The stigmatisation of pregnancy: societal influences on pregnant women’s physical activity Behaviour

References

• Aittasalo, M., M. Pasanen, M. Fogelholm, T. I. Kinnunen, K. Ojala, and K. Luoto. 2008. “Physical Activity Counseling in Maternity and Child Health Care – A Controlled Trial.” BMC Women's Health 8: 14.10.1186/1472-6874-8-14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2002. “ACOG Committee Opinion. Exercise during Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Number 267, January 2002. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.” International Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics 77 (1): 79–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Annandale, E., and J. Clark. 1996. “What is Gender? Feminist Theory and the Sociology of Human Reproduction.” Sociology of Health and Illness 18 (1): 17–44.10.1111/shil.1996.18.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artal, R., and M. O’Toole. 2003. “Guidelines of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists for Exercise during Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 37 (1): 6–12.10.1136/bjsm.37.1.6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2006a. “Gross Family Income (Weekly) by Number of Dependent Children(a) for Couple Families.” ( accessed 16th June, 2009).
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2006b. “Gross Family Income (Weekly) by Number of Dependent Children(a) for One Parent Families.” ( accessed 16th June, 2009).
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2010. “Births, Summary, Local Government Areas, Queensland - 2004 to 2009.” Accessed January 5 2010. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/3301.02009
   Google Scholar
• Ball, K., and D. Crawford. 2003. “The Obesity Epidemic: Contextual Influences on Physical Activity and Body Weight.” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 6 (4): 377–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergum, V. 1989. Woman to Mother: A Transformation. Granby, Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey Publishers Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Bitsakis, E. I. 2002. “Complementarity: Dialectics or Formal Logic?” Nature, Society, and Thought 15 (3): 275–306.
   Google Scholar
• Bonnel, P., and M. Le Nir. 1998. “The Quality of Survey Data: Telephone versus Face-to-Face Interviews.” Transportation 25 (2): 147–167.10.1023/A:1005098605972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, A. 2007. “Feminist Standpoint Epistemology: Building Knowledge and Empowerment through Women’s Lived Experience.” In Feminist Research Practice, edited by S. N. Hesse-Biber and P. L. Leavy, 53–82. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.10.4135/9781412984270
   Google Scholar
• Brooks-Gardner, C. 2003. “Pregnant Women as Social Problem.” In Social Problems: Constructionist Readings, edited by D. R. Loseke and J. Best, 188–195. New York, NY: Aldine De Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, S., J. Lumley, R. Small, and J. Astbury. 1994. Missing Voices: The Experience of Motherhood. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brubaker, S. J., and H. E. Dillaway. 2009. “Medicalization, Natural Childbirth and Birthing Experiences.” Sociology Compass 3 (1): 31–48.10.1111/soco.2009.3.issue-1
   Google Scholar
• Burton-Jeangros, C. 2011. “Surveillance of Risks in Everyday Life: The Agency of Pregnant Women and Its Limitations.” Social Theory & Health 9 (1): 419–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspersen, C. J., and K. E. Powell. 1985. “Physical Activity, Exercise, and Physical Fitness: Definitions and Distinctions for Health-Related Research.” Public Health Reports 100 (2): 126–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chasan-Taber, L., M. Silveira, B. H. Marcus, B. Braun, E. Stanek, and G. Markenson. 2011. “Feasibility and Efficacy of a Physical Activity Intervention among Pregnant Women: The Behaviors Affecting Baby and You (B.a.B.Y.) Study.” Journal of Physical Activity & Health 8 (Suppl. 2): S228–S238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapp 3rd, J. F. 2000. “Exercise during Pregnancy: A Clinical Update.” Clinics in Sports Medicine 19 (2): 273–286.10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70203-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, A. E., J. K. Shim, L. Mamo, J. R. Fosket, and J. R. Fishman. 2003. “Biomedicalization: Technoscientific Transformations of Health, Illness and US Biomedicine.” American Sociological Review 68 (2): 161–194.10.2307/1519765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland, V., K. Ball, C. Hume, A. Timperio, A. C. King, and D. Crawford. 2010. “Individual, Social and Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity among Women Living in Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods.” Social Science & Medicine 70 (12): 2011–2018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comrie-Thomson, L., M. Tokhi, F. Ampt, A. Portela, M. Chersich, R. Khanna, and S. Luchters. 2015. “Challenging Gender Inequity through Male Involvement in Maternal and Newborn Health: Critical Assessment of an Emerging Evidence Base.” Culture, Health & Sexuality. Advance Online Publication doi:10.1080/13691058.2015.1053412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings, E. M., P. S. Keller, and P. T. Davies. 2005. “Towards a Family Process Model of Maternal and Paternal Depressive Symptoms: Exploring Multiple Relations with Child and Family Functioning.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46 (5): 479–489.10.1111/jcpp.2005.46.issue-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtin, M., and E. Fossey. 2007. “Appraising the Trustworthiness of Qualitative Studies: Guidelines for Occupational Therapists.” Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 54: 88–94.10.1111/aot.2007.54.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Costa, D., N. Rippen, M. Dritsa, and A. Ring. 2003. “Self-Reported Leisure-Time Physical Activity during Pregnancy and Relationship to Psychological Well-Being.” Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 24 (2): 111–119.10.3109/01674820309042808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, G. A., L. A. Wolfe, M. F. Mottola, C. MacKinnon C, M. Y. Arsenault, E. Bartellas, Y. Cargill, et al. 2003. “Exercise in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period.” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 25 (6): 516–529.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Denzin, N. K., and Y. S. Lincoln, eds. 1994. Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Dicker, R., and A. Piepmeier. 2003. “Introduction.” In Catching a Wave: Reclaiming Feminism for the 21st Century, edited by R. Dicker and A. Piepmeier, 3–28. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Duncombe, D., E. H. Wertheim, H. Skouteris, S. J. Paxton, and L. Kelly. 2009. “Factors Related to Exercise over the Course of Pregnancy including Women's Beliefs about the Safety of Exercise during Pregnancy.” Midwifery 25 (4): 430–438.10.1016/j.midw.2007.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evenson, K. R., D. A. Savitz, and S. L. Huston. 2004. “Leisure-Time Physical Activity among Pregnant Women in the US.” Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 18 (6): 400–407.10.1111/ppe.2004.18.issue-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezzy, D. 2002. “Data Analysis during Data Collection.” In M. Bulmer, Qualitative Analysis: Practice and Innovation, edited by M. Bulmer, 60–78. Victoria, Australia: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Flick, U. 2002. An Introduction to Qualitative Research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Flick, U., E. von Kardorff, and I. Steinke. 2004. A Companion to Qualitative Research. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Friere, P. 1970. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York, NY: Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Gatrell, C. 2011. “‘I’m a Bad Mum’: Pregnant Presenteeism and Poor Health at Work.” Social Science and Medicine 72 (4): 478–485.10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.11.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatrell, C. 2013. “Maternal Body Work: How Women Managers and Professionals Negotiate Pregnancy and New Motherhood at Work.” Human Relations 66 (5): 621–644.10.1177/0018726712467380
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile, K. 2011. “What about the Baby? The New Cult of Domesticity and Media Images of Pregnancy.” Studies in Gender and Sexuality 12 (1): 38–58.10.1080/15240657.2011.536056
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Goldenberg, J. L., J. Goplen, C. R. Cox, and J. Arndt. 2007. “’Viewing’ Pregnancy as an Existential Threat: The Effects of Creatureliness on Reactions to Media Depictions of the Pregnant Body.” Media Psychology 10 (2): 211–230.10.1080/15213260701375629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, E. 2012. “Standpoint Theory of Harding & Julia T. Wood”. in a First Look at Communication Theory. 8th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Hammarström, A. 1999. “Why Feminism in Public Health?” Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 27 (4): 241–244.10.1177/14034948990270040601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, E. A., and G. Rail. 2012. “‘Gaining the Right Amount for My Baby’: Young Pregnant Women’s Discursive Constructions of Health.” Health Sociology Review 21 (1): 69–81.10.5172/hesr.2012.21.1.69
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegaard, H. K., B. K. Pedersen, B. B. Nielsen, and P. Damm. 2007. “Leisure Time Physical Activity during Pregnancy and Impact on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Pre-Eclampsia, Preterm Delivery and Birth Weight: A Review.” Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica 86 (11): 1290–1296.10.1080/00016340701647341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegaard, H. K., H. Kjaergaard, P. P. Damm, K. Petersson, and A. K. Dykes. 2010. "Experiences of physical activity during pregnancy in Danish nulliparous women with a physically active life before pregnancy. A qualitative study." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 10: 33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennessy, R. 1993. “Women’s Lives / Feminist Knowledge: Feminist Standpoint as Ideology Critique.” Hypatia 8 (1): 14–34.10.1111/j.1527-2001.1993.tb00626.x
   Google Scholar
• Hui, A., L. Back, S. Ludwig, P. Gardiner, G. Sevenhuysen, H. Dean, and E. Sellers. 2012. “Lifestyle Intervention on Diet and Exercise Reduced Excessive Gestational Weight Gain in Pregnant Women under a Randomised Controlled Trial.” BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 119 (1): 70–77.10.1111/bjo.2011.119.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. A. 2015. “‘Intimate Mothering Publics’: Comparing Face-to-Face Support Groups and Internet Use for Women Seeking Information and Advice in the Transition to Frst-Time Motherhood.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 17 (2): 237–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, D. D., and D. H. Swanson. 2006. “Constructing the ‘Good Mother’: the Experience of Mothering Ideologies by Work Status.” Sex Roles 54 (7-8): 509–519.10.1007/s11199-006-9021-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles, J. P., and E. Cole, eds. 1990. Motherhood: A Feminist Perspective. New York, NY: The Haworth Press Inc..
   Google Scholar
• LeCompte, M. D., and J. Preissle. 1993. Ethnography and Qualitative Design in Educational Research. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, B., and D. Ridge. 2005. “Mothers Reframing Physical Activity: Family Oriented Politicism, Transgression and Contested Expertise in Australia.” Social Science & Medicine 60 (10): 2295–2306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loe, M. 2004. The Rise of Viagra: How the Little Blue Pill Changed Sex in America. New York, NY: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Longhurst, R. 1996. “Refocusing Groups: Pregnant Women’s Geographical Experiences of Hamilton, New Zealand/Aotearoa.” Area 28 (2): 143–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longino, H. E. 1999. “Feminist Epistemology.” In The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology, edited by J. Grecco and E. Sosa, 327–353. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Maher, J. 2005. “A Mother by Trade: Australian Women Reflecting Mothering as Activity, Not Identity.” Australian Feminist Studies 20 (46): 17–29.10.1080/0816464042000334500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melzer, K., Y.Schutz, N.Soehnchen, V.Othenin-Girard, B.Martinez de Tejada, O.Irion, M.Boulvain, and B.Kayser. 2010. “Effects of Recommended Levels of Physical Activity on Pregnancy Outcomes.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 202 (3): 266.e1–266.e6.10.1016/j.ajog.2009.10.876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, M., and A. Huberman. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Mudd, L. M., S. Nechuta, J. M. Pivarnik, and N. Paneth. 2009. “Factors Associated with Women's Perceptions of Physical Activity Safety during Pregnancy.” Preventive Medicine 49 (2-3): 194–199.10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash, M. 2011. “’You Don't Train for a Marathon Sitting on the Couch’: Performances of Pregnancy ‘Fitness’ and ‘Good’ Motherhood in Melbourne, Australia.” Women’s Studies International Forum 34 (1): 50–65.10.1016/j.wsif.2010.10.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ning, Y., M. A. Williams, J. C. Dempsey, T. K. Sorensen, I. O. Frederick, and D. A. Luthy. 2003. “Correlates of Recreational Physical Activity in Early Pregnancy.” Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 13 (6): 385–393.10.1080/jmf.13.6.385.393
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olufowote, J. O. 2011. “A Dialectical Perspective on Informed Consent to Treatment: An Examination of Radiologists’ Dilemmas and Negotiations.” Qualitative Health Research 21 (6): 839–852.10.1177/1049732311402097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, A. M., T. L. Leet, and R. C. Brownson. 2005. “Correlates of Physical Activity among Pregnant Women in the United States.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37 (10): 1748–1753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renegar, V. R., and S. K. Sowards. 2009. “Contradiction as Agency: Self-Determination, Transcendence, and Counter-Imagination in Third Wave Feminism.” Hypatia 24 (2): 1–20.10.1111/j.1527-2001.2009.01029.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruddick, S. 1980. “Maternal Thinking.” Feminist Studies 6 (2): 342–367.10.2307/3177749
   Google Scholar
• Sarantakos, S. 2013. “Feminist Research”. in Social Research, 65–87. 4th ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Sports Medicine Australia. 2010. “Women in Sport Fact Sheet: Exercise in Pregnancy.” In Department of Planning and Community Development, edited by Sport and Recreation Victoria. Melbourne: Sports Medicine Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E., and E. J. Langer. 1977. “Pregnancy: A Social Stigma?” Sex Roles 3 (1): 27–35.10.1007/BF00289688
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Teijlingen, E. 2005. “A Critical Analysis of the Medical Model as Used in the Study of Pregnancy and Childbirth.” Sociological Research Online, 10 (2). http://www.socresonline.org.uk/10/2/teijlingen.html
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, R. and M. Marmot. 2003. Social determinants of health: The solid facts. 2nd ed. Copenhagen: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Witz, A. 2000. “Whose Body Matters? Feminist Sociology and the Corporeal Turn in Sociology and Feminism.” Body and Society 6 (2): 1–24.10.1177/1357034X00006002001
   Google Scholar
• Young, I. M. 1984. “Pregnant Embodiment: Subjectivity and Alienation.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 9 (1): 45–62.10.1093/jmp/9.1.45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar