Connectedness to nature and life satisfaction of seniors: the mediating effects of tourist experience and tourist well-being

References

• Altinay, L., Alrawadieh, Z., Hudec, O., Urbančíková, N., & Arici, H. A. (2023a). Modelling social inclusion, self-esteem, loneliness, psychological distress, and psychological resilience of refugees: Does hospitableness matter? Journal of Business Research, 162(July), 113901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113901.
   Google Scholar
• Altinay, L., Alrawadieh, Z., Tulucu, F., & Arici, H. E. (2023b). The effect of hospitableness on positive emotions, experience, and well-being of hospital patients. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 110(April), 103431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2023.103431.
   Google Scholar
• Altinay, L., Song, H., Madanoglu, M., & Wang, X. L. (2019). The influence of customer-to-customer interactions on elderly consumers’ satisfaction and social well-being. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 78(April), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.09.005.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: America’ perception of quality of life. Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Beery, T. H. (2013). Nordic in nature: friluftsliv and environmental connectedness. Environmental Education Research, 19(1), 94–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2012.688799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beery, T. H., & Wolf-Watz, D. (2014). Nature to place: Rethinking the environmental connectedness perspective. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40(December), 198–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.06.006.
   Google Scholar
• Capaldi, C. A., Dopko, R. L., & Zelenski, J. M. (2014). The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(September), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00976.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang, A. Y. P., & Hung, K. P. (2021). Development and validation of a tourist experience scale for cultural and creative industries parks. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 20(June), 100560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100560.
   Google Scholar
• Chaulagain, S., Pizam, A., Wang, Y., Severt, D., & Oetjen, R. (2021). Factors affecting seniors’ decision to relocate to senior living communities. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 95(May), 102920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102920.
   Google Scholar
• Cheung, W. Wai Y., Bauer, T., & Deng, J. (2019). The growth of Chinese tourism to Antarctica: A profile of their connectedness to nature, motivations, and perceptions. The Polar Journal, 9(1), 197–213. http://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2019.1618552.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dann, G. M. S. (2002). Senior tourism and quality of life. Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, 9(1–2), 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1300/J150v09n01_02
   Google Scholar
• Davis, N., & Gatersleben, B. (2013). Transcendent experiences in wild and manicured settings: The influence of the trait “connectedness to nature”. Ecopsychology, 5(2), 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2013.0016
   Google Scholar
• Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fastame, M. C., Ruiu, M., & Mulas, I. (2022). Hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in late adulthood: lessons from Sardinia’s Blue Zone. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(2), 713–726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00420-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, K., Altinay, L., & Alrawadieh, Z. (2023). Social connectedness and well-being of elderly customers: Do employee-to-customer interactions matter? Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 32(2), 174–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2023.2139036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, K., Altinay, L., & Olya, H. (2019). Social well-being and transformative service research: evidence from China. Journal of Services Marketing, 33(6), 735–750. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-10-2018-0294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filep, S., & Laing, J. (2019). Trends and directions in tourism and positive psychology. Journal of Travel Research, 58(3), 343–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518759227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagliardi, C., & Piccinini, F. (2019). The use of nature–based activities for the well-being of older people: An integrative literature review. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 83(Jul-Aug), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.05.012.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gosling, E., & Williams, K. J. (2010). Connectedness to nature, place attachment and conservation behaviour: Testing connectedness theory among farmers. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(3), 298–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gössling, S. (2002). Human–environmental relations with tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2), 539–556. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00069-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Han, H., & Hyun, S. S. (2017). Fostering customers’ pro-environmental behavior at a museum. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(9), 1240–1256. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1259318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heo, J., & Lee, Y. (2010). Serious leisure, health perception, dispositional optimism, and life satisfaction among senior games participants. Educational Gerontology, 36(2), 112–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270903058523
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell, A. J., Dopko, R. L., Passmore, H. A., & Buro, K. (2011). Nature connectedness: Associations with well-being and mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(2), 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, J., & Lee, J. H. (. (2019). A strategy for enhancing senior tourists’ well-being perception: focusing on the experience economy. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 36(3), 314–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2018.1541776
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, J., & Lyu, S. O. (2015). The antecedents and consequences of well-being perception: An application of the experience economy to golf tournament tourists. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(4), 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kan, T., Ku, E. C., Sun, W. C., Lai, T. C., Hsu, P. Y., & Hsu, S. C. (2022). Wellness tourism enhances elderly life satisfaction. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 24(4), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2022.2052394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, M., & Gretzel, U. (2012). Effects of podcast tours on tourist experiences in a national park. Tourism Management, 33(2), 440–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating, N. (2022). A research framework for the united nations decade of healthy ageing (2021–2030). European Journal of Ageing, 19(3), 775–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-021-00679-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., Sirgy, M. J., Uysal, M., & Kim, S. E. (2021). Enhancing the quality of life of senior tourists: a theoretical perspective. Anatolia, 32(4), 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2021.1999752
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H., Woo, E., & Uysal, M. (2015). Tourism experience and quality of life among elderly tourists. Tourism Management, 46(February), 465–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.08.002.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, M. S. (2000). Life satisfaction, acculturation, and leisure participation among older urban Korean immigrants. World Leisure Journal, 42(2), 28–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2000.9674184
   Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, B., Graefe, A., & Obenour, W. (2008). Nature-based senior travellers: A comparison with boomers and younger travellers. Tourism Recreation Research, 33(2), 207–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2008.11081306
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J. E., & Severt, D. (2017). The role of hospitality service quality in third places for the elderly: an exploratory study. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 58(2), 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965516686110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, Z., Luo, H., & Hui, T. (2021). Moving for a good life: tourism mobility and subjective well-being of Chinese retirement migrants. Tourism Geographies, 25(2–3), 778–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2021.1990385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, Z., Luo, H., & Liu, C. (2020). The concept of subjective well-being: Its origins an application in tourism research: A critical review with reference to China. Tourism Critiques: Practice and Theory, 2(1), 2–19. https://doi.org/10.1108/TRC-04-2020-0009
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg, K., Veisten, K., & Halse, A. H. (2019). Analyzing the deeper motivations for nature-based tourism facility demand: a hybrid choice model of preferences for a reindeer visitor center. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 19(2), 157–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2018.1482565
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magrizos, S., Kostopoulos, I., & Powers, L. (2021). Volunteer tourism as a transformative experience: A mixed methods empirical study. Journal of Travel Research, 60(4), 878–895. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520913630
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire, P., Kannis-Dymand, L., Mulgrew, K. E., Schaffer, V., & Peake, S. (2020). Empathy and experience: Understanding tourists’ swim with whale encounters. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 25(2), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2019.1695024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, F. S., & Frantz, C. M. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(4), 503–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, F. S., Frantz, C. M., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., & Dolliver, K. (2009). Why is nature beneficial? The role of connectedness to nature. Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 607–643. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916508319745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milman, A. (1998). The impact of tourism and travel experience on senior travelers’ psychological well-being. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 166–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759803700208
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, N., Pritchard, A., & Sedgley, D. (2015). Social tourism and well-being in later life. Annals of Tourism Research, 52(May), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.02.015.
   Google Scholar
• Moriki, E., Petreniti, V., Marini, K., & Skanavis, C. (2019). Connectedness to nature as a factor influencing well-being: implications on nature-centered tourism. In Conference: 10th International Conference on Islands Tourism, 7-8 September, 2018, Palazzo Steri (pp. 142–151). University of Palermo.
   Google Scholar
• Navarro, O., Tapia-Fonllem, C., Fraijo-Sing, B., Roussiau, N., Ortiz-Valdez, A., Guillard, M., … Fleury-Bahi, G. (2020). Connectedness to nature and its relationship with spirituality, wellbeing and sustainable behaviour. Psyecology, 11(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/21711976.2019.1643662
   Google Scholar
• Neal, J. D., Sirgy, M. J., & Uysal, M. (1999). The role of satisfaction with leisure travel/ tourism services and experience in satisfaction with leisure life and overall life. Journal of Business Research, 44(3), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00197-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimrod, G (2007). Expanding, reducing, concentrating and diffusing: Post retirement leisure behavior and life satisfaction. Leisure Sciences, 29(1), 91–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400600983446
   Google Scholar
• Nisbet, E., & Zelenski, J. (2011). Underestimating nearby nature: Affective fore-casting errors obscure the happy path to sustainability. Psychological Science, 22(9), 1101–e1106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611418527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. (2019). Society at a glance 2019: OECD Social Indicators: En. OECD. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.oecd.org/social/society-at-a-glance-19991290.htm.
   Google Scholar
• ONS – Office for National Statistics. (2021). Overview of the UK population: January 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/articles/overviewoftheukpopulation/january2021#the-uks-population-is-ageing.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, Y., Fu, X., & Wang, Y. (2020). How does travel link to life satisfaction for senior tourists? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45(December), 234–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.07.013.
   Google Scholar
• Peaece, J., Huang, S., Dowling, R. K., & Smith, A. J. (2022). Effects of social and personal norms, and connectedness to nature, on pro-environmental behavior: A study of Western Australian protected area visitors. Tourism Management Perspectives, 42(April), 100966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100966.
   Google Scholar
• Prebensen, N. K., Lee, Y. S., & Chen, J. S. (2017). Connectedness and Relatedness to Nature: a case of Neo-Confucianism among Chinese, South Korean and Japanese tourists. In Nature Tourism (pp. 57-67). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pritchard, A., Richardson, M., Sheffield, D., & McEwan, K. (2020). The Relationship between nature connectedness and eudaimonic well-being: A Meta-analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(3), 1145–1167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00118-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, M., Zhang, J., & Zheng, C. (2018). Exploring tourists’ soundscape emotion and its impact on sustainable tourism development. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(9), 862–879. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1494614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Ringle, C. M., Jaafar, M., & Ramayah, T. (2017). Urban vs. rural destinations: Residents’ perceptions, community participation and support for tourism development. Tourism Management, 60(June), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.11.019.
   Google Scholar
• Rather, R. A. (2020). Customer experience and engagement in tourism destinations: the experiential marketing perspective. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 37(1), 15–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2019.1686101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, M., & McEwan, K. (2018). 30 days wild and the relationships between engagement With Nature’S beauty, nature connectedness and well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(September), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01500.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samus, A., Freeman, C., Dickinson, K. J. M., & van Heezik, Y. (2022). Relationships between nature connectedness, biodiversity of private gardens, and mental well-being during the COVID-19 lockdown. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 69(March), 127519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127519.
   Google Scholar
• Sarstedt, M., HairJrJ. F., Cheah, J. H., Becker, J. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal, 27(3), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedgley, D., Pritchard, A., & Morgan, N. (2011). Tourism and ageing: A transformative research agenda. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(2), 422–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shergold, I. (2019). Taking part in activities, an exploration of the role of discretionary travel in older people’s wellbeing. Journal of Transport & Health, 12, 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sie, D. L., Pegg, D. S., & Virginia Phelan, D. K. (2021). Senior tourists’ self-determined motivations, tour preferences, memorable experiences and subjective well-being: An integrative hierarchical model. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47(June ), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.03.006.
   Google Scholar
• Silverstein, M., & Parker, M. G. (2002). Among the Oldest Old in Sweden. Research on Aging, 24(5), 528–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027502245003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirgy, J. M. (2019). Promoting quality-of-life and well-being research in hospitality and tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 36(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2018.1526757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirgy, M. J., Kruger, P. S., Lee, D. J., & Yu, G. B. (2011). How Does a Travel Trip Affect Tourists’. Life Satisfaction? Journal of Travel Research, 50(3), 261–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510362784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, H., Altinay, L., Sun, N., & Wang, X. L. (2018). The influence of social interactions on senior customers’ experiences and loneliness. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(8), 2773–2790. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-07-2017-0442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, L., Tang, B., & Nawijn, J. (2021). How tourism activity shapes travel experience sharing: Tourist well-being and social context. Annals of Tourism Research, 91(November), 103316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103316.
   Google Scholar
• Swami, V., Barron, D., Todd, J., Horne, G., & Furnham, A. (2020). Nature exposure and positive body image: (Re-)examining the mediating roles of connectedness to nature and trait mindfulness. Body Image, 34, 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teoh, M. W., Wang, Y., & Kwek, A. (2021). Conceptualising co-created transformative tourism experiences: A systematic narrative review. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47, 176–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.03.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Government Office for Science. (2019). Future of an ageing population. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/future-of-an-ageing-population.
   Google Scholar
• TUIK – Turkish Statistical Institute. (2019). Hanehalkı Yurtiçi Turizm 2019 Yıllık Raporu. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Yurt-Ici-Turizm-IV.Ceyrek:-Ekim-Aralik-ve-Yillik,−2019-33662.
   Google Scholar
• TUIK – Turkish Statistical Institute. (2021). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2021-45636#:∼:text=Ya%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%20n%C3%BCfus%20olarak%20kabul%20edilen,245%20bin%20124%20ki%C5%9Fi%20oldu.
   Google Scholar
• Tung, V. W. S., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2011). Exploring the essence of memorable tourism experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1367–1386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2022). World population prospects 2022: Summary of results. UN DESA/POP/2022/TR/NO. 3.
   Google Scholar
• Upton, D., & Upton, P. (2015). Psychology of wounds and wound care in clinical practice. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Uriely, N. (2005). The tourist experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uysal, M., Sirgy, M. J., Woo, E., & Kim, H. L. (2016). Quality of life (QOL) and well-being research in tourism. Tourism Management, 53, 244–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.07.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vada, S., Prentice, C., & Hsiao, A. (2019). The influence of tourism experience and well-being on place attachment. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 47, 322–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vada, S., Prentice, C., Scott, N., & Hsiao, A. (2020). Positive psychology and tourist well-being: A systematic literature review. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33(January), 100631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100631.
   Google Scholar
• VisitBritain. (2019). Great Britain Tourism Survey: 2019 overview. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://www.visitbritain.org/gb-tourism-survey-2019-overview#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20British%20residents%20took,trip%20length%20of%203%20nights.&text=The%20number%20of%20domestic%20trips,2%25%20higher%20than%20in%202018.&text=46.4%20million%20holiday%20trips%20were%20taken%20in%20England%20in%202019.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, L., Hou, Y., & Chen, Z. (2021). Are rich and diverse emotions beneficial? The impact of emodiversity on tourists’ experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 60(5), 1085–1103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520919521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, S., Wang, J., Li, J., & Zhou, K. (2020). How and when does religiosity contribute to tourists’ intention to behave pro-environmentally in hotels? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(8), 1120–1137. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1724122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, S., & Milman, A. (2002). The impact of participation in activities while on vacation on seniors’ psychological well-being: A path model application. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 26(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348002026002006
   Google Scholar
• Wen, J., Zheng, D., Hou, H., Phau, I., & Wang, W. (2022). Tourism as a dementia treatment based on positive psychology. Tourism Management, 92(October), 104556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104556.
   Google Scholar
• Wheaton, M., Ardoin, N. M., Hunt, C., Schuh, J. S., Kresse, M., Menke, C., & Durham, W. (2016). Using web and mobile technology to motivate pro-environmental action after a nature-based tourism experience. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(4), 594–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1081600
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, E. O. (1984). Biophilia. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wolsko, C., & Lindberg, K. (2013). Experiencing connection with nature: The matrix of psychological well-being, mindfulness, and outdoor recreation. Ecopsychology, 5(2), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2013.0008
   Google Scholar
• Woo, E., Kim, H., & Uysal, M. (2016). A measure of quality of life in elderly tourists. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(1), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-014-9355-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2012). Programme on Mental Health: WHOQOL User Manual, 2012 revision. World Health Organization. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/WHO-HIS-HSI-Rev.2012-3.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2021). Health promotion glossary of terms 2021. World Health Organization. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240038349.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, C. H. J., & Liang, R. D. (2011). The relationship between white-water rafting experience formation and customer reaction: A flow theory perspective. Tourism Management, 32(2), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang, K., & Qiao, G. (2022). Exploring well-being outcomes and influenced mechanism of senior tourists: Evidence from an embodiment and continuity perspective. Current Issues in Tourism, Published onlinehttps://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2081134.
   Google Scholar
• Yerbury, R., & Weiler, B. (2020). From human wellbeing to an ecocentric perspective: How nature-connectedness can extend the benefits of marine wildlife experiences. Anthrozoös, 33(4), 461–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2020.1771054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J. W., Howell, R. T., & Iyer, R. (2014). Engagement with natural beauty moderates the positive relation between connectedness with nature and psychological well-being. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 38(June), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.12.013.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., LynchJrJ. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, H., & Walker, A. (2022). Why China needs an active social policy on ageing. Asian Population Studies, 18(2), 190–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2021.1955444
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zins, A. H., & Ponocny, I. (2022). On the importance of leisure travel for psychosocial wellbeing. Annals of Tourism Research, 93(March), 103378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103378.
   Google Scholar