From ‘half-dead’ to being ‘free’: resistance to HIV stigma, self-disclosure and support for PMTCT/HIV care among couples living with HIV in Kenya

References

• Abrahams, N., and R. Jewkes. 2012. “Managing and Resisting Stigma: A Qualitative Study among People Living with HIV in South Africa.” Journal of the International AIDS Society 15 (2): 17330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, V. A. 2010. “‘It is Not an Easy Decision on HIV, Especially in Zambia’: Opting for Silence, Limited Disclosure and Implicit Understanding to Retain a Wider Identity.” AIDS Care 22 (Suppl. 1): 6–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro, A., and P. Farmer. 2005. “Understanding and Addressing AIDS-Related Stigma: From Anthropological Theory to Clinical Practice in Haiti.” American Journal of Public Health 95 (1): 53–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. 2014. Constructing Grounded Theory. 2nd ed. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Dedoose Version 5.0.11. 2014. Web Application for Managing, Analyzing, and Presenting Qualitative and Mixed Method Research Data. Los Angeles CA: SocioCultural Research Consultants LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Deribe, K., K. Woldemichael, M. Wondafrash, A. Haile, and A. Amberbir. 2008. “Disclosure Experience and Associated Factors among HIV Positive Men and Women Clinical Services Users in Southwest Ethiopia.” BMC Public Health 8: 81. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desgrées-du-Loû, A., H. Brou, A. T. Traore, G. Djohan, R. Becquet, and V. Leroy. 2009. “From Prenatal HIV Testing of the Mother to Prevention of Sexual HIV Transmission within the Couple.” Social Science & Medicine 69 (6): 892–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earnshaw, V. A., and S. R. Chaudoir. 2009. “From Conceptualizing to Measuring HIV Stigma: A Review of HIV Stigma Mechanism Measures.” AIDS & Behavior 13 (6): 1160–1177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egrot, M. 2007. “Reborn of a Social Death Announced: Recomposition of Social Bonds among People Living with HIV in West Africa (Burkina Faso, Sénégal).” [ In French.] Cultures & Sociétés 1 (1): 49–56.
   Google Scholar
• Goudge, J., L. Manderson, B. Ngoma, and H. Schneider. 2009. “Stigma, Identity, and Resistance among People Living with HIV in South Africa.” SAHARA-J 6 (3): 94–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasseron, C., L. Mandelbrot, C. Dollfus, N. Trocme, R. Tubiana, J. P. Teglas, A. Faye, C. Rouzioux, S. Blance, and J. Warszawski. 2013. “Non-Disclosure of a Pregnant Woman’s HIV Status to Her Partner is Associated with Non-Optimal Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission.” AIDS & Behavior 17 (2): 488–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kairania, R. M., R. H. Gray, N. Kiwanuka, F. Makumbi, N. K. Swankambo, D. Serwadda, F. Nalugoda, G. Kigozi, J. Semanda, and M. J. Wawer. 2010. “Disclosure of HIV Results among Discordant Couples in Rakai, Uganda: A Facilitated Couple Counseling Approch.” AIDS Care 22 (9): 1041–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalembo, F. W., M. Zgambo, A. N. Mulaga, D. Yukai, and N. I. Ahmed. 2013. “Association between Male Partner Involvement and the Uptake of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) Interventions in Mwanza Distric, Malawi: A Retrospective Cohort Study.” PLOS ONE 8 (6): e66517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, R., D. Katuntu, J. Lifshay, L. Packel, R. Batamwita, S. Nakayiwa, B. Abang, et al. 2008. “Processes and Outcomes of HIV Serostatus Disclosure to Sexual Partners among People Living with HIV in Uganda.” AIDS & Behavior 12 (2): 232–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsten, I., J. Sewangi, A. Kunz, F. Dugange, J. Ziske, B. Jordan-Harder, G. Harms, and S. Theuring. 2011. “Adherence to Combination Prophylaxis for Prevention of Mother-to-Child-Transmission of HIV in Tanzania.” PLOS One 6 (6): e21020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koka, E., C. K. Ahorlu, and D. K. Agyeman. 2013. “Social Death through HIV and AIDS Stigmatization and Discrimination in Ghana: A Case Study of the Central Regional Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana.” Advances in Applied Sociology 3 (6): 231–236.
   Google Scholar
• Maman, S., J. K. Mbwambo, N. M. Hogan, E. Weiss, G. P. Kilonzo, and M. D. Sweat. 2003. “High Rates and Positive Outcomes of HIV-Serostatus Disclosure to Sexual Partners: Reasons for Cautious Optimism from a Voluntary Counseling and Testing Clinic in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.” AIDS & Behavior 7 (4): 373–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbonu, N. C., B. Van den Borne, and N. K. De Vries. 2009. “A Model for Understanding the Relationship between Stigma and Healthcare Seeking Behaviour among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa.” African Journal of AIDS Research 8 (2): 201–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medley, A., C. Garcia-Moreno, S. McGill, and S. Maman. 2004. “Rates, Barriers and Outcomes of HIV Serostatus Disclosure among Women in Developing Countries: Implications for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission Programmes.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 82 (4): 299–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National AIDS and STI Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Kenya. 2012. Guidelines for Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV/AIDS in Kenya. Nairobi: Ministry of Health, Kenya.
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics-Kenya, and ICF International. 2015. KDHS Key Indicators. Rockville, MD: KNBS & ICF International.
   Google Scholar
• Obermeyer, C. M., P. Baijal, and E. Pegurri. 2011. “Facilitating HIV Disclosure across Diverse Settings: A Review.” American Journal of Public Health 101 (6): 1011–1023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, R., and P. Aggleton. 2003. “HIV and AIDS-Related Stigma and Discrimination: A Conceptual Framework and Implications for Action.” Social Science & Medicine 57 (1): 13–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pride, L. 2013. “To Tell or Not to Tell: Negotiating Disclosure for People Living with HIV on Antitretroviral Treatment in a South African Setting.” SAHARA-J 10 (Suppl. 1): S17–S27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spangler, S. A., M. Onono, E. A. Bukusi, C. R. Cohen, and J. M. Turan. 2014. “HIV-Positive Status Disclosure and Use of Essential PMTCT and Maternal Health Services in Rural Kenya.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 67 (Suppl. 4): S235–S242.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stangl, A. L., J. K. Lloyd, L. M. Brady, C. E. Holland, and S. Baral. 2013. “A Systematic Review of Interventions to Reduce HIV-Related Stigma and Discrimination from 2002-2013: How Far Have We Come?” Journal of the International AIDS Society 16 (Suppl. 2): 18734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susser, I. 2009. AIDS, Sex, and Culture: Global Politics and Survival in Southern Africa. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.10.1002/9781444306163
   Google Scholar
• Tenthani, L., A. D. Haas, H. Tweya, A. Jahn, J. van Oosterhout, F. Chimbwandira, Z. Chirwa, et al. 2014. “Retention in Care under Universal Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infected Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women (“Option B+”) in Malawi.” AIDS 28 (4): 589–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, A. C., D. R. Bangsberg, S. M. Kegeles, I. T. Katz, J. E. Haberer, C. Muzoora, E. Kumbakumba, P. W. Hunt, J. N. Martin, and S. D. Weiser. 2013. “Internalized Stigma, Social Distance, and Disclosure of HIV Seropositivity in Rural Uganda.” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 46 (3): 285–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turan, J. M., and L. Nyblade. 2013. “HIV-Related Stigma as a Barrier to Achievement of Global PMTCT and Maternal Health Goals: A Review of the Evidence.” AIDS & Behavior 17 (7): 2528–2539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turan, B., A. M. Hatcher, S. D. Weiser, M. O. Johnson, W. S. Rice, and J. M. Turan. 2017. “Framing Mechanisms Linking HIV-Related Stigma, Adherence to Treatment, and Health Outcomes.” American Journal of Public Health 107 (6): 863–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. 2013. Access to Antiretroviral Therapy in Africa: Status Report on Progress toward the 2015 Targets. Geneva: UNAIDS.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. 2016. Fact Sheet November 2016. Geneva: UNAIDS.
   Google Scholar