Publication Cover
Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 17, 2015 - Issue 7
322
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Ties that bind: community attachment and the experience of discrimination among Black men who have sex with men

, , , , , & show all
Pages 859-872 | Received 23 May 2014, Accepted 04 Jan 2015, Published online: 03 Feb 2015

References

  • Ajrouch, K. J., S. Reisine, S. Lim, W. Sohn, and A. Ismail. 2010. “Perceived Everyday Discrimination and Psychological Distress: Does Social Support Matter?” Ethnicity & Health 15 (4): 417–434.
  • Allman, D., S. Adebajo, T. Myers, O. Odumuye, and S. Ogunsola. 2007. “Challenges for the Sexual Health and Social Acceptance of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Nigeria.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 9 (2): 153–168.
  • Antonucci, T. C., K. J. Ajrouch, and M. R. Janevic. 2003. “The Effect of Social Relations with Children on the Education–Health Link in Men and Women Aged 40 and Over.” Social Science & Medicine 56 (5): 949–960.
  • Antonucci, T. C., and J. S. Jackson. 1990. “The Role of Reciprocity in Social Support.” In Social Support: An Interactional View, edited by B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, and G. R. Pierce, 173–198. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Belbase, M., D. Joshi, A. Koki, R. Gautam, R. Sharma, and J. Adhikari. 2013. “Physical Comorbidity and Psychiatric Diagnosis in a Neuropsychiatric Clinic in Sindhuli District, Rural Nepal.” Journal of Psychiatrists' Association of Nepal 2 (1): 26–29.
  • Bing, E. G., M. A. Burnam, D. Longshore, J. A. Fleishman, C. D. Sherbourne, A. S. London, B. J. Turner, et al. 2001. “Psychiatric Disorders and Drug Use among Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Adults in the United States.” Archives of General Psychiatry 58 (8): 721–728.
  • Bogart, L. M., G. J. Wagner, F. H. Galvan, H. Landrine, D. J. Klein, and L. A. Sticklor. 2011. “Perceived Discrimination and Mental Health Symptoms among Black Men with HIV.” Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 17 (3): 295–302.
  • Bonilla, L., and J. Porter. 1990. “A Comparison of Latino, Black, and Non-Hispanic White Attitudes Toward Homosexuality.” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 12 (4): 437–452.
  • Bott, E. 1971. Family and Social Network: Roles, Norms and External Relationships in Ordinary Urban Families. New York: The Free Press.
  • Bottonari, K. A., and L. M. Stepleman. 2010. “Improving Access to Mental Health Services via a Clinic-wide Mental Health Intervention in a Southeastern US Infectious Disease Clinic.” AIDS Care 22 (2): 133–136.
  • Boyce, S., C. Barrington, H. Bolaños, C. Galindo Arandi, and G. Paz-Bailey. 2012. “Facilitating Access to Sexual Health Services for Men Who Have Sex with Men and Male-to-female Transgender Persons in Guatemala City.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 14 (3): 313–327.
  • Brooks, V. R. 1981. Minority Stress and Lesbian Women. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
  • Burgess, Diana, J., J. Grill, S. Noorbaloochi, J. M. Griffin, J. Ricards, M. Van Ryn, and M. R. Partin. 2009. “The Effect of Perceived Racial Discrimination on Bodily Pain among Older African American Men.” Pain Medicine 10 (8): 1341–1352.
  • Carter, R. T., J. M. Forsyth, S. L. Mazzula, B. Williams, Deconstructing Racial Discrimination: The Intersection of Psychology and the Law, Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, Hawaii, July.
  • Carter, R. T., S. Mazzula, R. Victoria, R. Vazquez, S. Hall, S. Smith, S. Sant-Barket, J. Forsyth, K. Bazelais, and B. Williams. 2013. “Initial Development of the Race-based Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale: Assessing the Emotional Impact of Racism.” Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 5 (1): 1–9.
  • Caughy, M. O'B., S. Murray Nettles, and J. Lima. 2011. “Profiles of Racial Socialization among African American Parents: Correlates, Context, and Outcome.” Journal of Child and Family Studies 20 (4): 491–502.
  • Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 2012. “Intervention Lessens the Effects of Violence among Urban School Children.” http://www.cdc.gov/prc/prevention-strategies/intervention-lessen-effects-violence-urban-school-children.htm.
  • Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 2012a. “Health, United States, 2011.” http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus11. Psychological distress.
  • Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 2012b. “HIV among Gay and Bisexual Men.” http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/msm/index.htm.
  • Ciesla, J. A., and J. E. Roberts. 2001. “Meta-analysis of the Relationship between HIV Infection and Risk for Depressive Disorders.” American Journal of Psychiatry 158 (5): 725–730.
  • Cochran, S. D., J. Greer Sullivan, and V. M. Mays. 2003. “Prevalence of Mental Disorders, Psychological Distress, and Mental Health Services Use among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults in the United States.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71 (1): 53–61.
  • Cochran, S. D., and V. M. Mays. 2000. “Relation between Psychiatric Syndromes and Behaviorally Defined Sexual Orientation in a Sample of the US Population.” American Journal of Epidemiology 151 (5): 516–523.
  • Cohen, S., and T. A. Wills. 1985. “Stress, Social Support, and the Buffering Hypothesis.” Psychological Bulletin 98 (2): 310–357.
  • Corburn, J. 2004. “Confronting the Challenges in Reconnecting Urban Planning and Public Health.” American Journal of Public Health 94 (4): 541–546.
  • DeMarco, J. 1983. “Gay Racism.” In Black Men/White Men: A Gay Anthology, edited by M. J. Smith, 109–118. San Francisco: Gay Sunshine Press.
  • Diaz, R. M., G. Ayala, and E. Bein. 2004. “Sexual Risk as an Outcome of Social Oppression: Data from a Probability Sample of Latino Gay Men in Three U.S. Cities.” Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 10 (3): 255–267.
  • Edwards, R. R. 2008. “The Association of Perceived Discrimination with Low Back Pain.” Journal of Behavioral Medicine 31 (5): 379–389.
  • Ellemers, N., R. Spears, and B. Doosje. 1997. “Sticking Together or Falling Apart: In-group Identification as a Psychological Determinant of Group Commitment Versus Individual Mobility.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 (3): 617–626.
  • Fingerhut, A. W., L. Anne Peplau, and S. L. Gable. 2010. “Identity, Minority Stress and Psychological Well-being among Gay Men and Lesbians.” Psychology and Sexuality 1 (2): 101–114.
  • Franklin, A. J. 2004. From Brotherhood to Manhood: How Black Men Rescue Their Relationships and Dreams from the Invisibility Syndrome. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Franklin, A. J., N. B. Franklin, and S. Kelly. 2006. “Racism and Invisibility.” Journal of Emotional Abuse 6 (2–3): 9–30.
  • Galvan, F. H., M. Audrey Burnam, and E. G. Bing. 2003. “Co-occurring Psychiatric Symptoms and Drug Dependence or Heavy Drinking among HIV-positive People.” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 35 (sup1): 153–160.
  • Gatchel, R. J., Y. Bo Peng, M. L. Peters, P. N. Fuchs, and D. C. Turk. 2007. “The Biopsychosocial Approach to Chronic Pain: Scientific Advances and Future Directions.” Psychological Bulletin 133 (4): 581–624.
  • Grossman, C. I., and C. M. Gordon. 2010. “Mental Health Considerations in Secondary HIV Prevention.” AIDS and Behavior 14 (2): 263–271.
  • Harris, C. G. 1988. “Black Lesbians and Gays: Empirically Speaking.” Black Out: The Magazine of the National Coalition for Black Lesbians and Gays 2: 9–11.
  • Hatzenbuehler, M. L., S. Nolen-Hoeksema, and J. Dovidio. 2009. “How Does Stigma “Get Under the Skin”?: The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation.” Psychological Science 20 (10): 1282–1289.
  • Huebner, D. M., G. M. Rebchook, and S. M. Kegeles. 2004. “Experiences of Harassment, Discrimination, and Physical Violence among Young Gay and Bisexual Men.” American Journal of Public Health 94 (7): 1200–1203.
  • Icard, L. D. 1986. “Black Gay Men and Conflicting Social Identities:.” Journal of Social Work & Human Sexuality 4 (1–2): 83–93.
  • James, S. A. 1999. “Primordial Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease among African-Americans: A Social Epidemiological Perspective.” Preventive Medicine 29 (6): S84–S89.
  • Karlsen, S., and J. Y. Nazroo. 2002. “Relation between Racial Discrimination, Social Class, and Health among Ethnic Minority Groups.” American Journal of Public Health 92 (4): 624–631.
  • Kawachi, I., and L. F. Berkman. 2001. “Social Ties and Mental Health.” Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 78 (3): 458–467.
  • Kessler, R. C., K. D. Mickelson, and D. R. Williams. 1999. “The Prevalence, Distribution, and Mental Health Correlates of Perceived Discrimination in the United States.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 40 (3): 208–230.
  • Kippax, S., J. Crawford, M. Davis, P. Rodden, and G. Dowsett. 1993. “Sustaining Safe Sex.” AIDS 7 (2): 257–264.
  • Klonoff, E. A., and H. Landrine. 1999. “Cross-validation of the Schedule of Racist Events.” Journal of Black Psychology 25 (2): 231–254.
  • Klonoff, E. A., H. Landrine, and J. B. Ullman. 1999. “Racial Discrimination and Psychiatric Symptoms among Blacks.” Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 5 (4): 329–339.
  • Koblin, B. A., S. Bonner, B. Powell, P. Metralexis, J. E. Egan, J. Patterson, G. Xu, et al. 2012. “A randomized trial of a behavioral intervention for black MSM.” AIDS 26 (4): 483–488.
  • Koblin, B. A., M. J. Husnik, G. Colfax, Y. Huang, M. Madison, K. Mayer, P. J. Barresi, T. J. Coates, M. A. Chesney, and S. Buchbinder. 2006. “Risk Factors for HIV Infection among Men Who Have Sex with Men.” AIDS 20 (5): 731–739.
  • Krieger, N. 1999. “Embodying Inequality: A Review of Concepts, Measures, and Methods for Studying Health Consequences of Discrimination.” International Journal of Health Services 29 (2): 295–352.
  • Krieger, N. 2001. “Theories for Social Epidemiology in the 21st Century: An Ecosocial Perspective.” International Journal of Epidemiology 30 (4): 668–677.
  • Krieger, N., D. R. Williams, and N. E. Moss. 1997. “Measuring Social Class in US Public Health Research: Concepts, Methodologies, and Guidelines.” Annual Review of Public Health 18 (1): 341–378.
  • Lawler, E. J., S. R. Thye, and J. Yoon. 2008. “Social Exchange and Micro Social Order.” American Sociological Review 73 (4): 519–542.
  • Lazarus, R. S., and S. Folkman. 1984. “Coping and Adaptations.” In Handbook of Behavioural Medicine, edited by W. Doyle Gentry, 282–325. New York: The Guildford Press.
  • Lemelle, A. J. Jr, and J. Battle. 2004. “Black Masculinity Matters in Attitudes Toward Gay Males.” Journal of Homosexuality 47 (1): 39–51.
  • Lepore, S. J. 1997. “Social-environmental Influences on the Chronic Stress Process.” In Coping with Chronic Stress, 133–156. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Lewis, R. J., V. J. Derlega, A. Berndt, L. M. Morris, and S. Rose. 2002. “An Empirical Analysis of Stressors for Gay Men and Lesbians.” Journal of Homosexuality 42 (1): 63–88.
  • Loiacano, D. K. 1989. “Gay Identity Issues among Black Americans: Racism, Homophobia, and the Need for Validation.” Journal of Counseling & Development 68 (1): 21–25.
  • Lye Chng, C., and J. Géliga-Vargas. 2000. “Ethnic Identity, Gay Identity, Sexual Sensation Seeking and HIV Risk Taking among Multiethnic Men Who Have Sex with Men.” AIDS Education and Prevention 12 (4): 326–339.
  • Mays, V. M., and S. D. Cochran. 2001. “Mental Health Correlates of Perceived Discrimination among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults in the United States.” American Journal of Public Health 91 (11): 1869–1876.
  • Mays, V. M., S. D. Cochran, and N. W. Barnes. 2007. “Race, Race-based Discrimination, and Health Outcomes among African Americans.” Annual Review of Psychology 58 (1): 201–225.
  • Meyer, I. H. 2003. “Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: Conceptual Issues and Research Evidence.” Psychological Bulletin 129 (5): 674–697.
  • O'Donnell, L., G. Agronick, A. San Doval, R. Duran, A. Myint-U, and A. Stueve. 2002. “Ethnic and Gay Community Attachments and Sexual Risk Behaviors among Urban Latino Young Men Who Have Sex with Men.” AIDS Education and Prevention 14 (6): 457–471.
  • Parker, R. 2009. “Sexuality, Culture and Society: Shifting Paradigms in Sexuality Research.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 11 (3): 251–266.
  • Pettiway, L. 1996. Honey, Honey, Miss Thang: Being Black, Gay, and on the Streets. Philadephia: Temple University Press.
  • Pieterse, A. L., and R. T. Carter. 2007. “An Examination of the Relationship between General Life Stress, Racism-related Stress, and Psychological Health among Black Men.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 54 (1): 101–109.
  • Pieterse, A. L., N. R. Todd, H. A. Neville, and R. T. Carter. 2012. “Perceived Racism and Mental Health among Black American Adults: A Meta-analytic Review.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 59 (1): 1–9.
  • Schulz, A. J., C. C. Gravlee, D. R. Williams, B. A. Israel, G. Mentz, and Z. Rowe. 2006. “Discrimination, Symptoms of Depression, and Self-rated Health among African American Women in Detroit: Results from a Longitudinal Analysis.” American Journal of Public Health 96 (7): 1265–1270.
  • Shippy, R. A., M. H. Cantor, and M. Brennan. 2004. “Social Networks of Aging Gay Men.” The Journal of Men's Studies 13 (1): 107–120.
  • Spikes, P. S., L. A. Willis, and L. J. Koenig. 2010. “Violence, Trauma, and Mental Health Disorders: Are They Related to Higher HIV Risk for African Americans?” In African Americans and HIV/AIDS: Understanding and Addressing the Epidemic, edited by D. H. McCree, K. T. Jones, and A. O'Leary, 85–112. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Susser, M., and E. Susser. 1996. “Choosing a Future for Epidemiology: I. Eras and paradigms.” American Journal of Public Health 86 (5): 668–673.
  • Swim, J. K., K. Johnston, and N. B. Pearson. 2009. “Daily Experiences with Heterosexism: Relations between Heterosexist Hassles and Psychological Well-being.” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 28 (5): 597–629.
  • Tate, D. C., J. J. Van Den Berg, N. B. Hansen, A. Kochman, and K. J. Sikkema. 2006. “Race, Social Support, and Coping Strategies among HIV-positive Gay and Bisexual Men.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 8 (3): 235–249.
  • Taylor, J., and R. J. Turner. 2002. “Perceived Discrimination, Social Stress, and Depression in the Transition to Adulthood: Racial Contrasts.” Social Psychology Quarterly 65 (3): 213–225.
  • US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health [USDHOMH]. 2012. “Mental Health and African Americans.” http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/content.aspx?ID& = 6474.
  • Utsey, S. O. 1997. “Racism and the Psychological Well-being of African American Men.” Journal of African American Studies 3 (1): 69–87.
  • Van Sluytman, L., N. Braine, C. Acker, S. Friedman, and D. C. DesJarlais. 2013. “Migration Narratives: Expanding Methods to Examine the Interaction of Person and Environment among Aging Gay Men.” Journal of Gerontological Social Work 56 (3): 219–236.
  • Wagner, G. J., F. M. Aunon, R. L. Kaplan, R. Karam, D. Khouri, J. Tohme, and J. Mokhbat. 2013. “Sexual Stigma, Psychological Well-being and Social Engagement among Men Who have Sex with Men in Beirut, Lebanon.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 15 (5): 570–582.
  • Williams, D. R., and S. A. Mohammed. 2009. “Discrimination and Racial Disparities in Health: Evidence and Needed Research.” Journal of Behavioral Medicine 32 (1): 20–47.
  • Williams, D. R., and R. Williams-Morris. 2000. “Racism and Mental Health: The African American Experience.” Ethnicity & Health 5 (3–4): 243–268.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.