838
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The female entrepreneur’s financial networks: accessing finance for the emergence of technology-based firms in Jordan

&
Pages 137-157 | Received 30 Nov 2016, Accepted 14 Jun 2017, Published online: 04 Jul 2017

References

  • Al Jidara. 2007. Tracking the Progress of Jordanian Women in the ICT Space. Amman: The United Nations Development Fund for Women.
  • Al Jidara. 2014. Jordan Women in the ICT Space. Jordan: United Nations Women. Amman: Country Office for Jordan.
  • Al-Alak, B., and F. Al-Haddad. 2010. “Effect of Gender on the Success of Women Entrepreneurs in Jordan.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 1 (12): 42–62.
  • Batjargal, B. 2010. “Network Dynamics and New Ventures in China: A Longitudinal Study.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 22 (2): 39–153.
  • Berger, A., and G. Udell. 1998. “The Economics of Small Business Finance: The Roles of Private Equity and Debt Markets in the Financial Growth Cycle.” Journal of Banking & Finance 22: 613–673.10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00038-7
  • Birley, S. 1985. “The Role of Networks in the Entrepreneurial Process.” Journal of Business Venturing 1 (1): 107–117.10.1016/0883-9026(85)90010-2
  • Birley, S., and S. Cromie. 1988. “Social Network and Entrepreneurship in Northern Ireland.” The Enterprise in Action Conference, Belfast, September.
  • Blaikie, N. 2009. Designing Social Research. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Borgatti, S. P., and P. C. Foster. 2003. “The Network Paradigm in Organizational Research: A Review and Typology.” Journal of Management 29 (6): 991–1013.10.1016/S0149-2063(03)00087-4
  • Brush, C., N. Carter, E. Gatewood, P. Greene, and M. Hart. 2001. The Diana Project: Women Business Owners and Equity Capital: The Myths Dispelled. Accessed April 18, 2012. http://www.dianaproject.org/publications/publicationsfordow/
  • Brush, C., N. Carter, P. Greene, M. Hart, and E. Gatewood. 2002. “The Role of Social Capital and Gender in Linking Financial Suppliers and Entrepreneurial Firms: A Framework for Future Research.” Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance 4 (4): 305–323.10.1080/1369106022000024897
  • Burt, R. 1992. Structural holes: the social structure of competition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Butler, J., and G. Hansen. 1991. “Network Evolution, Entrepreneurial Success, and Regional Development.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 3 (1): 1–16.10.1080/08985629100000001
  • Bygrave, W. D., and M. Quill. 2007. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2006 Financing Report. Babson Park, MA: Babson College and London Business School, GEM Consortium.
  • Capaldo, A. 2007. “Network Structure and Innovation: The Leveraging of a Dual Network as a Distinctive Relational Capability.” Strategic Management Journal 28 (6): 585–608.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266
  • Carter, S., and P. Rosa. 1998. “The Financing of Male- and Female-owned Businesses.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 10 (3): 225–242.
  • Carter, S., S. Anderson, and E. Shaw. 2001. Women’s Business Ownership: A Review of the Academic Paper and Internet Literature. Report to the Small Business Service. Accessed January 16, 2015. http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file38362.pdf
  • Carter, S., E. Shaw, W. Lam, and F. Wilson. 2007. “Gender, Entrepreneurship, and Bank Lending: The Criteria and Processes Used by Bank Loan Officers in Assessing Applications.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 31 (3): 427–444.10.1111/etap.2007.31.issue-3
  • Cetindamar, D., V. Gupta, E. Karadeniz, and N. Egrican. 2012. “What the Numbers Tell: The Impact of Human, Family and Financial Capital on Women and Men’s Entry into Entrepreneurship in Turkey.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 24 (1–2): 29–51.10.1080/08985626.2012.637348
  • Chamlou, N. 2008. The Environment for Women’s Entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa Region. Washington, DC: The World Bank.10.1596/978-0-8213-7495-5
  • Coleman, J. S. 1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” The American Journal of Sociology 94: S95–S120.10.1086/228943
  • Coleman, S. 2002. “Constraints Faced by Women Small Business Owners: Evidence from the Data.” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 7 (2): 151–174.
  • Coleman, S., and A. Robb. 2009. “A Comparison of New Firm Financing by Gender: Evidence from the Kauffman Firm Survey.” Small Business Economics 33: 397–411.10.1007/s11187-009-9205-7
  • Coleman, S., and A. Robb. 2011. “Sources of Financing for New Technology Firms: Evidence from the Kauffman Firm Survey.” In The Economics of Small Businesses: An International Perspective, edited by G. Galcagnini and I. Favaretto, 173–194. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag.10.1007/978-3-7908-2623-4
  • Dubini, P., and H. Aldrich. 1991. “Personal and Extended Networks are Central to the Entrepreneurial Process.” Journal of Business Venturing 6 (5): 305–313.10.1016/0883-9026(91)90021-5
  • Eisenhardt, K. M., and M. E. Graebner. 2007. “Theory Building From Cases: Opportunities And Challenges.” Academy of Management Journal 50 (1): 25–32.10.5465/AMJ.2007.24160888
  • Elfring, T., and W. Hulsink. 2007. “Networking by Entrepreneurs: Patterns of Tie Formation in Emerging Organizations.” Organization Studies 28 (12): 1849–1872.10.1177/0170840607078719
  • Fariz, R. 2002. “Innovation Leads to Success: Opportunities for Jordanian Women Entrepreneurs.” The Regional Expert Group Meeting on Enhancing Competitiveness through the Promotion of Innovative Approaches In SMEs, Manama, 10–12 June.
  • FYGL, and BC. 2011 “Accelerating Entrepreneurship in the Arab World.” World Economic Forum Special Meeting on Economic Growth and Job Creation in the Arab World. Jordan, October.
  • Gatewood, E., C. Brush, N. Carter, P. Greene, and M. Hart. 2009. “Diana: A Symbol of Women Entrepreneurs? Hunt for Knowledge, Money, and the Rewards of Entrepreneurship.” Small Business Economics 32 (2): 129–144.10.1007/s11187-008-9152-8
  • Greve, A., and J. Salaff. 2003. “Social Networks and Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 28 (1): 1–22.10.1111/etap.2003.28.issue-1
  • Gupta, V., and A. York. 2008. “The Effects of Geography and Age on Women’s Attitudes Towards Entrepreneurship: Evidence from the State of Nebraska.” The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 9 (4): 251–262.10.5367/000000008786208777
  • Hampton, A., S. Cooper, and P. Mcgowan. 2009. “Female Entrepreneurial Networks and Networking Activity in Technology-based Ventures: An Exploratory Study.” International Small Business Journal 27 (2): 193–214.10.1177/0266242608100490
  • Hampton, A., P. McGowan, and S. Cooper. 2011. “Developing Quality in Female Networks: A Qualitative Analysis of Female Entrepreneurs in Science, Engineering and Technology-based Firms.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 17 (6): 588–606.10.1108/13552551111174684
  • Hanlon, D., and C. Saunders. 2007. “Marshaling Resources to Form Small New Ventures: Toward a More Holistic Understanding of Entrepreneurial Support.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 31 (4): 619–641.10.1111/etap.2007.31.issue-4
  • Hite, J. 2005. “Evolutionary Processes and Paths of Relationally Embedded Network Ties in Emerging Entrepreneurial Firms.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29 (1): 113–144.10.1111/etap.2005.29.issue-1
  • Hite, J., and W. Hesterly. 2001. “The Evolution of Firm Networks: From Emergence to Early Growth of the Firm.” Strategic Management Journal 22 (3): 275–286.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266
  • Hoang, H., and B. Antoncic. 2003. “Network-based Research in Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review.” Journal of Business Venturing 18 (2): 165–187.10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00081-2
  • IFC, and CAWTAR. 2007. Women Entrepreneurs in the Middle East and North Africa: Characteristics, Contributions, and Challenges. Washington, DC: International Finance Corporation and Tunis: Centre of Arab Women for Training and Research.
  • Intaj. 2013. Jordan’s ICT Business Guide. Accessed April 11, 2014. http://www.intaj.net/
  • Jack, S., S. Drakopoulou-Dodd, and A. Anderson. 2004. “Social Structures and Entrepreneurial Networks: The Strength of Strong Ties.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 5 (2): 107–120.10.5367/000000004773863264
  • Jarillo, J. 1989. “Entrepreneurship and Growth: The Strategic Use of External Resources.” Journal of Business Venturing 4 (2): 133–147.10.1016/0883-9026(89)90027-X
  • Johannisson, B. 1998. “Personal Networks in Emerging Knowledge-based Firms: Spatial and Functional Patterns.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 10 (4): 297–312.10.1080/08985629800000017
  • Jordanian Department of Statistics. 2015. The Unemployment Rate during the Fourth Quarter of 2014. Accessed February 14, 2015. http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/archive/Unemp/2014/Emp_2014-q4.pdf
  • Kazanjian, R., and R. Drazin. 1990. “A Stage-contingent Model of Design and Growth for Technology Based Ventures.” Journal of Business Venturing 5 (3): 137–150.10.1016/0883-9026(90)90028-R
  • Kim, P., H. Aldrich, and L. Keister. 2006. “Access (Not) Denied: The Impact of Financial, Human, and Cultural Capital on Entrepreneurial Entry in the United States.” Small Business Economics 27 (1): 5–22.10.1007/s11187-006-0007-x
  • Larson, A., and A. Starr. 1993. “A Network Model of Organization Formation.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 17 (2): 5–15.
  • Lechner, C., and M. Dowling. 2003. “Firm Networks: External Relationships as Sources for the Growth and Competitiveness of Entrepreneurial Firms.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 15 (1): 1–26.10.1080/08985620210159220
  • Majcher-Teleon, A., and O. Slimène 2009. “Women and Work in Jordan: Case Study of Tourism and ICT Sectors.” European Training Foundation, July. Accessed April 12, 2012. http://www.silviacambie.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/womenwork-in-jordan.pdf
  • Martinez, M., and H. Aldrich. 2011. “Networking Strategies for Entrepreneurs: Balancing Cohesion and Diversity.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 17 (1): 7–38.10.1108/13552551111107499
  • MHESR. 2013. The Annual Report on Higher Education in Jordan 2012/2013. Accessed February 12, 2015. http://www.mohe.gov.jo/Statistics/tabid/69/language/ar-JO/Default.aspx
  • Miles, M., and A. Huberman. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis. Beverly Hills: Sage Publication.
  • Miller, T., K. Holmes, E. Feulner, P. Gigot, A. Kim, B. Riley, J. Roberts, C. Walsh, B. Lieberman, and S. Bavetta. 2011. 2011 Index of Economic Freedom. Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation and Dow Jones and Company, Inc.
  • Ministry of ICT. 2013. Jordan National ICT Strategy (2013–2017). Accessed June 7, 2016. http://www.moict.gov.jo/documents/Final%20Draft%20Jordan%20NIS%20June%202013.pdf
  • Moensted, M. 2010. “Networking and Entrepreneurship in Small High-tech European Firms: An Empirical Study.” International Journal of Management 27 (1): 16–30.
  • MPIC, and UND (2011) Jordan Human Development Report 2011: Jordan Small Businesses and Human Development. Jordan: The Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation and United Nations Development Programme.
  • Oakey, R. 2012. High Technology Entrepreneurship. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Orser, J., L. Riding, and K. Manley. 2006. “Women Entrepreneurs and Financial Capital.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30 (5): 643–665.10.1111/etap.2006.30.issue-5
  • Peebles, D., N. Darwazeh, H. Ghosheh, and A. Sabbagh. 2007. Factors Affecting Women’s Participation in the Private Sector in Jordan. Jordan: National Centre for Human Resource Development and Al Manar Human Resource Development Information System Project.
  • Reynolds, P., and B. Miller. 1992. “New Firm Gestation: Conception, Birth, and Implications for Research.” Journal of Business Venturing 7 (5): 405–417.10.1016/0883-9026(92)90016-K
  • Robb, A., and S. Coleman. 2010. “Financing Strategies of New Technology-based Firms: A Comparison of Women- and Men-owned Firms.” Journal of Technology Management and Innovation 5 (1): 30–50.
  • Romaní, G., M. Atienza, and J. Ernesto-Amorós. 2012. “Informal Investors in Chile: An Exploratory Study from a Gender Perspective.” Journal of Business Economics and Management 13 (1): 111–131.10.3846/16111699.2011.620141
  • Ruhnka, J., and J. Young. 1987. “A Venture Capital Model of the Development Process for New Ventures.” Journal of Business Venturing 2 (2): 167–184.10.1016/0883-9026(87)90006-1
  • Schroeder, C. 2013. Start-up Rising: The Entrepreneurial Revolution Remaking the Middle East. New York: Palgrave and Macmillan.
  • Schwab, K., and X. Sala-i-Martin. 2013. The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–14. Geneva: World Economic Forum. Accessed June 7, 2016. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf
  • Semrau, T., and A. Werner. 2014. “How Exactly Do Network Relationships Pay Off? The Effects of Network Size and Relationship Quality on Access to Start-up Resources.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 38 (3): 501–525.10.1111/etap.2014.38.issue-3
  • Siam, A., and F. Rifai. 2012. “Business Angels Financing of Entrepreneurial Projects in Jordan.” European Journal of Social Sciences 32 (2): 277–289.
  • Söderqvist, A., and S. Chetty. 2013. “Strength of Ties Involved in International New Ventures.” European Business Review 25 (6): 536–552.10.1108/EBR-03-2013-0034
  • Spence, L., R. Schmidpeter, and A. Habisch. 2003. “Assessing Social Capital: Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Germany and the U.K.” Journal of Business Ethics 47: 17–29.10.1023/A:1026284727037
  • Starr, A., and I. MacMillan. 1990. “Resource Cooptation via Social Contracting: Resource Acquisition Strategies for New Ventures.” Strategic Management Journal 11: 79–92.
  • Steier, L., and R. Greenwood. 1999. “Newly Created Firms and Informal Angel Investors: A Four-stage Model of Network Development.” Venture Capital 1 (2): 147–167.10.1080/136910699295947
  • Steier, L., and R. Greenwood. 2000. “Entrepreneurship and the Evolution of Angel Financial Networks.” Organization Studies 21 (1): 163–192.10.1177/0170840600211002
  • Stevenson, L., Y. Daoud, T. Sadeq, and A. Tartir. 2010. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: GEM-MENA Regional Report 2009: Middle East and North Africa. Giza: International Development Research Centre.
  • Sullivan, D., and C. Ford. 2014. “How Entrepreneurs use Networks to Address Changing Resource Requirements During Early Venture Development.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 38(3): 551–574.
  • Timmons, J. A., and S. Spinelli. 2009. New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill/Irwin.
  • tradingeconomics.com. 2014. Jordan GDP per capita PPP 1990-2016. Accessed May 31, 2016. http://www.tradingeconomics.com/jordan/gdp-per-capita-ppp
  • Wasserman, S., and K. Faust. 1994. Social Network Analysis: methods and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511815478
  • Whittemore, R., and K. Knafl. 2005. “The Integrative Review: Updated Methodology.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 52 (5): 546–553.10.1111/jan.2005.52.issue-5
  • Witt, P. 2004. “Entrepreneurs? Networks and the Success of Start-ups.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 16 (5): 391–412.10.1080/0898562042000188423
  • Women’s Business Forum. 2011. “Women’s Access to Finance in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region.” Growing Micro and Small Enterprises: Tackling Financing Obstacles in the MENA Region, Casablanca, 22 February.
  • World Bank. 2005. The Economic Advancement of Women in Jordan: A Country Gender Assessment. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
  • World Bank. 2012a. Doing Business 2012 in a more Transparent World: Economic Profile: Jordan. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
  • World Bank. 2012b. Country assessment: Jordan. Accessed January 14, 2015. http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/country/technical_assessments/jordan-assess.pdf
  • World Bank. 2013. Doing Business 2013: Smart Regulations for Small and Medium-size Enterprise. Washington, DC: International Bank Reconstruction Development/The World Bank.
  • World Bank. 2015. Data: GDP Per Capita: PPP Current International $. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.