African American women's perspectives on ‘down low/DL’ men: implications for HIV prevention

References

• Bacon , M.C. , Von Wyl , V. , Alden , C. , Sharp , G. , Robison , E. , Hessol , N. , Gange , S. , Barranday , Y. , Holman , S. and Weber , K. 2005 . The Women's Interagency HIV Study: An observational cohort brings clinical sciences to the bench . Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology , 12 ( 9 ) : 1013 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Battle , J. and Barnes , S.L. 2009 . Black sexualities: Probing, powers, passions, practices and policies , Piscataway, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bond , L. , Wheeler , D. , Millett , G. , LaPollo , A. , Carson , L. and Liau , A. 2009 . Black men who have sex with men and the association of down-low identity with HIV-risk behavior . American Journal of Public Health , 99 : S92 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg , L. , Teti , M. , Massie , J.S. , Patel , A. , Malebranche , D.J. and Tschann , J.M. 2011 . What does it take to be a man? What is a real man? Ideologies of masculinity and HIV sexual risk among black heterosexual men . Culture, Health & Sexuality , 13 ( 5 ) : 545 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2007 . CDC HIV/AIDS fact sheet: HIV among African Americans , Atlanta, GA : US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2011 . Deaths: Leading causes for 2007 . National Vital Statistics Report , 59 ( 8 ) : 37 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. n.d. Questions and answers: Men on the down low. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/aa/resources/qa/downlow.htm
   Google Scholar
• Chu , S.Y. , Peterman , T.A. , Doll , L.S. , Buehler , J.W. and Curran , J.W. 1992 . AIDS in bisexual men in the United States: Epidemiology and transmission to women . American Journal of Public Health , 82 ( 2 ) : 220 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CNN. 2010. Down-low TV comments raise HIV controversy. CNN. http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2010/07/14/%E2%80%98down-low%E2%80%99-tv-comments-raise-hiv-controversy/
   Google Scholar
• Collins , P.H. 2004 . Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender and the new racism , New York and London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• District of Columbia Department of Health. District of Columbia HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, STD and TB: Annual report 2010. District of Columbia Department of Health. http://doh.dc.gov/doh/lib/doh/services/administration_offices/hiv_aids/pdf/2010_Annual_Report_FINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ford , C.L. , Whetten , K.D. , Hall , S.A. , Kaufman , J.S. and Thrasher , A.D. 2007 . Black sexuality, social construction and research targeting ‘the down low’ (‘the DL’) . Annals of Epidemiology , 17 ( 3 ) : 209 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hader , S.L. , Smith , D.K. , Moore , J.S. and Holmberg , S.D. 2001 . HIV infection in women in the United States . Journal of the American Medical Association , 285 ( 9 ) : 1186 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitzinger , J. 1995 . Qualitative research: Introducing focus groups . British Medical Journal , 311 : 299 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger , RA . 1994 . Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Lauby , J.L. , Millett , G.A. , LaPollo , A.B. , Bond , L. and Marks , C.S. 2008 . Sexual risk behaviours of HIV-positive, HIV-negative and serostatus-unknown Black men who have sex with men and women . Archives of Sexual Behaviour , 37 ( 5 ) : 708 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemelle , A.J. and Battle , J. 2004 . Black masculinity matters in attitudes toward gay males . Journal of Homosexuality , 47 ( 1 ) : 39 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malebranche, D. 2010. An open letter to Oprah Winfrey concerning the ‘down low’. Living Out Loud With Darian. http://loldarian.blogspot.com/2010/10/dr-david-malebranches-open-letter-to.html
   Google Scholar
• Malebranche , D.J. , Arriola , K.J. , Jenkins , T.R. , Dauria , E. and Patel , S.N. 2010 . Exploring the bisexual bridge: A qualitative study of risk behaviour and disclosure of same-sex behaviour among black bisexual men . American Journal of Public Health , 100 ( 1 ) : 159 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamary , E. , Mccright , J. and Roe , K. 2007 . Our lives: An examination of sexual health issues using photovoice by non-gay identified African American men who have sex with men . Culture, Health & Sexuality , 9 ( 4 ) : 359 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlon , R. 2007 . “ An anatomy of the straight black sissy as theoretical intervention ” . In Blackness and sexualities , Edited by: Wright , M. and Schuhmann , A. 41 – 58 . New Brunswick : Transaction .
   Google Scholar
• Millett , G. , Malebranche , D. , Mason , B. and Spikes , P. 2005 . Focusing ‘down low’: bisexual black men, HIV risk and heterosexual transmission . Journal of the National Medical Association , 97 ( 7 ) : 52S – 9S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery , J.P. , Mokotoff , E.D. , Gentry , A.C. and Blair , J.M. 2003 . The extent of bisexual behaviour in HIV-infected men and implications for transmission to their female sex partners . AIDS Care , 15 ( 6 ) : 829 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Public Radio. 2009. Myth: HIV/AIDS rate among black women traced to ‘down low’ black men. National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId = 114237523
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , L. 2005 . Deconstructing ‘down low’ discourse: The politics of sexuality, gender, race, AIDS and anxiety . Journal of African American Studies , 9 ( 2 ) : 3 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Prabhu , R. , Owen , C.L. , Folger , K. and McFarland , W. 2004 . The bisexual bridge revisited: Sexual risk behaviour among men who have sex with men and women, San Francisco, 1998–2003 . AIDS , 18 ( 11 ) : 1604 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabiee , F. 2004 . Focus-group interview and data analysis . Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , 63 ( 4 ) : 655 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , J. and Firth , J. 2011 . Qualitative data analysis: The framework approach . Nurse Researcher , 18 ( 2 ) : 52 – 62 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voetsch , A.C. , Thomas , P.E. , Satcher Johnson , A. , Millett , G.A. , Mundey , L. , Goode , C. , Nobles , J. , Sly , K. , Smith , M.R. and Shiloh , M. 2010 . Sex with bisexual men among black female students at historically black colleges and universities . Journal of the National Medical Association , 102 ( 12 ) : 1198 – 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte , J. IV , Whyte , M.D. and Cormier , E. 2008 . Down-low sex, older African American women and HIV infection . Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care , 19 ( 6 ) : 423 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe , W.A. 2003 . Overlooked role of African-American males' hypermasculinity in the epidemic of unintended pregnancies and HIV/AIDS cases with young African-American women . Journal of the National Medical Association , 95 ( 9 ) : 846 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar