Sexually explicit racialised media targeting men who have sex with men online: a content analysis of high-risk behaviour depicted in online advertisements

References

• Agliata, D., and S. Tantleff-Dunn. 2004. “The Impact of Media Exposure on Males' Body Image.” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 23 (1): 7–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlett, C., C. Vowels, and D. Saucier. 2008. “Meta-analyses of the Effects of Media Images on Men's Body-image Concerns.” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 27 (3): 279–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, H. R., and G. W. Ryan. 2009. Analyzing Qualitative Data: Systematic Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Blashill, A., K. Mayer, H. Crane, J. Baker, J. Willig, A. Willig, C. Grasso, C. O'Cleirigh, and S. Safren. 2014. “Body Mass Index, Depression, and Condom Use among HIV-infected Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Longitudinal Moderation Analysis.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 43 (4): 729–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolding, G., M. Davis, G. Hart, L. Sherr, and J. Elford. 2007. “Where Young Msm Meet Their First Sexual Partner: The Role of the Internet.” AIDS and Behavior 11 (4): 522–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, D., K. Asakura, C. George, P. Newman, S. Giwa, T. Hart, R. Souleymanov, and G. Betancourt. 2013. ““Never Reflected Anywhere”: Body Image among Ethnoracialized Gay and Bisexual Men.” Body Image 10 (3): 389–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull, S., and M. McFarlene. 2000. Soliciting Sex on the Internet: What Are the Risks for Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV? Vol. 27. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. L., C. Quincy, J. Osserman, and O. K. Pedersen. 2013. “Coding in-depth Semistructured Interviews: Problems of Unitization and Intercoder Reliability and Agreement.” Sociological Methods & Research 42 (3): 294–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlos, J.-A., T. Bingham, A. Stueve, J. Lauby, G. Ayala, G. Millett, and D. Wheeler. 2010. “The Role of Peer Support on Condom Use among Black and Latino Msm in Three Urban Areas.” AIDS Education and Prevention 22 (5): 430–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. “HIV among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men.” Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexual Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis Prevention. Accessed March 25. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/gender/msm/facts/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, K.-H., J. Paul, G. Ayala, R. Boylan, and S. Gregorich. 2013. “Experiences of Discrimination and Their Impact on the Mental Health among African American, Asian and Pacific Islander, and Latino Men Who Have Sex with Men.” American Journal of Public Health 103 (5): 868–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coltrane, S., and M. Messineo. 2000. “The Perpetuation of Subtle Prejudice: Race and Gender Imagery in 1990s Television Advertising.” Sex Roles 42 (5–6): 363–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corneau, S., and E. van der Meulen. 2014. “Some Like it Mellow: On Gay Men Complicating Pornography Discourses.” Journal of Homosexuality 61 (4): 491–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan, G. 2002. Content Analysis of Visual Materials, Handbook for Conducting Research on Human Sexuality. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Downing, M. J. Jr., E. W. Schrimshaw, N. Antebi, and K. Siegel. 2014. “Sexually Explicit Media on the Internet: A Content Analysis of Sexual Behaviors, Risk, and Media Characteristics in Gay Male Adult Videos.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 43 (4): 811–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan, S., and D. McCreary. 2004. “Body Image, Eating Disorders, and the Drive for Muscularity in Gay and Heterosexual Men.” Journal of Homosexuality 47 (3–4): 45–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, D., and T. Nicholson. 1991. “Pornography as a Source of Sex Information for Students at a Southeastern State University.” Psychological Reports 68 (3): 802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton, L., D. Cain, H. Pope, J. Garcia, and C. Cherry. 2012. “The Relationship between Pornography Use and Sexual Behaviours among at-Risk HIV-negative Men Who Have Sex with Men.” Sexual Health 9 (2): 166–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feliciano, C., B. Robnett, and G. Komaie. 2009. “Gendered Racial Exclusion among White Internet Daters.” Social Science Research 38 (1): 39–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fields, E., L. Bogart, K. Smith, D. Malebranche, J. Ellen, and M. Schuster. 2012. “HIV Risk and Perceptions of Masculinity among Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men.” Journal of Adolescent Health 50 (3): 296–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, R. 2005. “Looking for My Penis: The Eroticized Asian in Gay Video Porn.” In A Companion to Asian American Studies, edited by K. A. Ono, 235–253. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Gagnon, J., and W. Simon. 1973. Sexual Conduct: The Social Sources of Human Sexuality. Chicago: ldine.
   Google Scholar
• Garofalo, R., A. Herrick, B. S. Mustanski, and G. R. Donenberg. 2007. “Tip of the Iceberg: Young Men Who Have Sex with Men, the Internet, and HIV Risk.” American Journal of Public Health 97 (6): 1113–1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grudzen, C., M. Elliott, P. Kerndt, M. Schuster, R. Brook, and L. Gelberg. 2009. “Condom Use and High-risk Sexual Acts in Adult Films: A Comparison of Heterosexual and Homosexual Films.” American Journal of Public Health 99 (S1): S152–S156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hald, G. M. 2006. “Gender Differences in Pornography Consumption among Young Heterosexual Danish Adults.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 35 (5): 577–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hald, G., N. Malamuth, and C. Yuen. 2010. “Pornography and Attitudes Supporting Violence against Women: Revisiting the Relationship in Nonexperimental Studies.” Aggressive Behavior 36 (1): 14–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hald, G., D. Smolenski, and S. Rosser. 2013. “Perceived Effects of Sexually Explicit Media among Men Who Have Sex with Men and Psychometric Properties of the Pornography Consumption Effects Scale (Pces).” The Journal of Sexual Medicine 10 (3): 757–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, C.-S. 2008. “A Qualitative Exploration of the Relationship between Racism and Unsafe Sex among Asian Pacific Islander Gay Men.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 37 (5): 827–837.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, T., J. Peterson, and Community Intervention Trial for Youth Study Team. 2004. “Predictors of Risky Sexual Behavior among Young African American Men Who Have Sex with Men.” American Journal of Public Health 94 (7): 1122–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatala, M. N., and J. Prehodka. 1996. “Content Analysis of Gay Male and Lesbian Personal Advertisements.” Psychological Reports 78 (2): 371–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper, S., S. Rosser, K. Horvath, M. Oakes, and G. Danilenko. 2008. “An Online Needs Assessment of a Virtual Community: What Men Who Use the Internet to Seek Sex with Men Want in Internet-based HIV Prevention.” AIDS and Behavior 12 (6): 867–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huebner, D., S. Kegeles, G. Rebchook, J. Peterson, T. Neilands, W. Johnson, and A. Eke. 2013. “Social Oppression, Psychological Vulnerability, and Unprotected Intercourse among Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men.” Health Psychology 33 (12): 1568–1578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Icard, L. 1986. “Black Gay Men and Conflicting Social Identities: Sexual Orientation Versus Racial Identity.” Journal of Social Work & Human Sexuality 4 (1–2): 83–93.
   Google Scholar
• Kendall, C. 2003. “Gay Male Pornography and Sexual Violence: A Sex Equality Perspective on Gay Male Rape and Partner Abuse.” McGill Law Journal 49: 877–1183.
   Google Scholar
• Kendall, C. 2004. “Educating Gay Male Youth.” Journal of Homosexuality 47 (3–4): 83–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall, C., and R. Funk. 2004. “Gay Male Pornography's “Actors” When “Fantasy” Isn't.” Journal of Trauma Practice 2 (3–4): 93–114.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, H. 2008. “HIV Risk Practices Sought by Men Who Have Sex with Other Men, and Who Use Internet Websites to Identify Potential Sexual Partners.” Sexual Health 5 (3): 243–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krippendorff, K. 2004. Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Pubications.
   Google Scholar
• Kubicek, K., J. Carpineto, B. McDavitt, G. Weiss, and M. Kipke. 2011. “Use and Perceptions of the Internet for Sexual Information and Partners: A Study of Young Men Who Have Sex with Men.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 40 (4): 803–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Q., and M. Davey. 1996. “Pornography as a Source of Sex Information for College Students in Fraternities and Sororities.” Journal of Health Education 27 (3): 165–169.
   Google Scholar
• Mama, S. K., S. A. McCurdy, A. E. Evans, D. I. Thompson, P. M. Diamond, and R. E. Lee. 2014. “Using Community Insight to Understand Physical Activity Adoption in Overweight and Obese African American and Hispanic Women a Qualitative Study.” Health Education & Behavior. doi:10.1177/1090198114557128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller, R., S. Reed, M. McNall, and J. Forney. 2013. “The Effect of Trauma on Recent Inconsistent Condom Use among Young Black Gay and Bisexual Men.” Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services 12 (3–4): 349–367.
   Google Scholar
• Millett, G., J. Peterson, S. Flores, T. Hart, W. Jeffries, P. Wilson, S. Rourke, et al. 2012. “Comparisons of Disparities and Risks of HIV Infection in Black and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in Canada, UK, and USA: A Meta-analysis.” The Lancet 380 (9839): 341–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, E. 2011. “Associations between Young Adults' Use of Sexually Explicit Materials and Their Sexual Preferences, Behaviors, and Satisfaction.” Journal of Sex Research 48 (6): 520–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, T. 2004. ““He Was Treating Me Like Trash, and I Was Loving it …” Perspectives on Gay Male Pornography.” Journal of Homosexuality 47 (3–4): 167–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskowitz, D., and D. Seal. 2010. “Revisiting Obesity and Condom Use in Men Who Have Sex with Men.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 39 (3): 761–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustanski, B., T. Lyons, and S. Garcia. 2011. “Internet Use and Sexual Health of Young Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Mixed-methods Study.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 40 (2): 289–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, K. M., E. Leickly, J. P. Yang, A. Pereira, and J. M. Simoni. 2014b. “The Influence of Sexually Explicit Online Media on Sex: Do Men Who Have Sex with Men Believe They “Do What They See”?” AIDS Care 26 (7): 931–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, K. M., J. M. Simoni, D. M. Morrison, W. H. George, E. Leickly, L. J. Lengua, and S. E. Hawes. 2014a. “Sexually Explicit Online Media and Sexual Risk among Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 43 (4): 833–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemoto, T., D. Operario, T. Soma, D. Bao, A. Vajrabukka, and V. Crisostomo. 2003. “HIV Risk and Prevention among Asian/Pacific Islander Men Who Have Sex with Men: Listen to Our Stories.” AIDS Education and Prevention 15 (1_supplement): 7–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuendorf, K. 2002. The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Paasonen, S. 2011. “Online Pornography: Ubiquitous and Effaced.” The Handbook of Internet Studies 11: 424–439.
   Google Scholar
• Parsons, J., B. Kelly, D. Bimbi, F. Muench, and J. Morgenstern. 2007. “Accounting for the Social Triggers of Sexual Compulsivity.” Journal of Addictive Diseases 26 (3): 5–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul, J., G. Ayala, and K.-H. Choi. 2010. “Internet Sex Ads for Msm and Partner Selection Criteria: The Potency of Race/Ethnicity Online.” Journal of Sex Research 47 (6): 528–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peter, J., and P. Valkenburg. 2011. “The Use of Sexually Explicit Internet Material and Its Antecedents: A Longitudinal Comparison of Adolescents and Adults.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 40 (5): 1015–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phua, V., and G. Kaufman. 2003. “The Crossroads of Race and Sexuality: Date Selection among Men in Internet “Personal” Ads.” Journal of Family Issues 24 (8): 981–994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcell, D., C. Johnson, A. Lansky, J. Prejean, R. Stein, P. Denning, Z. Gau, H. Weinstock, J. Su, and N. Crepaz. 2012. “Estimating the Population Size of Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States to Obtain HIV and Syphilis Rates.” The Open AIDS Journal 6 (1): 98–107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reichert, T., and J. Lambiase. 2013. Sex in Consumer Culture: The Erotic Content of Media and Marketing. Mahwah, NJ: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Riff, D., S. Lacy, and F. Fico. 2005. Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research. 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Ro, A., G. Ayala, J. Paul, and K.-H. Choi. 2013. “Dimensions of Racism and Their Impact on Partner Selection among Men of Colour Who Have Sex with Men: Understanding Pathways to Sexual Risk.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 15 (7): 836–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosser, S., J. Grey, M. Wilkerson, A. Iantaffi, S. Brady, D. Smolenski, and K. J. Horvath. 2012. “A Commentary on the Role of Sexually Explicit Media (SEM) in the Transmission and Prevention of HIV among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM).” AIDS and Behavior 16 (6): 1373–1381.
   Google Scholar
• Rosser, S., D. Smolenski, D. Erickson, A. Iantaffi, S. Brady, J. Grey, G. Hald, et al. 2013. “The Effects of Gay Sexually Explicit Media on the HIV Risk Behavior of Men Who Have Sex with Men.” AIDS and Behavior 17 (4): 1488–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrimshaw, E. 2014. “Viewing of Internet-based Sexually Explicit Media as a Risk Factor for Condomless Sex among Men Who Have Sex with Men.” 142nd APHA Annual Meeting and Exposition (November 15–November 19, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Silvera, R., D. Stein, R. Hagerty, and M. Marmor. 2009. “Condom Use and Male Homosexual Pornography.” American Journal of Public Health 99 (10): 1732–1733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, D., R. Silvera, R. Hagerty, and M. Marmor. 2012. “Viewing Pornography Depicting Unprotected Anal Intercourse: Are There Implications for HIV Prevention among Men Who Have Sex with Men?” Archives of Sexual Behavior 41 (2): 411–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg, M., C. Williams, S. Kleiner, and Y. Irizarry. 2010. “Pornography, Normalization, and Empowerment.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 39 (6): 1389–1401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, J., S. Reisner, E. Dunham, and M. Mimiaga. 2014. “Race-based Sexual Preferences in a Sample of Online Profiles of Urban Men Seeking Sex with Men.” Journal of Urban Health 91 (4): 768–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, P., P. Valera, A. Ventuneac, I. Balan, M. Rowe, and A. Carballo-Diéguez. 2009. “Race-based Sexual Stereotyping and Sexual Partnering among Men Who Use the Internet to Identify Other Men for Bareback Sex.” Journal of Sex Research 46 (5): 399–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilton, L. 2009. “A Preliminary Study of Body Image and HIV Sexual Risk Behavior in Black Gay and Bisexual Men: Implications for HIV Prevention.” Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services 21 (4): 309–325.
   Google Scholar
• Wohlfeiler, D., J. Hecht, H. F. Raymond, T. Kennedy, and W. McFarland. 2011. “How Can We Improve HIV and STD Prevention Online for MSM?” Internet and STD Center of Excellence. Accessed. http://www.stdpreventiononline.org/assets/resources/1448384380_1719.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshikawa, H., P. Wilson, D. Chae, and J.-F. Cheng. 2004. “Do Family and Friendship Networks Protect against the Influence of Discrimination on Mental Health and HIV Risk among Asian and Pacific Islander Gay Men?” AIDS Education and Prevention 16 (1): 84–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar