips. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 640–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.022
- Pearce, P. L. (2011). Tourist Behaviour and the Contemporary World, Vol. 51. Channel View.
- Poroli, A., & Huang, L. V. (2018). Spillover effects of a university crisis: A qualitative investigation using situational theory of problem solving. Journalism & Mass Communication, 95(4), 1128–1149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018783955
- Portnoy, D. B., Ferrer, R. A., Bergman, H. E., & Klein, W. M. (2014). Changing deliberative and affective responses to health risk: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 8(3), 296–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2013.798829
- Quintal, V. A., Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. N. (2010). Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behaviour: A tourism example. Tourism Management, 31(6), 797–805.
- Reichel, A., Fuchs, G., & Uriely, N. (2007). Perceived risk and the non-Institutionalized tourist role: The case of Israeli student ex-backpackers. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507299580
- Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 212–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504272017
- Rittichainuwat, B. N., & Chakraborty, G. (2009). Perceived travel risks regarding terrorism and disease: The case of Thailand. Tourism Management, 30(3), 410–418.
- Schmallegger, D., & Carson, D. (2008). Blogs in tourism: Changing approaches to information exchange. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 14(2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766707087519
- Sigala, M., Christou, E., & Gretzel, U. (2012). Social media in travel, tourism and hospitality: Theory, practice, and cases. Printed and Bound in Great Britain by the MPG Books Group, UK.
- Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2004). Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: Some thoughts about affect, reason, risk, and rationality. Risk Analysis, 24(2), 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00433.x
- Sotiriadis, M. D., & Van Zyl, C. (2013). Electronic word-of-mouth and online reviews in tourism services: The use of twitter by tourists. Electronic Commerce Research, 13(1), 103–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-013-9108-1
- Stajano, F., & Wilson, P. (2011). Understanding scam victims: Seven principles for systems security. Communications of the ACM54, 3, 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1145/1897852.1897872
- Tirunillai, S., & Tellis, G. J. (2012). Does chatter really matter? Dynamics of user-generated content and stock performance. Marketing Science, 31(2), 198–215. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1110.0682
- Tseng, C., Wu, B. H., Morrison, A. M., Zhang, J. R., & Chen, Y. C. (2015). Travel blogs on China as a destination image formation agent: A qualitative analysis using Leximancer. Tourism Management, 46, 347–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.012
- Tussyadiah, I., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2009). Mediating tourist experiences: Access to places via shared videos. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(1), 24–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.10.001
- Weinstein, N. D., Kwitel, A., McCaul, K. D., Magnan, R. E., Gerrard, M., & Gibbons, F. X. (2007). Risk perceptions: Assessment and relationship to influenza vaccination. Health Psychology, 26(2), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.26.2.146
- Xiang, Z., & Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism Management, 31(2), 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.016
- Xu, Y., & McGehee, N. G. (2016). Tour guides under zero-fare mode: Evidence from China. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(10), 1088–1109. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1149155
- Yan, J., Wei, J., Zhao, D., Vinnikova, A., Li, L., & Wang, S. (2018). Communicating online diet-nutrition information and influencing health behavioral intention: The role of risk perceptions, problem recognition, and situational motivation. Journal of Health Communication, 23(7), 624–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2018.1500657
- Yang, Z. J., Kahlor, L. A., & Griffin, D. J. (2011). I share, therefore I am: A US−China comparison of college students’ motivations to share information about climate change. Human Communication Research, 40(1), 112–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12018
- Yüksel, A., & Yüksel, F. (2007). Shopping risk perceptions: Effects on tourists’emotions, satisfaction and expressed loyalty intentions. Tourism Management, 28(3), 703–713.