Revolution in the making? Social media effects across the globe

References

• Alexa.com. (2016a, July 25). Site overview – Facebook. Retrieved from http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/facebook.com
   Google Scholar
• Alexa.com. (2016b, July 25). Site overview – Twitter. Retrieved from http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com
   Google Scholar
• Barbera, P., & Rivero, G. (2015). Understanding the political representativeness of Twitter users. Social Science Computer Review, 33(6), 712–729. doi:10.1177/0894439314558836
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, A. B., & Copeland, L. (2016). Networked publics: How connective social media use facilitates political consumerism among LGBT Americans. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 13(1), 22–36. doi:10.1080/19331681.2015.1131655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode, L., Vraga, E. K., Borah, P., & Shah, D. V. (2014). A new space for political behavior: Political social networking and its democratic consequences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(3), 414–429. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, R. M., Farriss, C. J., Jones, J. J., Kramer, A. D. I., Marlow, C., Settle, J. E., & Fowler, J. H. (2012). A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization. Nature, 489, 295–298. doi:10.1038/nature11421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Boulianne, S. (2009). Does internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political Communication, 26(2), 193–211. doi:10.1080/10584600902854363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulianne, S. (2015). Social media use and participation: A meta-analysis of current research. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 524–538. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulianne, S. (2016). Online news, civic awareness, and engagement in civic and political life. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1840–1856. doi:10.1177/1461444815616222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, M. (2014). Exploring the contingent effects of political efficacy and partisan strength on the relationship between online news use and democratic engagement. International Journal of Communication, 8, 1195–1215. Retrieved from http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, M. (2016). Social network sites and political engagement: Exploring the impact of Facebook connections and uses on political protest and participation. Mass Communication and Society, 19(4), 430–451. doi:10.1080/15205436.2016.1161803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, M., Chen, H. -T, and Lee, F. L. F. (2016). Examining the roles of mobile and social media in political participation: A cross-national analysis of three Asian societies using a communication mediation approach. New Media & Society. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1461444816653190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J. (2016). Differential use, differential effects: Investigating the roles of different modes of news use in promoting political participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21(6), 436–450. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, D. -H., & Shin, D. -H. (2017). A dialectic perspective on the interactive relationship between social media and civic participation: The moderating role of social capital. Information Communication & Society, 20(2), 151–166. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2016.1154586
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, H. S. (2012). Simply slacktivism? eJournal of eDemocracy & Open Government, 4(1). Retrieved from http://www.jedem.org/index.php/jedem
   Google Scholar
• Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Duggan, M., Ellison, N. B., Lampe, C., Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2015). Social media update 2014. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/09/social-media-update-2014/
   Google Scholar
• Ekström, M., Olsson, T., & Shehata, A. (2014). Spaces for public orientation? Longitudinal effects of internet use in adolescence. Information, Communication & Society, 17(2), 168–183. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2013.862288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elgot, J. (2015, August 28). From relationships to revolutions: Seven ways Facebook has changed the world. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/28/from-relationships-to-revolutions-seven-ways-facebook-has-changed-the-world
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, P. D. (2010). The essential guide to effect sizes: Statistical power, meta-analysis, and the interpretation of research results. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eveland, W. P. (2004). The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens: The roles of information, motivation, and elaboration. Political Communication, 21(2), 177–193. doi:10.1080/10584600490443877
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedom House. (2015). Freedom of the press – 2015. Retrieved from https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FreedomofthePress_2015_FINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gainous, J., & Wagner, K. (2014). Tweeting to power: The social media revolution in American politics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gil de Zúñiga, H., Copeland, L., & & Bimber, B. (2014). Political consumerism: Civic engagement and the social media connection. New Media & Society, 16(3), 488–506. doi:10.1177/1461444813487960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil de Zúñiga, H., Molyneux, L., & & Zheng, P. (2014). Social media, political expression, and political participation: Panel analysis of lagged and concurrent relationships. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 612–634. doi:10.1111/jcom.12103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, K. (2016). The game changer: Social media and the 2016 presidential election. Huffpost. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/r-kay-green/the-game-changer-social-m_b_8568432.html
   Google Scholar
• Groshek, J., & Krongard, S. (2016). Netflix and engage? Implications for streaming television on political participation during the 2016 US presidential campaign. Social Sciences, 5(4), 1–18. doi:10.3390/socsci5040065
   Google Scholar
• Howard, P. N., & Hussain, M. (2013). Democracy’s fourth wave? Digital media and the Arab Spring. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hyun, K. D., & Kim, J. (2015). Differential and interactive influences on political participation by different types of news activities and political conversation through social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 328–334. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahne, J., Lee, N. -J., & Feezell, J. T. (2013). The civic and political significance of online participatory cultures among youth transitioning to adulthood. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 10(1), 1–20. doi:10.1080/19331681.2012.701109
   Google Scholar
• Kim, M. (2016). Facebook’s spiral of silence and participation: The role of political expression on Facebook and partisan strength in political participation. Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking, 19(12), 696–702. doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koc-Michalska, K., Gibson, R., & Vedel, T. (2014). Online campaigning in France, 2007–2012: Political actors and citizens in the aftermath of the Web. 2.0 evolution. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 11(2), 220–244. doi:10.1080/19331681.2014.903217
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, B. S. (2002). Assessing the potential of internet political participation in the United States: A resource approach. American Politics Research, 30(5), 476–498. doi:10.1177/1532673X02030005002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruikemeier, S., & Shehata, A. (2016). News media use and political engagement among adolescents: An analysis of virtuous circles using panel data. Political Communication. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/10584609.2016.1174760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, D. K. K., & Lee, F. L. F. (2014). Cultivating an active online counterpublic: Examining usage and political impact of internet alternative media. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 19(3), 340–359. doi:10.1177/1940161214530787
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyva, R. (2016). Exploring UK Millennials’ social media consumption patterns and participation in elections, activism, and ‘slacktivism’. Social Science Computer Review. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0894439316655738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilleker, D. G., & Koc-Michalska, K. (2017). What drives political participation? Motivations and mobilization in a digital age. Political Communication, 34(1), 21–43. doi:10.1080/10584609.2016.1225235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, Y., Heatherly, K. A., & Lee, J. K. (2016). Cross-cutting exposure on social networking sites: The effects of SNS discussion disagreement on political participation. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 74–81. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.01.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, G. (1994). Oxford dictionary of sociology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McLeod, J. M., Scheufele, D. A., & Moy, P. (1999). Community, communication, and participation: The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation. Political Communication, 16(3), 315–336. doi:10.1080/105846099198659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menard, S. (2004). Six approaches to calculating standardized logistic regression coefficients. The American Statistician, 58(3), 218–223. doi:10.1198/000313004x946
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musick, M., & Wilson, J. (2008). Volunteers: A social profile. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Park, C. S. (2015). Pathways to expressive and collective participation: Usage patterns, political efficacy, and political participation in social networking sites. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(4), 698–716. doi:10.1080/08838151.2015.1093480
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponder, J. D., & Haridakis, P. (2015). Selectively social politics: The differing roles of media use on political discussion. Mass Communication and Society, 18(3), 281–302. doi:10.1080/15205436.2014.940977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saldana, M., McGregor, S. C., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2015). Social media as a public space for politics: Cross-national comparison of news consumption and participatory behaviors in the United States and the United Kingdom. International Journal of Communication, 9, 3304–3326. Retrieved from http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3238/1485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoric, M. M., & Zhu, Q. F. (2016). Social media and offline political participation: Uncovering the paths from digital to physical. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 28(3), 415–427. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edv027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoric, M., Zhu, Q., Goh, Q., & Pang, N. (2015). Social media and citizen engagement: A meta-analytic review. New Media & Society. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1461444815616221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoric, M., Zhu, Q., & Pang, N. (2016). Social media, political expression, and participation in Confucian Asia. Chinese Journal of Communication. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/17544750.2016.1143378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theocharis, Y., & Lowe, W. (2016). Does Facebook increase political participation? Evidence from a field experiment. Information Communication & Society, 19(10), 1465–1486. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2015.1119871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towner, T. L. (2013). All political participation is socially networked?: New media and the 2012 election. Social Science Computer Review, 31(5), 527–541. doi:10.1177/0894439313489656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towner, T. L., & Muñoz, C. L. (2016). Baby boom or bust?: The new media effect on political participation. Journal of Political Marketing. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/15377857.2016.1153561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Štětka, V., & Mazák, J. (2014). Whither slacktivism? Political engagement and social media use in the 2013 Czech parliamentary elections. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 8(3). doi:10.5817/CP2014-3-7
   Google Scholar
• Tufekci, Z., & Wilson, C. (2012). Social media and the decision to participate in political protest: Observations from Tahrir Square. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 363–379. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccari, C., Chadwick, A., & O’Loughlin, B. (2015). Dual screening the political: Media events, social media, and citizen engagement. Journal of Communication, 65(6), 1041–1061. doi:10.1111/jcom.12187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccari, C., Valeriani, A., Barbera, P., Bonneau, R., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. A. (2015). Political expression and action on social media: Exploring the relationship between lower and higher-threshold political activities among Twitter users in Italy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(2), 221–239. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, S. (2013). Unpacking the use of social media for protest behavior: The roles of information, opinion expression, and activism. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 920–942. doi:10.1177/0002764213479375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K. F. (2009). Is there social capital in a social network site?: Facebook use and college students’ life satisfaction, trust, and participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), 875–901. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vraga, E. (2016). Party differences in political content on social media. Online Information Review, 40(5), 595–609. doi:10.1108/OIR-10-2015-0345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, C., & Thorson, K. (2017). Combining big data and survey techniques to model effects of political content flows in Facebook. Social Science Computer Review, 35(1), 33–52. doi:10.1177/0894439315609528
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfsfeld, G., Yarchi, M., & Samuel-Azran, T. (2016). Political information repertoires and political participation. New Media & Society, 18(9), 2096–2115. doi:10.1177/1461444815580413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, M., Kushin, M. J., & Dalisay, F. (2015). Social media and mobiles as political mobilization forces for young adults: Examining the moderating role of online political expression in political participation. New Media & Society, 17(6), 880–898. doi:10.1177/1461444813518390
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar