THE TENSION BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL CONTROL AND OPEN PARTICIPATION

References

• Abbott , A. D. 1988 . The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Aldridge , M. and Evetts , J. 2003 . Rethinking the concept of professionalism: the case of journalism . The British Journal of Sociology , 54 ( 4 ) : 547 – 564 . doi: 10.1111/j.1468-4446.2003.00547.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan , S. and Thorsen , E. 2009 . Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives , New York : Peter Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , M. 2008 . Web 2.0: an argument against convergence . First Monday , 13 ( 3, [Online] ) Available at: http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2139/1946 (7 April 2012)
   Google Scholar
• Ananny, M. (2011). A new way to think about press freedom: Networked journalism and a public right to hear in an age of ‘newsware’, PhD dissertation, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , C. 2008a . “ Journalism: expertise, authority, and power in democratic life ” . In The Media and Social Theory , Edited by: Hesmondhalgh , D. and Toynbee , J. 248 – 264 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , C. 2008b . “ Professionalization of journalism ” . In International Encyclopedia of Communication , Edited by: Donsbach , W. London : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , C. W. 2011a . Between creative and quantified audiences: web metrics and changing patterns of newswork in local US newsrooms . Journalism , 12 ( 5 ) : 550 – 566 . doi: 10.1177/1464884911402451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , C. W. 2011b . “ Blowing up the newsroom: ethnography in an age of distributed journalism ” . In Making Online News: Newsroom Ethnographies in the Second Decade of Internet Journalism, 2nd ed , Edited by: Domingo , D. and Paterson , C. 151 – 160 . New York : Peter Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Arndt , M. and Bigelow , B. 2006 . Toward the creation of an institutional logic for the management of hospitals: efficiency in the early nineteen hundreds . Medical Care Research and Review , 63 ( 3 ) : 369 – 394 . doi: 10.1177/1077558706287044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks , J. and Deuze , M. 2009 . Co-creative labour . International Journal of Cultural Studies , 12 ( 5 ) : 419 – 431 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks , J. and Humphreys , S. 2008 . The labour of user co-creators: emergent social network markets? . Convergence: The International Journal of Research Into New Media Technologies , 14 ( 4 ) : 401 – 418 .
   Google Scholar
• Banks , J. and Potts , J. 2010 . Co-creating games: a co-evolutionary analysis . New Media & Society , 12 ( 2 ) : 253 – 270 . doi: 10.1177/1461444809343563
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber , B. 1963 . Some problems in the sociology of the professions . Daedalus , 92 ( 4 ) : 669 – 688 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beam , R. 1990 . Journalism professionalism as an organization-level concept . Journalism and Mass Communication Monographs , 121 : 1 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Beckett , C. and Mansell , R. 2008 . Crossing boundaries: new media and networked journalism . Communication, Culture & Critique , 1 ( 1 ) : 92 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Benkler , Y. 2006 . The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Benson , R. and Neveu , E. 2005 . Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field , Edited by: Benson , R. and Neveu , E. Malden , MA : Polity .
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz , D. 1997 . Social Meanings of News: A Text-Reader , Edited by: Berkowitz , D. Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz , D. 2010 . Cultural Meanings of News: A Text-Reader , Edited by: Berkowitz , D. Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Bowman , S. and Willis , C. 2003 . We Media: How Audiences are Shaping the Future of News and Information , Reston , VA : The Media Center at the American Press Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Brabham , D. C. 2008 . Crowdsourcing as a model for problem solving: an introduction and cases . Convergence: The International Journal of Research Into New Media Technologies , 14 ( 1 ) : 75 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Braun, J. A. (2011) Electronic Components and Human Interventions: Distributing Television News Online, PhD dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Braun , J. and Gillespie , T. 2011 . Hosting the public discourse, hosting the public: when online news and social media converge . Journalism Practice , 5 ( 4 ) : 383 – 398 . doi: 10.1080/17512786.2011.557560
   Google Scholar
• Brint , S. 1994 . In the Age of Experts: The Changing Role of Professionals in Politics and Public Life , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bruno, N. (2011) Tweet first, verify later? How real-time information is changing the coverage of worldwide crisis events, Oxford, UK, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, [Online] Available at: http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/Publications/fellows__papers/2010-2011/TWEET_FIRST_VERIFY_LATER.pdf (7 April 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Bruns , A. 2008 . Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond: From Production to Produsage , New York : Peter Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Carey , J. W. 1987 . The press and public discourse . The Center Magazine , 20 ( 2 ) : 4 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , M. 2007 . Blogs and journalistic authority: the role of blogs in US election day 2004 coverage . Journalism Studies , 8 ( 2 ) : 264 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Chaffee , S. H. and Metzger , M. J. 2001 . The end of mass communication? . Mass Communication & Society , 4 ( 4 ) : 365 – 379 .
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , G. 2004 . The political agnosticism of free and open source software and the inadvertent politics of contrast . Anthropological Quarterly , 77 ( 3 ) : 507 – 519 . doi: 10.1353/anq.2004.0035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottle , S. 2007 . Ethnography and news production: new(s) developments in the field* . Sociology Compass , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Deuze , M. 2001 . Understanding the impact of the internet: on new media professionalism, mindsets and buzzwords . Ejournalist , 1 ( 1 ) [Online] Available at: http://ejournalist.com.au/v1n1/deuze.pdf (7 April 2012)
   Google Scholar
• Deuze , M. 2005 . What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered . Journalism , 6 ( 4 ) : 442 – 464 .
   Google Scholar
• Deuze , M. 2006 . Participation, remediation, bricolage: considering principal components of a digital culture . The Information Society: An International Journal , 22 ( 2 ) : 63 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuze , M. 2007 . Media work , London : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Deuze , M. 2012 . Media Life , Cambridge , MA : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Deuze , M. and Marjoribanks , T. 2009 . Newswork . Journalism , 10 ( 5 ) : 555 – 561 .
   Google Scholar
• Domingo , D. and Paterson , C. A. 2011 . Making Online News: Newsroom Ethnographies in the Second Decade of Internet Journalism , 2 , New York : Peter Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Domingo , D. , Quandt , T. , Heinonen , A. , Paulussen , S. , Singer , J. B. and Vujnovic , M. 2008 . Participatory journalism practices in the media and beyond: an international comparative study of initiatives in online newspapers . Journalism Practice , 2 ( 3 ) : 326 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Dooley , P. 1999 . “ Journalistic occupational development and discourses of power ” . In Mass Media, Social Control and Social Change: A Macrosocial Perspective , Edited by: Demers , D. and Viswanath , K. 333 – 357 . Ames , IA : Iowa State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Downie , L. and Schudson , M. 2009 . The Reconstruction of American Journalism , New York : Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism .
   Google Scholar
• Edy , J. A. 1999 . Journalistic uses of collective memory . Journal of Communication , 49 ( 2 ) : 71 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evetts , J. 2003 . The sociological analysis of professionalism: occupational change in the modern world . International Sociology , 18 ( 2 ) : 395 – 415 . doi: 10.1177/0268580903018002005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evetts , J. 2006 . The sociology of professional groups: new directions . Current Sociology , 54 ( 1 ) : 133 – 143 . doi: 10.1177/0011392106057161
   Google Scholar
• Fakazis, E. (2006) ‘Janet Malcolm: constructing boundaries of journalism’. Journalism, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 5–24. doi:10.1177/146488490605942.
   Google Scholar
• Farhi , P. 2011 . NPR's Andy Carvin, tweeting the Middle East . The Washington Post , 12 April, [Online] Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/npr-andy-carvin-tweeting-the-middle-east/2011/04/06/AFcSdhSD_print.html (10 April 2012)
   Google Scholar
• Fishman , M. 1980 . Manufacturing the News , Austin : University of Texas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fournier , V. 1999 . The appeal to “professionalism” as a disciplinary mechanism . The Sociological Review , 47 ( 2 ) : 280 – 307 . doi: 10.1111/1467-954X.00173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedland, R. & Alford, R. R. (1991) ‘Bringing society back in: symbols, practices, and institutional contradictions,’ in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, eds. W. W. Powell & P. J. DiMaggio, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 232–263.
   Google Scholar
• Freidson , E. 2001 . Professionalism: The Third Logic , Cambridge : Polity .
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs , C. 2011 . New media, web 2.0, and surveillance . Sociology Compass , 5 ( 2 ) : 134 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Gans , H. J. 1979 . Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and TIME , New York : Pantheon Books .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , H. , Csikszentmihalyi , M. and Damon , W. 2001 . Good Work: When Excellence and Ethics Meet , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Gieryn , T. F. 1983 . Boundary-work and the demarcation of science from non-science: strains and interests in professional ideologies of scientists . American Sociological Review , 48 ( 6 ) : 781 – 795 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillespie , T. 2010 . The politics of “platforms” . New Media & Society , 12 ( 3 ) : 347 – 364 . doi: 10.1177/1461444809342738
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillmor , D. 2004 . We the Media: Grassroots Journalism by the People, for the People , Sebastopol , CA : O'Reilly Media .
   Google Scholar
• Gitlin , T. 1980 . The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Glasser , T. L. 1999 . The Idea of Public Journalism , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Golding , P. and Elliott , P. 1979 . Making the News , London : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood , E. 1957 . Attributes of a profession . Social Work , 2 ( 3 ) : 45 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas , T. 2007 . The Pursuit of Public Journalism: Theory, Practice, and Criticism , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Habermas , J. 1991 . The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , T. M. and Barthel , B. 2009 . Wielding new media in web 2.0: exploring the history of engagement with the collaborative construction of media products . New Media & Society , 11 ( 1–2 ) : 155 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley , J. 1996 . Popular Reality: Journalism, Modernity and Popular Culture , London : Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Hemmingway , E. 2008 . Into the Newsroom: Exploring the Digital Production of Regional Television News , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hermida , A. 2011a . “ Fluid spaces, fluid journalism: lessons in participatory journalism ” . In Participatory Journalism: Guarding Open Gates at Online Newspapers , Edited by: Singer , J. B. , Hermida , A. , Domingo , D. , Heinonen , A. , Paulussen , S. , Quandt , T. , Reich , Z. and Vujnovic , M. 177 – 191 . New York : Wiley-Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Hermida , A. 2011b . “ Tweet the news: social media streams and the practice of journalism ” . In The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism , Edited by: Allan , S. 671 – 682 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hermida , A. 2012 . “ Social journalism: exploring how social media is shaping journalism ” . In The Handbook of Global Online Journalism , Edited by: Siapera , E. and Veglis , A. 309 – 328 . Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Hermida , A. and Thurman , N. 2008 . A clash of cultures: the integration of user-generated content within professional journalistic frameworks at British newspaper websites . Journalism Practice , 2 ( 3 ) : 343 – 356 .
   Google Scholar
• Hermida, A., Lewis, S. C. & Zamith, R. (2012) ‘Sourcing the Arab Spring: a case study of Andy Carvin's sources during the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions’, paper presented at the International Symposium on Online Journalism, Austin, TX, April 20–21.
   Google Scholar
• Hovden, J. F. (2009) ‘The genesis and anatomy of journalistic taste’, paper presented to the Future of Journalism Conference, Cardiff, Wales.
   Google Scholar
• Howe , J. 2008 . Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd is Driving the Future of Business , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , E. C. 1971 . The Sociological Eye , Chicago : Aldine-Atherton .
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis, J. (2006). ‘Networked journalism’, Buzzmachine, [Online] Available at: www.buzzmachine.com/2006/07/05/networked-journalism (10 April 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , H. 1992 . Textual Poachers: Television Fans & Participatory Culture , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , H. 2006 . Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide , New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , H. and Deuze , M. 2008 . Editorial . Convergence: The International Journal of Research Into New Media Technologies , 14 ( 1 ) : 5 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , H. , Ford , S. and Green , J. Forthcoming . Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture , New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , R. 2006 . The news about new institutionalism: journalism's ethic of objectivity and its political origins . Political Communication , 23 ( 2 ) : 173 – 185 . doi: 10.1080/10584600600629737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karaganis , J. 2007 . Structures of Participation in Digital Culture , Edited by: Karaganis , J. New York : Social Science Research Council .
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson , M. 2011 . Flourishing but restrained: the evolution of participatory journalism in Swedish online news, 2005–2009 . Journalism Practice , 5 ( 1 ) : 68 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Keen , A. 2007 . The Cult of the Amateur: How Today's Internet is Killing our Culture , London : Nicholas Brealey Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Kelty , C. M. 2008 . Two Bits: The Cultural Dignificance of Free Software , Durham , NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , H. 2010 . Net work: the professionalization of web design . Media Culture Society , 32 ( 2 ) : 187 – 203 . doi: 10.1177/0163443709355606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunelius , R. 2006 . Good journalism: on the evaluation criteria of some interested and experienced actors . Journalism Studies , 7 ( 5 ) : 671 – 690 .
   Google Scholar
• Kunelius , R. and Ruusunoksa , L. 2008 . Mapping professional imagination: on the potential of professional culture in the newspapers of the future . Journalism Studies , 9 ( 5 ) : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasorsa, D. L., Lewis, S. C. & Holton, A. E. (2012) ‘Normalizing twitter: journalism practice in an emerging communication space’. Journalism Studies, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 19–36. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2011.571825
   Google Scholar
• Latour , B. 2005 . Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leicht , K. T. 2005 . “ Professions ” . In Encyclopedia of Social Theory , Edited by: Ritzer , G. 603 – 606 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Leicht , K. T. and Fennell , M. L. 2008 . “ Institutionalism and the professions ” . In The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism , Edited by: Greenwood , R. , Oliver , C. , Sahlin , K. and Suddaby , R. 366 – 386 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, S. C. (2010) Journalism Innovation and the Ethic of Participation: A Case Study of the Knight Foundation and its News Challenge, PhD dissertation, University of Texas, Austin, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, S. C. (2011) ‘Journalism innovation and participation: an analysis of the Knight News Challenge’, International Journal of Communication, vol. 5, pp. 1623–1648, [Online] Available at: http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1140 (10 April 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , S. C. forthcoming . From journalism to information: the transformation of the Knight Foundation and news innovation . Mass Communication & Society ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , S. C. , Kaufhold , K. and Lasorsa , D. L. 2010 . Thinking about citizen journalism: the philosophical and practical challenges of user-generated content for community newspapers . Journalism Practice , 4 ( 2 ) : 163 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Lévy , P. 1997 . Collective Intelligence: Mankind's Emerging World in Cyberspace , Cambridge , MA : Perseus Books .
   Google Scholar
• Lippmann, W. (1991) Public Opinion, Transaction Publishers (original work published 1922), New Brunswick, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Loosen , W. and Schmidt , J. 2012 . (Re-)discovering the audience: the relationship between journalism and audience in networked digital media . Information, Communication & Society , doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.665467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowrey , W. 2006 . Mapping the journalism-blogging relationship . Journalism , 7 ( 4 ) : 477 – 500 .
   Google Scholar
• Lowrey , W. 2009 . “ Institutional roadblocks: assessing journalism's response to changing audiences ” . In Journalism and Citizenship: New Agendas , Edited by: Papacharissi , Z. 44 – 67 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (LEA/Taylor & Francis) .
   Google Scholar
• Lowrey , W. 2011 . Institutionalism, news organizations and innovation . Journalism Studies , 12 ( 1 ) : 64 – 79 . doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2010.511954
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowrey, W. & Anderson, W. (2005) ‘The journalist behind the curtain: participatory functions on the internet and their impact on perceptions of the work of journalism’, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol. 10, no. 3. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00261.x.
   Google Scholar
• McChesney , R. W. and Pickard , V. W. 2011 . Will the Last Reporter Please Turn out the Lights: The Collapse of Journalism and What can be Done to Fix it , Edited by: McChesney , R. W. and Pickard , V. W. New York : The New Press .
   Google Scholar
• McDevitt , M. , Gassaway , B. M. and Perez , F. G. 2002 . The making and unmaking of civic journalists: influences of professional socialization . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 79 ( 1 ) : 87 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mindich , D. T. Z. 1998 . Just the Facts: How ‘objectivity’ came to define American Journalism , New York : NYU Press .
   Google Scholar
• Muthukumaraswamy , K. 2010 . When the media meet crowds of wisdom: how journalists are tapping into audience expertise and manpower for the processes of newsgathering . Journalism Practice , 4 ( 1 ) : 48 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Negroponte , N. 1995 . Being Digital , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Neuberger, C. & Nuernbergk, C. (2010) ‘Competition, complementarity or integration? The relationship between professional and participatory media’. Journalism Practice, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 319–332. doi:10.1080/17512781003642923.
   Google Scholar
• Noordegraaf , M. 2007 . From “pure” to “hybrid” professionalism: present-day professionalism in ambiguous public domains . Administration & Society , 39 ( 6 ) : 761 – 785 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Reilly , T. 2005 . What Is Web 2.0? Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software . O'Reilly Media , 30 September, [Online] Available at: http://oreilly.com/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html (10 April 2012)
   Google Scholar
• Ornebring , H. 2009 . The Two Professionalisms of Journalism: Updating Journalism Research for the 21st Century , Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, Oxford University .
   Google Scholar
• Ostertag , S. and Tuchman , G. 2012 . When innovation meets legacy: citizen journalists, ink reporters and television news . Information, Communication & Society , doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.676057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Sullivan , J. and Heinonen , A. 2008 . Old values, new media: journalism role perceptions in a changing world . Journalism Practice , 2 ( 3 ) : 357 – 371 .
   Google Scholar
• Peer , L. and Ksiazek , T. B. 2011 . YouTube and the challenge to journalism: new standards for news videos online . Journalism Studies , 12 ( 1 ) : 45 – 63 . doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2010.511951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , B. 2009 . And lead us not into thinking the new is new: a bibliographic case for new media history . New Media & Society , 11 ( 1–2 ) : 13 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picard , R. G. 2002 . The Economics and Financing of Media Companies , New York : Fordham University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Picard , R. G. 2006 . “ Historical trends and patterns in media economics ” . In Handbook of Media Management and Economics , Edited by: Albarran , A. B. , Chan-Olmsted , S. M. and Wirth , M. O. 23 – 36 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Plesner , U. 2009 . An actor-network perspective on changing work practices: communication technologies as actants in newswork . Journalism , 10 ( 5 ) : 604 – 626 . doi: 10.1177/1464884909106535
   Google Scholar
• Postigo , H. 2010 . Modding to the big leagues: exploring the space between modders and the game industry . First Monday , 15 ( 5 ) [Online] Available at: http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2972 (7 April 2012)
   Google Scholar
• Raaum , O. 1999 . Pressen er løs! Fronter i journalistenes faglige frigjøring , Oslo : Pax Forlag .
   Google Scholar
• Reagle , J. M. 2010 . “ Good faith collaboration: the culture of Wikipedia ” . In Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reese , S. D. 1990 . The news paradigm and the ideology of objectivity: a socialist at the Wall Street Journal . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 7 : 390 – 409 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reese , S. D. 1999 . The progressive potential of journalism education: recasting the academic versus professional debate . The International Journal of Press/Politics , 4 ( 4 ) : 70 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reese , S. D. 2001 . Understanding the global journalist: a hierarchy-of-influences approach . Journalism Studies , 2 ( 2 ) : 173 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• Reese , S. D. 2010 . Journalism and globalization . Sociology Compass , 4 ( 6 ) : 344 – 353 .
   Google Scholar
• Rheingold , H. 1993 . The Virtual Community: Finding Connection in a Computerized World , Boston , MA : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , S. 2007 . “Someone's gotta be in control here”: the institutionalization of online news and the creation of a shared journalistic authority . Journalism Practice , 1 ( 3 ) : 305 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , S. 2010 . Traditionalists vs. convergers: textual privilege, boundary work, and the journalist–audience relationship in the commenting policies of online news sites . Convergence , 16 ( 1 ) : 125 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , S. 2011 . Journalism as process: the labor implications of participatory content in news organization . Journalism & Communication Monographs , 13 ( 3 ) : 138 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosen , J. 1999 . What are Journalists for? , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberry , J. and St. John III , B. 2010 . Public Journalism 2.0: The Promise and Reality of a Citizen-Engaged Press , Edited by: Rosenberry , J. and St. John III , B. New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Russo , T. C. 1998 . Organizational and professional identification: a case of newspaper journalists . Management Communication Quarterly , 12 ( 1 ) : 72 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryfe , D. 2006 . Guest editor's introduction: new institutionalism and the news . Political Communication , 23 ( 2 ) : 135 – 144 . doi: 10.1080/10584600600728109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryfe , D. 2009 . Structure, agency, and change in an American newsroom . Journalism , 10 ( 5 ) : 665 – 683 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryfe , D. and Blach-Ørsten , M. 2011 . Introduction . Journalism Studies , 12 ( 1 ) : 3 – 9 . doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2010.511939
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarfatti Larson , M. 1977 . The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger , P. 1987 . Putting ‘reality’ Together: BBC News , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Schmitz Weiss , A. and Domingo , D. 2010 . Innovation processes in online newsrooms as actor-networks and communities of practice . New Media & Society , 12 ( 7 ) : 1156 – 1171 . doi: 10.1177/1461444809360400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz , T. 2008 . Market ideology and the myths of Web 2.0 . First Monday , 13 ( 3 ) [Online] Available at: http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2138/1945 (7 April 2012)
   Google Scholar
• Schudson , M. 1978 . Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Schudson , M. and Anderson , C. 2008 . “ Objectivity, professionalism, and truth seeking in journalism ” . In Handbook of Journalism Studies , Edited by: Wahl-Jorgensen , K. and Hanitzsch , T. 88 – 101 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Schultz , I. 2007 . The journalistic gut feeling: journalistic doxa, news habitus and orthodox news values . Journalism Practice , 1 ( 2 ) : 190 – 207 . doi: 10.1080/17512780701275507
   Google Scholar
• Scott , W. R. 2008 . Lords of the dance: professionals as institutional agents . Organization Studies , 29 ( 2 ) : 219 doi: 10.1177/0170840607088151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , W. R. , Ruef , M. , Mendel , P. J. and Caronna , C. A. 2000 . Institutional Change and Healthcare Organizations: From Professional Dominance to Managed Care , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shirky , C. 2008 . Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations , New York : Penguin Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shoemaker , P. J. and Vos , T. P. 2009 . Gatekeeping Theory , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Silverman , C. 2011 . Is this the world's best Twitter account? . Columbia Journalism Review , 8 April, [Online] Available at: http://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/is_this_the_worlds_best_twitter_account.php (12 December 2011)
   Google Scholar
• Singer , J. B. 2005 . The political j-blogger: “normalizing” a new media form to fit old norms and practices . Journalism , 6 ( 2 ) : 173 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Singer , J. B. 2007 . Contested autonomy: professional and popular claims on journalistic norms . Journalism Studies , 8 ( 1 ) : 79 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Singer, J. B. (2010) ‘Journalism in the network’, in The Routledge companion to news and journalism, ed S. Allan, Routledge, London, pp. 277–286.
   Google Scholar
• Singer , J. B. and Ashman , I. 2009 . “ User-generated content and journalistic values ” . In Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives , Edited by: Allan , S. and Thorsen , E. 233 – 242 . New York : Peter Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Singer , J. B. , Domingo , D. , Heinonen , A. , Hermida , A. , Paulussen , S. , Quandt , T. and Vujnovic , M. 2011 . Participatory Journalism: Guarding Open Gates at Online Newspapers , Malden , MA : Wiley-Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Sjøvaag , H. 2010 . The reciprocity of journalism's social contract: the political-philosophical foundations of journalistic ideology . Journalism Studies , 11 ( 6 ) : 874 – 888 . doi: 10.1080/14616701003644044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soloski , J. 1989 . News reporting and professionalism: some constraints on the reporting of the news . Media Culture Society , 11 ( 2 ) : 207 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonderman , J. 2011 . Andy Carvin explains how twitter is his “open-source newsroom . Poynter , 3 January, [Online] Available at: http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/mediawire/157874/andy-carvin-explains-how-twitter-is-his-open-source-newsroom/ (10 April 2012)
   Google Scholar
• Star , S. L. and Griesemer , J. R. 1989 . Institutional ecology, “translations” and boundary objects: amateurs and professionals in Berkeley's museum of vertebrate zoology, 1907–39 . Social Studies of Science , 19 ( 3 ) : 387 – 420 . doi: 10.1177/030631289019003001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkman, D. (2010) ‘The hamster wheel’, Columbia Journalism Review, September/October, [Online] Available at: http://www.cjr.org/cover_story/the_hamster_wheel.php?page=all (10 April 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Stelter , B. 2010 . Honoring citizen journalists . The New York Times , 21 February, [Online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/22/business/media/22polk.html (10 April 2012)
   Google Scholar
• Surowiecki , J. 2004 . The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many are Smarter than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies, and Nations , New York : Doubleday Books .
   Google Scholar
• Tenenboim-Weinblatt , K. 2009 . Jester, fake journalist, or the new Walter Lippmann?: recognition processes of Jon Stewart by the US journalistic community . International Journal of Communication , 3 : 416 – 439 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terranova , T. 2000 . Free labor: producing culture for the digital economy . Social Text , 18 ( 2 ) : 33 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Thornton , P. H. and Ocasio , W. 2008 . “ Institutional logics ” . In The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism , Edited by: Greenwood , R. , Oliver , C. , Sahlin , K. and Suddaby , R. 99 – 129 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Thurman , N. 2008 . Forums for citizen journalists? Adoption of user generated content initiatives by online news media . New Media & Society , 10 ( 1 ) : 139 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuchman , G. 1978 . Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tuchman , G. 2009 . Wannabe U: Inside the Corporate University , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , F. 2005a . Actor-networking the news . Social Epistemology , 19 : 321 – 324 . doi: 10.1080/02691720500145407
   Google Scholar
• Turner , F. 2005b . Where the counterculture met the new economy . Technology and Culture , 46 ( 1167 ) : 485 – 512 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , F. 2009 . Burning man at Google: a cultural infrastructure for new media production . New Media & Society , 11 ( 1–2 ) : 73 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usher, N. & Lewis, S. C. (2012) ‘Open source and journalism: toward new frameworks for imagining news innovation’, paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association, Phoenix, AZ, May 24–28.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijck , J. 2009 . Users like you? Theorizing agency in user-generated content . Media Culture Society , 31 ( 1 ) : 41 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dijck , J. and Nieborg , D. 2009 . Wikinomics and its discontents: a critical analysis of Web 2.0 business manifestos . New Media & Society , 11 ( 5 ) : 855 – 874 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldman , S. 2011 . The Information Needs of Communities: The Changing Media Landscape in a broadband age , Washington , DC : Federal Communications Commission . [Online] Available at: http://www.fcc.gov/info-needs-communities (10 April 2012)
   Google Scholar
• Wardle , C. and Williams , A. 2010 . Beyond user-generated content: a production study examining the ways in which UGC is used at the BBC . Media, Culture & Society , 32 ( 5 ) : 781 – 799 . doi: 10.1177/0163443710373953
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , D. H. and Wilhoit , G. C. 1996 . The American Journalist in the 1990s: U.S. News People at the End of an Era , Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , S. 2004 . The Success of Open Source , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weinhold , W. 2010 . Letters from the editors: American journalists, multimedia, and the future of journalism . Journalism Practice , 4 ( 3 ) : 394 – 404 . doi: 10.1080/17512781003643228
   Google Scholar
• Westlund, O. (2011) Cross-media News Work: Sensemaking of the Mobile Media (R)evolution, PhD dissertation, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Westlund , O. 2012 . Producer-centric vs. participation-centric: on the shaping of mobile media . Northern Lights , 10
   Google Scholar
• Wiik, J. (2010) Journalism in Transition: The Professional Identity of Swedish Journalists, PhD dissertation, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Wilensky , H. 1964 . The professionalization of everyone? . American Journal of Sociology , 70, September : 137 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , A. , Wardle , C. and Wahl-Jorgensen , K. 2011 . “Have they got news for us?” Audience revolution or business as usual at the BBC? . Journalism Practice , 5 ( 1 ) : 85 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witschge , T. and Nygren , G. 2009 . Journalism: a profession under pressure? . Journal of Media Business Studies , 6 ( 1 ) : 7 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Zelizer , B. 1992 . Covering the Body: The Kennedy Assassination, the Media, and the Shaping of Collective Memory , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zelizer , B. 2004a . Taking Journalism Seriously: News and the Academy , New York : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Zelizer , B. 2004b . When facts, truth, and reality are god-terms: on journalism's uneasy place in cultural studies . Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies , 1 ( 1 ) : 100 – 119 .
   Google Scholar