Publication Cover
Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 23, 2021 - Issue 7
697
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The sexualised use of cannabis among young sexual minority men: “I’m actually enjoying this for the first time”

, , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 883-898 | Received 15 Nov 2019, Accepted 26 Feb 2020, Published online: 28 May 2020

References

  • Ahlm, J. 2017. “Respectable Promiscuity: Digital Cruising in an Era of Queer Liberalism.” Sexualities 20 (3): 364–379. doi:10.1177/1363460716665783
  • Anderson, J. R., E. Holland, Y. Koc, and N. Haslam. 2018. “iObjectify: Self- and Other-Objectification on Grindr, a Geosocial Networking Application Designed for Men Who Have Sex with Men.” European Journal of Social Psychology 48 (5): 600–613. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2350
  • Blackwell, C., J. Birnholtz, and C. Abbott. 2014. “Seeing and Being Seen: Co-Situation and Impression Formation Using Grindr, a Location-Aware Gay Dating App.” New Media & Society 17 (7): 1117–1136. doi:10.1177/1461444814521595
  • Boonchutima, S., and W. Kongchan. 2017. “Utilization of Dating Apps by Men Who Have Sex with Men for Persuading Other Men toward Substance Use.” Psychology Research and Behavior Management 10: 31–38. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S121480
  • Bourne, A. 2013. “What Constitutes the Best Sex Life for Gay and Bisexual Men? Implications for HIV Prevention.” BMC Public Health 13 (1): 1083–1083. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1083
  • Bourne, A., D. Reid, F. Hickson, S. Torres-Rueda, P. Steinberg, and P. Weatherburn. 2015. “Chemsex” and Harm Reduction Need among Gay Men in South London.” International Journal of Drug Policy 26 (12): 1171–1176. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.07.013
  • Breslow, A. S., R. Sandil, M. E. Brewster, M. C. Parent, A. Chan, A. Yucel, N. Bensmiller, and E. Glaeser. 2019. “Adonis on the Apps: Online Objectification, Self-Esteem, and Sexual Minority Men.” Psychology of Men & Masculinities 21 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1037/men0000202
  • British Columbia Ministry of Mental Health and Addictions. 2019. Escalating BC’s Response to the Overdose Emergency. Victoria, B.C.: Ministry of Mental Health and Addictions.
  • Carey, J. W., R. Mejia, T. Bingham, C. Ciesielski, D. Gelaude, J. H. Herbst, M. Sinunu, et al. 2009. “Drug Use, High-Risk Sex Behaviors, and Increased Risk for Recent HIV Infection among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Chicago and Los Angeles.” AIDS & Behavior 13 (6): 1084–1096. doi:10.1007/s10461-008-9403-3
  • Ciketic, S., M. R. Hayatbakhsh, C. M. Doran, J. M. Najman, and R. McKetin. 2012. “A Review of Psychological and Pharmacological Treatment Options for Methamphetamine Dependence.” Journal of Substance Use 17 (4): 363–383. doi:10.3109/14659891.2011.592900
  • Daniel, S., and S. K. Bridges. 2010. “The Drive for Muscularity in Men: Media Influences and Objectification Theory.” Body Image 7 (1): 32–38. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.08.003
  • De Aquino, J. P., M. Sherif, R. Radhakrishnan, J. D. Cahill, M. Ranganathan, and D. C. D’Souza. 2018. “The Psychiatric Consequences of Cannabinoids.” Clinical Therapeutics 40 (9): 1448–1456. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.03.013
  • Dey, I. 1999. Grounding Grounded Theory: Guidelines for Qualitative Inquiry. 282 vols. San Diego: JSTOR.
  • Dirks, H., S. Esser, R. Borgmann, M. Wolter, E. Fischer, A. Potthoff, R. Jablonka, D. Schadendorf, N. Brockmeyer, and N. Scherbaum. 2012. “Substance Use and Sexual Risk Behaviour among HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men in Specialized out-Patient Clinics.” HIV Medicine 13 (9): 533–540. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.01005.x
  • Drumright, L. N., S. J. Little, S. A. Strathdee, D. J. Slymen, M. R. G. Araneta, V. L. Malcarne, E. S. Daar, and P. M. Gorbach. 2006. “Unprotected Anal Intercourse and Substance Use among Men Who Have Sex with Men with Recent HIV Infection.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 43 (3): 344–350. doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000230530.02212.86
  • George, W.H., K.H. Dermen, and T. H. Nochajski. 1989. “Expectancy Set, Self Reported Expectancies, and Predispositional Traits: Predicting Interest in Violence and Erotica.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 50 (6): 541–551. doi:10.15288/jsa.1989.50.541
  • Glaser, B.G., and A. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine Pub. Co.
  • Gonzalez, C. A., A. Gonzalez Cesar, D. Gallego Joseph, and O. B. Walter. 2017. “Demographic Characteristics, Components of Sexuality and Gender, and Minority Stress and Their Associations to Excessive Alcohol, Cannabis, and Illicit (Noncannabis) Drug Use among a Large Sample of Transgender People in the United States.” The Journal of Primary Prevention 38 (4): 419–445. doi:10.1007/s10935-017-0469-4
  • Graf, N., A. Dichtl, D. Deimel, D. Sander, and H. Stover. 2018. “Chemsex among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Germany: Motives, Consequences and the Response of the Support System.” Sexual Health 15 (2): 151–156. doi:10.1071/SH17142
  • Howell, M. 2018. “Guess How Many Marijuana Investigations the VPD Conducted Last Year.” Vancouver Courier, February 28.
  • Hull, J. G., and C. F. Bond. 1986. “Social and Behavioral Consequences of Alcohol Consumption and Expectancy: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 99 (3): 347–360. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.347
  • Jerome, R. C., P. N. Halkitis, and D. E. Siconolfi. 2009. “Club Drug Use, Sexual Behavior, and HIV Seroconversion: A Qualitative Study of Motivations.” Substance Use & Misuse 44 (3): 431–447. doi:10.1080/10826080802345036
  • Keogh, P., D. Reid, A. Bourne, P. Weatherburn, F. Hickson, K. Jessup, and G. Hammond. 2009. Wasted Opportunities: Problematic Alcohol and Drug Use among Gay Men and Bisexual Men. London: Sigma Research.
  • Knight, R., M. Karamouzian, A. Carson, J. Edward, J. Shoveller, M. Carrieri, N. Fairbairn, E. Wood, and D. Fast. 2019. “Interventions to Address Substance Use and Sexual Risk among Gay, Bisexual and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men Who Use Methamphetamine: A Systematic Review.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 194: 410–429. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.023
  • Kosiba, J. D., S. A. Maisto, and J. W. Ditre. 2019. “Patient-Reported Use of Medical Cannabis for Pain, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Social Science & Medicine 233: 181–192. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.06.005
  • Kuyper, L., S. de Roos, J. Iedema, and G. Stevens. 2016. “Growing up with the Right to Marry: Sexual Attraction, Substance Use, and Well-Being of Dutch Adolescents.” Journal of Adolescent Health 59 (3): 276–282. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.05.010
  • Labigalini, E., L. R. Rodrigues, and D. X. Da Silveira. 1999. “Therapeutic Use of Cannabis by Crack Addicts in Brazil.” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 31 (4): 451–455. doi:10.1080/02791072.1999.10471776
  • Lang, A. R., J. Searles, R. Lauerman, and V. J. Adesso. 1980. “Expectancy, Alcohol, and Sex Guilt as Determinants of Interest in and Reaction to Sexual Stimuli.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 89 (5): 644–653. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.89.5.644
  • Lau, N., P. Sales, S. Averill, F. Murphy, S. O. Sato, and S. Murphy. 2015. “A Safer Alternative: Cannabis Substitution as Harm Reduction.” Drug and Alcohol Review 34 (6): 654–659. doi:10.1111/dar.12275
  • Lee, J. G. L. 2014. “Vancouver Police Won’t Enforce New Marijuana Law.” Times Colonist, March 5.
  • Mammen, G., S. Rueda, M. Roerecke, S. Bonato, S. Lev-Ran, and J. Rehm. 2018. “Association of Cannabis with Long-Term Clinical Symptoms in Anxiety and Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies.” The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 79 (4): e1–e12. doi:10.4088/JCP.17r11839
  • Mandelbaum, D. E., and S. M. de la Monte. 2017. “Adverse Structural and Functional Effects of Marijuana on the Brain: Evidence Reviewed.” Pediatric Neurology 66: 12–20. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.09.004
  • Marshal, M. P., M. S. Friedman, R. Stall, K. M. King, J. Miles, M. A. Gold, O. G. Bukstein, and J. Q. Morse. 2008. “Sexual Orientation and Adolescent Substance Use: A Meta-Analysis and Methodological Review.” Addiction 103 (4): 546–556. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02149.x
  • Marshal, M. P., M. S. Friedman, R. Stall, and A. L. Thompson. 2009. “Individual Trajectories of Substance Use in Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Youth and Heterosexual Youth.” Addiction 104 (6): 974–981. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02531.x
  • Maxwell, S., M. Shahmanesh, and M. Gafos. 2019. “Chemsex Behaviours among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” International Journal of Drug Policy 63: 74–89. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.11.014
  • Melendez-Torres, G. J., and A. Bourne. 2016. “Illicit Drug Use and Its Association with Sexual Risk Behaviour among MSM: More Questions than Answers?” Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 29 (1): 58–63. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000234
  • Meyer, I. H. 2003. “Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: Conceptual Issues and Research Evidence.” Psychological Bulletin 129 (5): 674–697. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
  • Milhet, M.,. J. Shah, T. Madesclaire, and L. Gaissad. 2019. “Chemsex Experiences: Narratives of Pleasure.” Drugs and Alcohol Today 19 (1): 11–22. doi:10.1108/DAT-09-2018-0043
  • Moore, C. L., H. F. Gidding, F. Jin, L. Mao, K. Petoumenos, I. B. Zablotska, I. M. Poynten, et al. 2016. “Patterns of Drug Use and Drug-Related Hospital Admissions in HIV-Positive and -Negative Gay and Bisexual Men.” IDS and Behaviaor 20 (10): 2372–2386. doi:10.1007/s10461-016-1303-3
  • Morley, K. C., J. L. Cornish, A. Faingold, K. Wood, and P. S. Haber. 2017. “Pharmacotherapeutic Agents in the Treatment of Methamphetamine Dependence.” Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 26 (5): 563–578. doi:10.1080/13543784.2017.1313229
  • National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. 2017. “The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research.” In Challenges and Barriers in Conducting Cannabis Research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
  • Newcomb, M. E., and B. Mustanski. 2014. “Developmental Change in the Relationship between Alcohol and Drug Use before Sex and Sexual Risk Behavior in Young Men Who Have Sex with Men.” AIDS and Behavior 18 (10): 1981–1990. doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0766-3
  • Ostrow, D. G., M. W. Plankey, C. Cox, X. Li, S. Shoptaw, L. P. Jacobson, and R. C. Stall. 2009. “Specific Sex Drug Combinations Contribute to the Majority of Recent HIV Seroconversions among MSM in the MACS.” Jaids Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 51 (3): 349–355. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181a24b20
  • Pablo, C. 2014. “Canada’s New Prostitution Law Won’t Change Policing Priorities in Vancouver” The Georgia Straight, November 26.
  • Palinkas, L. A., S. M. Horwitz, C. A. Green, J. P. Wisdom, N. Duan, and K. Hoagwood. 2015. “Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research.” Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research 42 (5): 533–544. doi:10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
  • Plankey, M. W., D. G. Ostrow, R. Stall, C. Cox, X. Li, J. A. Peck, and L. P. Jacobson. 2007. “The Relationship between Methamphetamine and Popper Use and the Risk of HIV Seroconversion in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 45 (1): 85–92. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3180417c99
  • Pollard, A., T. Nadarzynski, and C. Llewellyn. 2018. “Syndemics of Stigma, Minority-Stress, Maladaptive Coping, Risk Environments and Littoral Spaces among Men Who Have Sex with Men Using Chemsex.” Cultural, Health, & Sexuality 20 (4): 411–427. doi:10.1080/13691058.2017.1350751
  • Rich, A. J., N. J. Lachowsky, Z. Cui, P. Sereda, A. Lal, R. Birch, J. Montaner, D. Moore, R. S. Hogg, and E. A. Roth. 2016. “Substance Use, Sexual Behaviour and Prevention Strategies of Vancouver Gay and Bisexual Men Who Recently Attended Group Sex Events.” Culture, Health, & Sexuality 18 (4): 361–376. doi:10.1080/13691058.2015.1084649
  • Ristuccia, A., C. LoSchiavo, P. N. Halkitis, and F. Kapadia. 2018. “Sexualised Drug Use among Sexual Minority Young Adults in the United States: The P18 Cohort Study.” International Journal of Drug Policy 55: 207–214. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.03.014
  • Schuler, M. S., C. E. Rice, R. J. Evans-Polce, and R. L. Collins. 2018. “Disparities in Substance Use Behaviors and Disorders among Adult Sexual Minorities by Age, Gender, and Sexual Identity.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 189: 139–146. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.008
  • Sewell, J., A. Miltz, F. C. Lampe, V. Cambiano, A. Speakman, A. N. Phillips, D. Stuart, to Attitudes, and H. I. V. Study Group Understanding of Risk of Acquisition of, et al. 2017. “Poly Drug Use, Chemsex Drug Use, and Associations with Sexual Risk Behaviour in HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men Attending Sexual Health Clinics.” International Journal of Drug Policy 43: 33–43. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.01.001
  • Shedler, J., and J. Block. 1990. “Adolescent Drug Use and Psychological Health: A Longitudinal Inquiry.” American Psychologist 45 (5): 612–630. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.45.5.612
  • Shrivastava, A., M. Johnston, K. Terpstra, and Y. Bureau. 2015. “Pathways to Psychosis in Cannabis Abuse.” Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses 9 (1): 30–35. doi:10.3371/CSRP.SHJO.030813
  • Smith, V., and F. Tasker. 2018. “Gay Men’s Chemsex Survival Stories.” Sexual Health 15 (2): 116–122. doi:10.1071/SH17122
  • Socías, M. E., T. Kerr, E. Wood, H. Dong, S. Lake, K. Hayashi, K. DeBeck, D. Jutras-Aswad, J. Montaner, and M. J. Milloy. 2017. “Intentional Cannabis Use to Reduce Crack Cocaine Use in a Canadian Setting: A Longitudinal Analysis.” Addictive Behaviors 72: 138–143. doi:doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.04.006
  • Statistics Canada. 2017. Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia and Canada [Country] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Ottawa.
  • Statistics Canada. 2018. Canabis Stats Hub: National Cannabis Survey.
  • Steele, C.M., and R.A. Josephs. 1990. “Alcohol Myopia: Its Prized and Dangerous Effects.” American Psychologist 45 (8): 921–933. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.45.8.921
  • Strauss, A., and J. Corbin. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research Techniques. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
  • Sun, A. J., and M. L. Eisenberg. 2017. “Association between Marijuana Use and Sexual Frequency in the United States: A Population-Based Study.” The Journal of Sexual Medicine 14 (11): 1342–1347. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.09.005
  • Van Hout, M. C., D. Crowley, S. O’Dea, and S. Clarke. 2019. “Chasing the Rainbow: Pleasure, Sex-Based Sociality and Consumerism in Navigating and Exiting the Irish Chemsex Scene.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 21 (9): 1074–1086. doi:10.1080/13691058.2018.1529336
  • Weatherburn, P., F. Hickson, D. Reid, S. Torres-Rueda, and A. Bourne. 2017. “Motivations and Values Associated with Combining Sex and Illicit Drugs (‘Chemsex’) among Gay Men in South London: Findings from a Qualitative Study.” Sexually Transmitted Infections 93 (3): 203–206. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2016-052695
  • Weller, R. A., and J. A. Halikas. 1984. “Marijuana Use and Sexual Behavior.” The Journal of Sex Research 20 (2): 186–193. doi:10.1080/00224498409551216
  • Wiseman, M. C., and B. Moradi. 2010. “Body Image and Eating Disorder Symptoms in Sexual Minority Men: A Test and Extension of Objectification Theory.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 57 (2): 154–166. doi:10.1037/a0018937
  • Wood, E., J. A. Stoltz, J. S. Montaner, and T. Kerr. 2006. “Evaluating Methamphetamine Use and Risks of Injection Initiation among Street Youth: The ARYS Study.” Harm Reduction Journal 3 (1): 18–18.
  • Zhang, X., and L. T. Wu. 2017. “Marijuana Use and Sex with Multiple Partners among Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Youth: Results from a National Sample.” BMC Public Health 17 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3905-0

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.