References
- Anderson, B. 2010. “‘Coloured’ Boys Talk: Constructing Heterosexual Masculinities in a Working Class High School Context.” Journal of Psychology in Africa 20 (4): 635–646.
- Bhana, D., and B. Anderson. 2013. “Gender, Relationship Dynamics and South African Girls' Vulnerability to Sexual Risk.” African Journal of AIDS Research 12 (1): 25–31.
- Bhana, D., and R. Pattman. 2009. “Researching South African Youth, Gender and Sexuality within the Context of HIV/Aids.” Development 52 (1): 68–74.
- Burr, V. 1995. An Introduction to Social Constructionism. London and New York: Routledge.
- Butler, J. 2004. Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence. London: Verso.
- Butler, J. 2009. Frames of War: When is Life Grievable? London: Verso.
- Chu, J. Y. 2005. “Adolescent Boys' Friendships and Peer Group Culture.” New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 2005 (107): 7–22.
- Clowes, L., T. Shefer, E. Fouten, T. Vergnani, and J. Jacobs. 2009. “Coercive Sexual Practices and Gender-based Violence on a University Campus.” Agenda 23 (80): 22–32.
- Connell, R. W. 1995. Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Connell, R. W. 2000. The Men and the Boys. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Dworkin, S. L., C. Colvin, A. Hatcher, and D. Peacock. 2012. “Men's Perceptions of Women's Rights and Changing Gender Relations in South Africa: Lessons for Working with Men and Boys in HIV and Antiviolence Programs.” Gender & Society 26 (1): 97–120.
- Flood, M. 2008. “Men, Sex, and Homosociality: How Bonds between Men Shape their Sexual Relations with Women.” Men and Masculinities 10 (3): 339–359.
- Fonow, M. M., and J. A. Cook. 2005. “Feminist Methodology: New Applications in the Academy and Public Policy.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 30 (4): 2211–2236.
- Gibson, D., and A. Hardon, eds. 2005. Masculinity, Violence and AIDS: Issues Related to Health. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.
- Gibson, D., and M. R. Lindegaard. 2007. “South African Boys with Plans for the Future: Why a Focus on Dominant Discourses Tells Us Only a Part of the Story.” In From Boys to Men: Social Constructions of Masculinity in Contemporary Society, edited by T. Shefer, K. Ratele, A. Strebel, N. Shabalala, and R. Buikema, 116–132. Cape Town: UCT Press.
- Gilligan, C. 1993. In a Different Voice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Gilligan, J. 2003. “Shame, Guilt, and Violence.” Social Research: An International Quarterly 70 (4): 1149–1180.
- Gilligan, C., R. Spencer, M. K. Weinberg, and T. Bertsch. 2006. “On the Listening Guide.” In Emergent Methods in Social Research, 253–268. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
- Grewal, I. 2013. “Outsourcing Patriarchy.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 15 (1): 1–19.
- Harrison, A. 2008. “Hidden Love: Sexual Ideologies and Relationship Ideals among Rural South African Adolescents in the Context of HIV/AIDS.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 10 (2): 175–189.
- Hearn, J. 2007. “The Problems Boys and Men Create, the Problems Boys and Men Experience.” In From Boys to Men: Social Constructions of Masculinity in Contemporary Society, edited by T. Shefer, K. Ratele, A. Strebel, N. Shabalala, and R. Buikema, 13–33. Cape Town: UCT Press.
- Helle-Valle, J. 2004. “Understanding Sexuality in Africa: Diversity and Contextualised Dividuality.” In Re-thinking Sexualities in Africa, edited by Signe Arnfred, 195–210. Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell Tryckeri AB.
- Hesse-Biber, S., ed. 2007. Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
- Hollway, W. 1989. Subjectivity and Method in Psychology: Gender, Meaning and Science. London: SAGE.
- Jewkes, R., and R. Morrell. 2012. “Sexuality and the Limits of Agency among South African Teenage Women: Theorising Femininities and their Connections to HIV risk Practises.” Social Science & Medicine 74 (11): 1729–1737.
- Jewkes, R., R. Morrell, and N. Christofides. 2009. “Empowering Teenagers to Prevent Pregnancy: Lessons from South Africa.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 11 (7): 675–688.
- Kimmel, M. S., J. Hearn, and R. W. Connell, eds. 2005. Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities. London: Sage.
- Lesch, E., and L. Kruger. 2004. “Reflections on the Sexual Agency of Young Women in a Low-income Rural South African Community.” South African Journal of Psychology 34 (3): 464–486.
- Lindegger, G., and J. Maxwell. 2007. “Teenage Masculinity: The Double Bind of Conformity to Hegemonic Standards.” In From Boys to Men: Social Constructions of Masculinity in Contemporary Society, edited by T. Shefer, K. Ratele, A. Strebel, N. Shabalala, and R. Buikema, 94–111. Cape Town: UCT Press.
- Mankayi, N. 2008. “Masculinity, Sexuality and the Body of Male Soldiers.” Psychology in Society 36: 24–44.
- Martin, M., and N. Muthukrishna. 2011. “Deconstructing Discourses of Gender Equality in Cross-gender Friendships: Grade Seven Boys and Girls in an Inner-city School.” Gender and Behaviour 9 (1): 3798–3816.
- Mfecane, S. 2008. “Living with HIV as a Man: Implications for Masculinity.” Psychology in Society 36: 45–59.
- Miles, L. 1992. “Women, AIDS, Power and Heterosexual Negotiation: A Discourse Analysis.” Agenda 8 (15): 14–27.
- Morrell, R., ed. 2001. “Changing men in Southern Africa.” London and New York: Zed books.
- Morrell, R. 2006. “Fathers, Fatherhood and Masculinity in South Africa.” In Baba: Fathers and Fatherhood in South Africa, edited by L. Richter and R. Morrell, 13–25. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
- Morrell, R. 2007. “Do You Want to be a Father? School Going Youth in Durban Schools at the Turn of the 21st Century.” In From Boys to Men: Social Constructions of Masculinity in Contemporary Society, edited by T. Shefer, K. Ratele, A. Strebel, N. Shabalala, and R. Buikema, 63–81. Cape Town: UCT Press.
- Morrell, R., R. Jewkes, and G. Lindegger. 2012. “Hegemonic Masculinity/Masculinities in South Africa: Culture, Power, and Gender Politics.” Men and Masculinities 15 (1): 11–30.
- Naples, N., ed. 2003. Feminism and Method: Ethnography, Discourse Analysis and Activist Research. London: Taylor & Francis.
- Ouzgane, L., and R. Morrell. 2005. African Masculinities: Men in Africa from the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Pattman, R. 2007. “Researching and Working with Boys and Young Men in Southern Africa in the Context of HIV/AIDS: A Radical Approach.” In From Boys to Men: Social Constructions of Masculinity in Contemporary Society, edited by T. Shefer, K. Ratele, A. Strebel, N. Shabalala, and R. Buikema, 33–49. Cape Town: UCT Press.
- Pattman, R., and D. Bhana. 2006. “Black Boys with Bad Reputatious.” Alternation 13 (2): 252–272.
- Plummer, D. C. 2013. “Masculinity and Risk: How Gender Constructs Drive Sexual Risks in the Caribbean.” Sexuality Research and Social Policy 10 (3): 165–174.
- Posel, D. 2005. “The Scandal of Manhood: ‘Baby Rape’ and the Politicization of Sexual Violence in Post-apartheid South Africa.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 7 (3): 239–252.
- Ramazanoglu, C., and J. Holland. 2002. Feminist Methodology: Challenges and Choices. London: Sage.
- Ratele, K. 2006. “Ruling Masculinity and Sexuality.” Feminist Africa 6: 48–64.
- Ratele, K. 2008a. “Analysing Males in Africa: Certain Useful Elements in Considering Ruling Masculinities.” African and Asian Studies 7 (4): 515–536.
- Ratele, K. 2008b. “Hegemonic African Masculinities and Men's Heterosexual Lives: Some Uses for Homophobia.” African Studies Review 57 (2): 115–130.
- Ratele, K. 2014. “Currents against Gender Transformation of South African Men: Relocating Marginality to the Centre of Research and Theory of Masculinities.” Norma: Nordic Journal for Masculinity Studies 9 (1): 30–44.
- Ratele, K., E. Fouten, T. Shefer, A. Strebel, N. Shabalala, and R. Buikema. 2007. “‘Moffies, Jocks and Cool Guys’: Boys' Accounts of Masculinity and their Resistance in Context.” In From Boys to Men: Social Constructions of Masculinity in Contemporary Society, edited by T. Shefer, K. Ratele, A. Strebel, N. Shabalala, and R. Buikema, 112–127. Cape Town: UCT Press.
- Ratele, K., T. Shefer, and M. Botha. 2011. “Navigating Past ‘the White Man's Agenda’ in South Africa: Organizing Men for Gendered Transformation of Society.” In Men and Masculinities Around the World: Transforming Men's Practices, edited by E. Ruspini, J. Hearn, B. Pease, and K. Pringle, 247–260. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Ratele, K., T. Shefer, A. Strebel, and E. Fouten. 2010. “‘We Do Not Cook, We Only Assist Them’: Constructions of Hegemonic Masculinity Through Gendered Activity.” Journal of Psychology in Africa 20 (4): 557–568.
- Ratele, K., M. Smith, A. Van Niekerk, and M. Seedat. 2011. “Is it Race, Age or Sex? Masculinity in Male Homicide Victimization in Urban South Africa.” In Conference Report: National and International Perspectives on Crime and Policing: Towards a Coherent Strategy for Crime Reduction in South Africa Beyond 2010, edited by C. Gould, 44–58. Pretoria: Institute for Social Securities (ISS).
- Ratele, K., S. Suffla, S. Lazarus, and A. Van Niekerk. 2010. “Towards the Development of a Responsive, Social Science-informed, Critical Public Health Framework on Male Interpersonal Violence.” Social Change 40 (4): 415–438.
- Reid, G., and L. Walker, eds. 2005. Men Behaving Differently: South African Men Since 1994. Cape Town: Juta Double Storey.
- Richter, L., and R. Morrell, eds. 2006. Baba? Men and Fatherhood in South Africa. Pretoria: HSRC Press.
- Shefer, T. 2014. “Pathways to Gender Equitable Men: Reflections on Findings from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey in the Light of Twenty Years of Gender Change in South Africa.” Men and Masculinities 17 (5): 502–509.
- Shefer, T., M. Crawford, A. Strebel, L. Simbayi, N. Dwadwa-Henda, A. Cloete, M. R. Kaufman, and S. C. Kalichman. 2008. “Gender, Power and Resistance to Change among Two Communities in the Western Cape, South Africa.” Feminism & Psychology 18 (2): 157–182.
- Shefer, T., and D. Foster. 2009. “Heterosex among Young South Africans: Research Reflections.” In The Price/The Prize: Shaping Sexualities in the New South Africa, edited by M. Steyn and M. Van Zyl, 267–289. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
- Shefer, T., K. Ratele, A. Strebel, and N. Shabalala. 2005. “Masculinities in South Africa. A Critical Review of Contemporary Literature on Men's Sexuality.” In Rethinking Masculinities, Violence and AIDS, edited by D. Gibson and A. Hardon, 73–86. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.
- Shefer, T., K. Ratele, A. Strebel, N. Shabalala, and R. Buikema, eds. 2007. From Boys to Men: Social Constructions of Masculinity in Contemporary Society. Cape Town: UCT Press.
- Shefer, T., G. Stevens, and L. Clowes. 2010. “Men in Africa: Masculinities, Materiality and Meaning.” Journal of Psychology in Africa 20 (4): 511–518.
- Shefer, T., and A. Strebel. 2001. “Re-negotiating Sex: Discourses of Heterosexuality among Young South African Women Students.” Journal of Psychology in Africa 11 (1): 38–59.
- Sideris, T. 2004. “‘You Have to Change and You Don't Know How!’: Contesting What it Means to be a Man in a Rural Area of South Africa.” African Studies 63 (1): 29–49.
- Strebel, A., M. Crawford, T. Shefer, N. Henda, A. Cloete, L. Simbayi, S. Kalichman, and K. Magome. 2006. “Social Constructions of Gender Roles, Gender-based Violence and HIV/AIDS in Two Communities of the Western Cape, South Africa.” SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS 3 (3): 516–528.
- Varga, C., and L. Makubalo. 1996. “Sexual Non-negotiation.” Agenda 12 (28): 31–38.
- Wilkinson, S. 1999. “Focus Groups.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 23 (2): 221–244.
- Wilson, F. 2006. “On Being a Father and Poor in South Africa Today.” In Baba: Men and Fatherhood in South Africa, edited by L. Richter and R. Morrell, 26–38. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
- Wood, K., and D. Foster. 1995. “‘Being the Type of Lover … ’: Gender-differentiated Reasons for Non- use of Condoms by Sexually Active Heterosexual Students.” Psychology in Society 20: 13–35.
- Wood, K., F. Maforah, and R. Jewkes. 1998. “‘He Forced Me to Love Him’: Putting Violence on Adolescent Sexual Health Agendas.” Social Science & Medicine 47 (2): 233–242.