#Islamexit: inter-group antagonism on Twitter

References

• Abbas, T. (2007). British Muslim minorities today: Challenges and opportunities to Europeanism, multiculturalism and Islamism. Sociology Compass, 1(2), 720–736. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00041.x
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad, W. I. U., & Evergeti, V. (2010). The making and representation of Muslim identity in Britain: Conversations with British Muslim ‘elites’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33(10), 1697–1717. doi: 10.1080/01419871003768055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, C. (2014). Britain first: The ‘frontline resistance’ to the Islamification of Britain. The Political Quarterly, 85(3), 354–361. doi: 10.1111/1467-923X.12118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arfi, B. (2010). ‘Euro-Islam’: Going beyond the aporiatic politics of Othering1. International Political Sociology, 4(3), 236–252. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-5687.2010.00103.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awan, I. (2014). Islamophobia and Twitter: A typology of online hate against Muslims on social media. Policy & Internet, 6(2), 133–150. doi: 10.1002/1944-2866.POI364
   Google Scholar
• Baysu, G., & Phalet, K. (2017). Beyond Muslim identity: Opinion-based groups in the Gezi Park protest. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20(3), 350–366. doi: 10.1177/1368430216682353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2011). Digital Media and the personalization of collective action. Information, Communication & Society, 14(6), 770–799. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2011.579141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betz, H.-G., & Meret, S. (2009). Revisiting Lepanto: The political mobilization against Islam in contemporary Western Europe. Patterns of Prejudice, 43(3–4), 313–334. doi: 10.1080/00313220903109235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliuc, A.-M., McGarty, C., Hartley, L., & Hendres, D. M. (2012). Manipulating national identity: The strategic use of rhetoric by supporters and opponents of the ‘Cronulla riots’ in Australia. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35(12), 2174–2194. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2011.600768
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliuc, A.-M., McGarty, C., Reynolds, K., & Muntele, D. (2007). Opinion-based group membership as a predictor of commitment to political action. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(1), 19–32. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpentier, N., & Cammaerts, B. (2006). Hegemony, democracy, agonism and journalism: An interview with Chantal Mouffe. Journalism Studies, 7(6), 964–975. doi: 10.1080/14616700600980728
   Google Scholar
• Ceron, A., Curini, L., Iacus, S. M., & Porro, G. (2013). Every tweet counts? How sentiment analysis of social media can improve our knowledge of citizens’ political preferences with an application to Italy and France. New Media & Society, 16(2), 340–358. doi:10.1177/1461444813480466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiluwa, I., & Ifukor, P. (2015). ‘War against our children’: Stance and evaluation in #BringBackOurGirls campaign discourse on Twitter and Facebook. Discourse & Society, 26(3), 267–296. 957926514564735. doi: 10.1177/0957926514564735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colleoni, E., Rozza, A., & Arvidsson, A. (2014). Echo chamber or public sphere? Predicting political orientation and measuring political homophily in twitter using Big data. Journal of Communication, 64(2), 317–332. doi: 10.1111/jcom.12084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran, H., & Smith, K. (2016). Hate crimes, England and Wales, 2015/16. Home Office Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/559319/hate-crime-1516-hosb1116.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dang-Xuan, L., Stieglitz, S., Wladarsch, J., & Neuberger, C. (2013). An investigation of influentials and the role of sentiment in political communication on Twitter during election periods. Information, Communication & Society, 16(5), 795–825. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2013.783608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giglietto, F., & Lee, Y. (2017). A hashtag worth a thousand words: Discursive strategies around #JeNeSuisPasCharlie after the 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting. Social Media+Society, 3(1), 2056305116686992. doi: 10.1177/2056305116686992
   Google Scholar
• Graham, R. (2016). Inter-ideological mingling: White extremist ideology entering the mainstream on Twitter. Sociological Spectrum, 36(1), 24–36. doi: 10.1080/02732173.2015.1075927
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruzd, A., & Roy, J. (2014). Investigating political polarization on Twitter: A Canadian perspective. Policy & Internet, 6(1), 28–45. doi: 10.1002/1944-2866.POI354
   Google Scholar
• Himelboim, I., Sweetser, K. D., Tinkham, S. F., Cameron, K., Danelo, M., & West, K. (2016). Valence-based homophily on Twitter: Network analysis of emotions and political talk in the 2012 presidential election. New Media & Society, 18(7), 1382–1400. doi: 10.1177/1461444814555096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins, N., & Kahani-Hopkins, V. (2006). Minority group members’ theories of intergroup contact: A case study of British Muslims’ conceptualizations of Islamophobia and social change. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(2), 245–264. doi: 10.1348/014466605X48583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, P. N., & Kollanyi, B. (2016). Bots, #StrongerIn, and #Brexit: Computational Propaganda during the UK-EU Referendum. arXiv:1606.06356 [Physics]. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.06356
   Google Scholar
• Hutchison, P., Lubna, S. A., Goncalves-Portelinha, I., Kamali, P., & Khan, N. (2015). Group-based discrimination, national identification, and British Muslims’ attitudes toward non-Muslims: The mediating role of perceived identity incompatibility. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45(6), 330–344. doi: 10.1111/jasp.12299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. J., & Welles, B. F. (2016). #Ferguson is everywhere: Initiators in emerging counterpublic networks. Information, Communication & Society, 19(3), 397–418. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1106571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassimeris, G., & Jackson, L. (2015). The ideology and discourse of the English defence league: ‘Not racist, not violent, just no longer silent.’ The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 17(1), 171–188. doi: 10.1111/1467-856X.12036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liepyte, S., & McAloney-Kocaman, K. (2015). Discrimination and religiosity among Muslim women in the UK before and after the Charlie Hebdo attacks. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 18(9), 789–794. doi: 10.1080/13674676.2015.1107890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linehan, T. (2012). Comparing antisemitism, islamophobia, and asylophobia: The British case. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 12(2), 366–386. doi: 10.1111/j.1754-9469.2012.01161.x
   Google Scholar
• Littler, M., & Feldman, M. (2015). Tell MAMA Reporting 2014/2015: Annual monitoring, cumulative extremism, and policy implications. Retrieved from Tell Mama website: http://tellmamauk.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Tell%20MAMA%20Reporting%202014-2015.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Magdy, W., Darwish, K., & Abokhodair, N. (2015). Quantifying public response towards Islam on Twitter after Paris attacks. arXiv:1512.04570 [Cs]. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.04570
   Google Scholar
• Marranci, G. (2012). Studying Muslims of Europe. In U. Kockel, M. N. Craith, & J. Frykman (Eds.), A companion to the anthropology of Europe (pp. 295–309). John Wiley. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118257203.ch17/summary
   Google Scholar
• Mcdonald, L. Z. (2011). Securing identities, resisting terror: Muslim youth work in the UK and its implications for security. Religion, State and Society, 39(2–3), 177–189. doi: 10.1080/09637494.2011.584712
   Google Scholar
• McGarty, C., Bliuc, A.-M., Thomas, E. F., & Bongiorno, R. (2009). Collective action as the material expression of opinion-based group membership. Journal of Social Issues, 65(4), 839–857. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01627.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGarty, C., Thomas, E. F., Lala, G., Smith, L. G. E., & Bliuc, A.-M. (2014). New technologies, New identities, and the growth of mass opposition in the Arab spring. Political Psychology, 35(6), 725–740. doi: 10.1111/pops.12060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 415–444. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meer, N., & Noorani, T. (2008). A sociological comparison of anti-semitism and anti-Muslim sentiment in Britain1. The Sociological Review, 56(2), 195–219. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2008.00784.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouffe, C. (2013). Agonistics: Thinking the world politically (1st ed.). London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Murthy, D. (2015). Twitter and elections: Are tweets, predictive, reactive, or a form of buzz? Information, Communication & Society, 18(7), 816–831. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1006659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naaman, M., Becker, H., & Gravano, L. (2011). Hip and trendy: Characterizing emerging trends on Twitter. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(5), 902–918. doi: 10.1002/asi.21489
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagel, C. R., & Staeheli, L. A. (2011). Muslim political activism or political activism by Muslims? Secular and religious identities amongst Muslim Arab activists in the United States and United Kingdom. Identities, 18(5), 437–458. doi: 10.1080/1070289X.2011.656068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics, Religion in England and Wales. (2011). Retrieved August 10, 2016, from https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/articles/religioninenglandandwales2011/2012-12-11#religious-affiliation-across-the-english-regions-and-wales.
   Google Scholar
• Papacharissi, Z. (2014). Affective publics: Sentiment, technology, and politics. Oxford: OUP.
   Google Scholar
• Papacharissi, Z. (2016). Affective publics and structures of storytelling: Sentiment, events and mediality. Information, Communication & Society, 19(3), 307–324. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1109697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philander, K., & Zhong, Y. (2016). Twitter sentiment analysis: Capturing sentiment from integrated resort tweets. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55, 16–24. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole, E., & Richardson, J. E. (2006). Muslims and the news Media. London: I.B.Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, O. (2013). Secularism and Islam: The theological predicament. The International Spectator, 48(1), 5–19. doi: 10.1080/03932729.2013.759365
   Google Scholar
• Runnymede Trust. (1997). Islamophobia: a Challende for Us All. London, Runnymede Trust.
   Google Scholar
• Savage, T. M. (2004). Europe and Islam: Crescent waxing, cultures clashing. The Washington Quarterly, 27(3), 25–50. doi: 10.1162/016366004323090241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, F. (2012). The politics of blogs: Theories of discursive activism online. Media International Australia, 142(1), 41–49. doi: 10.1177/1329878X1214200106
   Google Scholar
• Tell Mama (2016). The Brexit Result Had a Lasting Impact on Race and Religious Hate Crimes. Retrieved from https://tellmamauk.org/the-brexit-result-had-a-lasting-impact-on-race-and-religious-hate-crimes/
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, E. F., Mavor, K. I., & McGarty, C. (2012). Social identities facilitate and encapsulate action-relevant constructs: A test of the social identity model of collective action. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(1), 75–88. doi: 10.1177/1368430211413619
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, E. F., McGarty, C., & Mavor, K. I. (2009a). Aligning identities, emotions, and beliefs to create commitment to sustainable social and political action. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(3), 194–218. doi: 10.1177/1088868309341563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, E. F., McGarty, C., & Mavor, K. I. (2009b). Transforming ‘apathy into movement’: The role of prosocial emotions in motivating action for social change. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(4), 310–333. doi: 10.1177/1088868309343290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werbner, P. (2009). Revisiting the UK Muslim diasporic public sphere at a time of terror: From local (benign) invisible spaces to seditious conspiratorial spaces and the ‘failure of multiculturalism’ discourse. South Asian Diaspora, 1(1), 19–45. doi: 10.1080/19438190902719609
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, D., & Thelwall, M. (2012). Trending Twitter topics in English: An international comparison. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(8), 1631–1646. doi: 10.1002/asi.22713
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, C., & Finlay, W. M. L. (2008). British national party representations of Muslims in the month after the London bombings: Homogeneity, threat, and the conspiracy tradition. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(4), 707–726. doi: 10.1348/014466607X264103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yardi, S., & Boyd, D. (2010). Dynamic debates: An analysis of group polarization over time on Twitter. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 30(5), 316–327. doi: 10.1177/0270467610380011
   Google Scholar
• Zick, A., Kupper, B., & Hovermann, A. (2011). Intolerance, Prejudice and Discrimination: A European Report.
   Google Scholar