References
- Ahmed, F., Ahmed, N. e., Pissarides, C., & Stiglitz, J. (2020). Why inequality could spread COVID-19. The Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e240. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30085-2
- Alan, C., So, S., & Sin, L. (2006). Crisis management and recovery: How restaurants in Hong Kong responded to SARS. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 25(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2004.12.001
- Bambra, C. (2005). Cash versus services:‘worlds of welfare’ and the decommodification of cash benefits and health care services. Journal of Social Policy, 34(2), 195–213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279404008542
- Banik, A., Nag, T., Chowdhury, S. R., & Chatterjee, R. (2020). Why Do COVID-19 fatality rates differ across countries? An Explorative cross-country study based on select indicators. Global Business Review, 21(3), 607–625. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920929897
- Beirman, D.. (2006). A comparative assessment of three Southeast Asian tourism recovery campaigns: Singapore roars: Post SARS 2003, Bali post-the October 12, 2002 bombing, and WOW Philippines 2003. In In Y. Mansfeld and A. Pizam (eds.), Tourism, security, and safety from theory to practice. Burlington, MA: Elsevier-Butterworth-Heinemann, (pp. 251–270).
- Blake, A., & Sinclair, M. T. (2003). Tourism crisis management: U.S. response to September 11. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(4), 813–832. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00056-2
- Blake, A., Sinclair, M. T., & Sugiyarto, G. (2003). Quantifying the impact of foot and mouth disease on tourism and the U.K. Economy. Tourism Economics, 9(4), 449–465. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5367/000000003322663221
- Brouder, P. (2020). Reset redux: Possible evolutionary pathways towards the transformation of tourism in a COVID-19 world. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 484–490. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1760928
- Burzynska, K., & Contreras, G. (2020). Gendered effects of school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet 395(10242), 1968–1968. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31377-5
- Carter, S. (1998). Tourists’ and travellers’ social construction of Africa and Asia as risky locations. Tourism Management, 19(4), 349–358. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00032-6
- Castles, F. G. (2009). What welfare states do: A disaggregated expenditure approach. Journal of Social Policy, 38(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279408002547
- Chien, P. M., Sharifpour, M., Ritchie, B. W., & Watson, B. (2017). Travelers’ health risk perceptions and protective behavior: A psychological approach. Journal of Travel Research, 56(6), 744–759. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516665479
- de Sausmarez, N. (2007). The potential for tourism in post-crisis recovery: Lessons from Malaysia’s experience of the Asian financial crisis. Asia Pacific Business Review, 13(2), 277–299. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13602380601045587
- Donohoe, H., Pennington-Gray, L., & Omodior, O. (2015). Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management. Tourism Management, 46, 408–418. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.006
- Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., Spurr, R., & Van Ho, T. (2006). Economic effects of the world tourism crisis on Australia. Tourism Economics, 12(2), 171–186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5367/000000006777637467
- The Economist. (2020). Rich countries try radical economic policies to counter covid-19. https://www.economist.com/briefing/2020/03/26/rich-countries-try-radical-economic- policies-to-counter-covid-19
- Elgin, C., Basbug, G., & Yalaman, A. (2020). Economic policy responses to a pandemic: Developing the COVID-19 economic stimulus index. Covid Economics, 1(3), 40–53.
- Enz, C. A., & Taylor, M. S. (2002). The safety and security of U.S. hotels a post-September-11 report. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 43(5), 119–136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-8804(02)80062-3
- Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy. Available at SSRN 3557504.
- Frisby, E. (2003). Communicating in a crisis: The British tourist authority’s responses to the foot-and-mouth outbreak and 11th September, 2001. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 9(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/135676670200900107
- Galvani, A., Lew, A. A., & Perez, M. S. (2020). COVID-19 is expanding global consciousness and the sustainability of travel and tourism. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 567–576. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1760924
- Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1865387
- Hall, C. M., Scott, D., & Gössling, S. (2020). Pandemics, transformations and tourism: Be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 577–598. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1759131
- Henderson, J. C. (2004). Managing a health-related crisis: SARS in Singapore. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(1), 67–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/135676670301000107
- Henderson, J. C., & Ng, A. (2004). Responding to crisis: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and hotels in Singapore. International Journal of Tourism Research, 6(6), 411–419. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.505
- Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2020). Socialising tourism for social and ecological justice after COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 610–623. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1757748
- Huang, J.-H., & Min, J. C. (2002). Earthquake devastation and recovery in tourism: The Taiwan case. Tourism Management, 23(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00051-6
- IMF. (2020). Fiscal Monitor: Policies to Support People During the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/FM/Issues/2020/04/06/fiscal-monitor-april-2020
- Jiang, Y., Ritchie, B. W., & Benckendorff, P. (2019). Bibliometric visualisation: An application in tourism crisis and disaster management research. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(16), 1925–1957. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1408574
- Jonas, A., Mansfeld, Y., Paz, S., & Potasman, I. (2011). Determinants of health risk perception among low-risk-taking tourists traveling to developing countries. Journal of Travel Research, 50(1), 87–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509355323
- Khalid, U., Okafor, L. E., & Aziz, N. (2020). Armed conflict, military expenditure and international tourism. Tourism Economics, 26(4), 555–577. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816619851404
- Khalid, U., Okafor, L. E., & Shafiullah, M. (2020). The effects of economic and financial crises on international tourist flows: A cross-country analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 59(2), 315–334. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519834360
- Kuo, H.-I., Chen, C.-C., Tseng, W.-C., Ju, L.-F., & Huang, B.-W. (2008). Assessing impacts of SARS and Avian Flu on international tourism demand to Asia. Tourism Management, 29(5), 917–928. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.10.006
- Lee, C.-C., & Chang, C.-P. (2008). Tourism development and economic growth: A closer look at panels. Tourism Management, 29(1), 180–192. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.02.013
- Lee, C.-C., & Chen, C.-J. (2011). The reaction of elderly Asian tourists to avian influenza and SARS. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1421–1422. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.12.009
- Liu, B., Pennington-Gray, L., & Krieger, J. (2016). Tourism crisis management: Can the extended Parallel Process Model be used to understand crisis responses in the cruise industry? Tourism Management, 55, 310–321. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.02.021
- Loayza, N. V., & Pennings, S. (2020). Macroeconomic policy in the time of COVID-19: A primer for developing countries. Research and Policy Briefs, Number 28. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/33540
- Mair, J., Ritchie, B. W., & Walters, G. (2016). Towards a research agenda for post-disaster and post-crisis recovery strategies for tourist destinations: A narrative review. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.932758
- Maphanga, P. M., & Henama, U. S. (2019). The tourism impact of Ebola in Africa: Lessons on crisis management. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(3).
- Mason, P., Grabowski, P., & Du, W. (2005). Severe acute respiratory syndrome, tourism and the media. International Journal of Tourism Research, 7(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.519
- McCartney, G. (2019). Taxing tourists to manage mass tourism: A case study of Macao. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–5. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1633282
- McKercher, B., & Chon, K. (2004). The over-reaction to SARS and the collapse of Asian tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 716–719. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.11.002
- Meng, X. (2014). Is a tourism subsidy the best response to the global financial crisis? A short-run CGE simulation for Singapore. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(3), 325–341. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2012.742916
- Mizrachi, I., & Fuchs, G. (2016). Should we cancel? An examination of risk handling in travel social media before visiting ebola-free destinations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 28, 59–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.01.009
- Morisset, J. (2020). Vietnam: Potential policies responses to the COVID-19 epidemic. COVID-19 policy response Notes; No. 2. World Bank.
- Nicola, Maria, Alsafi, Zaid, Sohrabi, Catrin, Kerwan, Ahmed, Al-Jabir, Ahmed, Iosifidis, Christos, Agha, Maliha, & Agha, Riaz. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International journal of surgery (London, England), 78, 185–193. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
- Novelli, M., Burgess, L. G., Jones, A., & Ritchie, B. W. (2018). ‘No Ebola … still doomed'–The Ebola-induced tourism crisis. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, 76–87. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.03.006
- Okafor, L. E., Bhattacharya, M., & Apergis, N. (2020). Bank credit, public financial incentives, tax financial incentives and export performance during the global financial crisis. The World Economy, 43(1), 114–145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12848
- Okafor, L. E., & Khalid, U. (2020). Regaining international tourism attractiveness after an armed conflict: The role of security spending. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1734547
- Okafor, L. E., Khalid, U., & Then, T. (2018). Common unofficial language, development and international tourism. Tourism Management, 67, 127–138. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.01.008
- Okafor, L. E., & Teo, W. L. (2019). 2018 WTO Trade policy Review of Malaysia. The World Economy, OnlineFirst. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12846
- Page, S., Song, H., & Wu, D. C. (2012). Assessing the impacts of the global economic crisis and swine flu on inbound tourism demand in the United Kingdom. Journal of Travel Research, 51(2), 142–153. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511400754
- Page, S., Yeoman, I., Munro, C., Connell, J., & Walker, L. (2006). A case study of best practice—visit Scotland’s prepared response to an influenza pandemic. Tourism Management, 27(3), 361–393. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.01.001
- Pine, R., & McKercher, B. (2004). The impact of SARS on Hong Kong’s tourism industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(2), 139–143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110410520034
- Prideaux, B. (2004). The need to use disaster planning frameworks to respond to major tourism disasters: Analysis of Australia’s response to tourism disasters in 2001. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15(4), 281–298. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v15n04_04
- Qiu, R. T., Park, J., Li, S., & Song, H. (2020). Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research, 84, article 102994. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102994
- Ritchie, B. W. (2004). Chaos, crises and disasters: A strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 25(6), 669–683. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.004
- Ritchie, B. W., & Jiang, Y. (2019). A review of research on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management: Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management. Annals of Tourism Research, 79, article 102812. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102812
- Rittichainuwat, B. N., & Chakraborty, G. (2009). Perceived travel risks regarding terrorism and disease: The case of Thailand. Tourism Management, 30(3), 410–418. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.08.001
- Roser, M., Ritchie, H., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Hasell, J. (2020). Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: ‘https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus’ [Online Resource]
- Shafiullah, M, Khalid, U, & Chaudhry, S M. (2020). Do Stock Markets Play a Role in Determining the COVID-19 Economic Stimulus? A Cross-Country Analysis. A Cross-Country Analysis. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3644851 or https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3644851
- Shafiullah, M., Okafor, L. E., & Khalid, U. (2019). Determinants of international tourism demand: Evidence from Australian states and territories. Tourism Economics, 25(2), 274–296. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816618800642
- Shi, Y., Swamy, V., & Paramati, S. R. (2020). Does financial inclusion promote tourism development in advanced and emerging economies? Applied Economics Letters, 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2020.1761521
- Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 312–321. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015
- Smith, R. D. (2006). Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management. Social Science & Medicine, 63(12), 3113–3123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.004
- Sönmez, S. F. (1998). Tourism, terrorism, and political instability. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(2), 416–456. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00093-5
- Sönmez, S. F., Apostolopoulos, Y., & Tarlow, P. (1999). Tourism in crisis: Managing the effects of terrorism. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759903800104
- Speakman, M., & Sharpley, R. (2012). A chaos theory perspective on destination crisis management: Evidence from Mexico. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 1(1-2), 67–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2012.05.003
- Van Lancker, W., & Parolin, Z. (2020). COVID-19, school closures, and child poverty: A social crisis in the making. The Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e243–e244. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30084-0
- Wang, Y.-S. (2009). The impact of crisis events and macroeconomic activity on Taiwan’s international inbound tourism demand. Tourism Management, 30(1), 75–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.04.010
- Wang, J., Liu-Lastres, B., Ritchie, B. W., & Mills, D. J. (2019). Travellers’ self-protections against health risks: An application of the full Protection motivation Theory. Annals of Tourism Research, 78, article 102743. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102743
- Widmar, N. J. O., Dominick, S., Ruple, A., & Tyner, W. E. (2017). The influence of health concern on travel plans with focus on the Zika virus in 2016. Preventive Medicine Reports, 6, 162–170. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.02.023
- World Bank. (2019). World Bank Development Indicator. Washington, USA. [Online Resource].
- World Tourism Organization. (2020). UNWTO World tourism Barometer, May 2020 - Special focus on the impact of COVID-19 (summary). UNWTO.
- WTTC. (2020a). WTTC now estimates over 100 million jobs losses in the Travel & Tourism sector. WTTC Website, Accessed on 11/6/2020, https://wttc.org/News-Article/WTTC-now-estimates-over-100-million-jobs-losses-in-the-Travel-&-Tourism-sector-and-alerts-G20-countries-to-the-scale-of-the-crisis: World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), London, United Kingdom
- WTTC. (2020b). Economic impact from COVID-19. World Travel and Tourism Council, Retrieved on 26/5/2020, https://wttc.org/Research/Economic-Impact. [Online Resource]
- Yang, Y., Zhang, H., & Chen, X. (2020). Coronavirus pandemic and tourism: Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium modeling of infectious disease outbreak. Annals of Tourism Research, 83, article 102913. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102913
- Yeoman, I., Galt, M., & McMahon-Beattie, U. (2005). A case study of how VisitScotland prepared for war. Journal of Travel Research, 44(1), 6–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505276587
- Zhang, K., Hou, Y., & Li, G. (2020). Threat of infectious disease during an outbreak: Influence on tourists’ emotional responses to disadvantaged price inequality. Annals of Tourism Research, 84, article 102993. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102993
- Zhou, D., Yanagida, J. F., Chakravorty, U., & Leung, P. (1997). Estimating economic impacts from tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(1), 76–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(96)00035-7