Conflicted masculinities: understanding dilemmas and (re)configurations of masculinity among men in long-term relationships with female sex workers, in Kampala, Uganda

References

• Bassey, S. A., and N. G. Bubu. 2019. “Gender Inequality in Africa: A Re-Examination of Cultural Values.” Cogito 11 (3): 21–36.
   Google Scholar
• Beckham, S. W., C. R. Shembilu, P. J. Winch, C. Beyrer, and D. L. Kerrigan. 2015. “If You Have Children, You Have Responsibilities': Motherhood, Sex Work and HIV in Southern Tanzania.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 17 (2): 165–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekker, L.-G., L. Johnson, F. Cowan, C. Overs, D. Besada, S. Hillier, and W. Cates, Jr. 2015. “Combination HIV Prevention for Female Sex Workers: What is The Evidence?” The Lancet 385 (9962): 72–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengry-Howell, A., and C. Griffin. 2012. “Negotiating Access in Ethnographic Research with ‘Hard to Reach’ Young People: Establishing Common Ground Or A process of Methodological Grooming?” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 15 (5): 403–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharjee, P., L. Campbell, R. Thalinja, S. Nair, M. Doddamane, S. Ramanaik, S. Isac, and T. S. Beattie. 2018. “Understanding the Relationship between Female Sex Workers and Their Intimate Partners: Lessons and Initial Findings from Participatory Research in North Karnataka, South India.” Health Education & Behavior 45 (5): 824–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Brewis, J., and S. Linstead. 2000. “The Worst Thing is the Screwing’(1): Consumption and the Management of Identity in Sex Work.” Gender, Work and Organization 7 (2): 84–97.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W., and J. W. Messerschmidt. 2005. “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept.” Gender & Society 19 (6): 829–859.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming, P. J., C. Barrington, M. Perez, Y. Donastorg, and D. Kerrigan. 2015. “Strategies for Recruiting Steady Male Partners of Female Sex Workers for HIV Research.” AIDS & Behavior 19 (2): 362–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, N., and J. van Hooff. 2020. “‘This Is Me, This Is What I Am, I Am a Man’: The Masculinities of Men Who Pay for Sex with Women.” Journal of Sex Research 57 (5): 650–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haram, L. 2004. “Prostitutes’ or Modern Women? Negotiating Respectability in Northern Tanzania.” In Re-Thinking Sexualities in Africa, edited by Signe Arnfred, 211–232. Sweden: Nordiska, Afrikainstitutet.
   Google Scholar
• Hearn, J. 2013. “Methods and Methodologies in Critical Studies on Men and Masculinities.” In Men, Masculinities and Methodologies, edited by Barbara Pini and Bob Pease, 26–38. Switzerland: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Huynh, A., S. Khan, S. Nair, C. Chevrier, K. Roger, S. Isac, P. Bhattacharjee, and R. Lorway. 2019. “Intervening in Masculinity: Work, Relationships and Violence among the Intimate Partners of Female Sex Workers in South India.” Critical Public Health 29 (2): 156–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewkes, R., R. Morrell, Y. Sikweyiya, K. Dunkle, and L. Penn-Kekana. 2012. “Men, Prostitution and the Provider Role: Understanding the Intersections of Economic Exchange, Sex, Crime and Violence in South Africa.” PLoS One 7 (7): e40821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbonye, M., G. E. Siu, T. Kiwanuka, and J. Seeley. 2016. “Relationship Dynamics and Sexual Risk Behaviour of Male Partners of Female Sex Workers in Kampala, Uganda.” African Journal of AIDS Research 15 (2): 149–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra, J., C. V. Curington, and V. M. Green. 2021. “Methods of Intersectional Research.” Sociological Spectrum 41 (1): 9–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojola, S. A. 2014. “Providing Women, Kept Men: Doing Masculinity in the Wake of the African HIV/AIDS Epidemic.” Signs 39 (2): 341–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrell, R., R. Jewkes, G. Lindegger, and V. Hamlall. 2013. “Hegemonic Masculinity: Reviewing the Gendered Analysis of Men's Power in South Africa.” South African Review of Sociology 44 (1): 3–21.
   Google Scholar
• Muldoon, K. A. 2015. “A systematic Review of the Clinical and Social Epidemiological Research among Sex Workers in Uganda.” BMC Public Health 15 (1): 1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Neill, M., and R. Campbell. 2010. “Desistence from Sex Work: Feminist Cultural Criminology and Intersectionality—The Complexities of Moving In and Out of Sex Work.” In Theorizing Intersectionality and Sexuality, edited by Y. Taylor, S. Hines, and M. E. Casey, 163–189. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Onyango, M. A., Y. Adu-Sarkodie, R. O. Adjei, T. Agyarko-Poku, C. H. Kopelman, K. Green, S. Wambugu, N. F. Clement, P. Wondergem, and J. Beard. 2019. “Love, Power, Resilience and Vulnerability: Relationship Dynamics between Female Sex Workers in Ghana and their Intimate Partners.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 21 (1): 31–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutakumwa, R., M. Mbonye, T. Kiwanuka, D. Bagiire, and J. Seeley. 2015. “Why do Men often not use Condoms in their Relationships with Casual Sexual Partners in Uganda?” Culture, Health & Sexuality 17 (10): 1237–1250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutakumwa, R., J. O. Mugisha, S. Bernays, E. Kabunga, G. Tumwekwase, M. Mbonye, and J. Seeley. 2020. “Conducting In-depth Interviews with and without Voice Recorders: A Comparative Analysis.” Qualitative Research: QR 20 (5): 565–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Sane, M. M. 2020. Qualitative Research on HIV With Hard-to-Reach Men in the African City. London, UK: SAGE Research Methods. doi:https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529743494
   Google Scholar
• Shumka, L., S. Strega, and H. K. Hallgrimsdottir. 2017. “I Wanted to Feel Like a Man Again”: Hegemonic Masculinity in Relation to the Purchase of Street-level Sex.” Frontiers in Sociology 2:15. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2017.00015
   Google Scholar
• Silberschmidt, M. 2001. “Disempowerment of Men in Rural and Urban East Africa: Implications for Male Identity and Sexual Behavior.” World Development 29 (4): 657–671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siu, G. E., J. Seeley, and D. Wight. 2013. “Dividuality, Masculine Respectability and Reputation: How Masculinity affects Men's Uptake of HIV Treatment in Rural Eastern Uganda.” Social Science & Medicine 89:45–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siu, G. E., D. Wight, and J. Seeley. 2014. “‘Dented’ and ‘Resuscitated’ Masculinities: The Impact of HIV Diagnosis and/Or Enrolment on Antiretroviral Treatment on Masculine Identities in Rural Eastern Uganda.” SAHARA J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance 11 (1): 211–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syvertsen, J. L., A. M. Robertson, L. A. Palinkas, M. G. Rangel, G. Martinez, and S. A. Strathdee. 2013. “‘Where Sex Ends and Emotions Begin’: Love and HIV Risk Among Female Sex Workers and Their Intimate, Non-Commercial Partners along the Mexico-US Border.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 15 (5): 540–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, Y. 2010. “Complexities and complications: Intersections of class and sexuality.” In: Theorizing intersectionality and sexuality, edited by Y. Taylor, S. Hines, and M. E. Casey, 37–55. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• UBOS. 2017. National Population and Housing Census 2014. Kampala, Uganda: Uganda Bureau of Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. 2017. Addressing a Blind Spot in the Response to HIV—Reaching out to Men and Boys." Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. 2019. Global AIDS Update 2019—Communities at the Centre. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
   Google Scholar
• Vandepitte, J., J. Bukenya, H. A. Weiss, S. Nakubulwa, S. C. Francis, P. Hughes, R. Hayes, and H. Grosskurth. 2011. “HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections in a Cohort of Women Involved in High Risk Sexual Behaviour in Kampala, Uganda.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 38 (4): 316–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanwesenbeeck, I. 2001. “Another Decade of Social Scientific Work on Sex Work: A Review of Research 1990–2000.” Annual Review of Sex Research 12 (1): 242–289.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walters, A. S., and I. Valenzuela. 2019. ““To Me What’s Important Is to Give Respect. There Is No Respect in Cheating”: Masculinity and Monogamy in Latino Men.” Sexuality & Culture 23 (4): 1025–1053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warr, D. J., and P. M. Pyett. 1999. “Difficult Relations: Sex Work, Love and Intimacy.” Sociology of Health & Illness 21 (3): 290–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, C., and D. H. Zimmerman. 1987. “Doing Gender.” Gender & Society 1 (2): 125–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte, S. R. 2014. Second Chances: Surviving AIDS in Uganda. Durham, London: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, P. J. 1969. “Reputation and Respectability: A Suggestion for Caribbean Ethnology.” Man 4 (1): 70–84.
   Google Scholar
• Wyrod, R. 2008. “Between Women's Rights and Men's Authority: Masculinity and Shifting Discourses of Gender Difference in Urban Uganda.” Gender & Society 22 (6): 799–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar