References
- Ahlering, R. F. (1987). Need for cognition, attitudes, and the 1984 Presidential election. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 100–102. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(87)90029-8
- American National Election Studies. (2010). Politics is too complicated 1952-2008. Retrieved from http://www.electionstudies.org/nesguide/toptable/tab5b_1.htm
- Arnold, N., Fackelmann, B., Graffius, M., Krüger, F., Talaska, S., & Weißenfels, T. (2011). Sprichst du Politik? [Do you speak politics?] Retrieved from http://www.sprichst-du-politik.de/downloads/sprichst-du-politik_Studie.pdf
- Associated Press. (2008). A new model for news: Studying the deep structure of young-adult news consumption. Retrieved from http://rumble.me/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/A-New-model-for-news.pdf
- Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
- Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28, 117–148. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3
- Beck, J. W., & Schmidt, A. M. (2013). State-level goal orientations as mediators of the relationship between timepressure and performance: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98, 354–363. doi: 10.1037/a0031145
- Bennett, W. L., & Iyengar, S. (2008). A new era of minimal effects? The changing foundations of political communication. Journal of Communication, 58, 707–731. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00410.x
- Bertrams, A., & Dickhäuser, O. (2010). University and school students’ motivation for effortful thinking. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26, 263–268. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000035
- Bond, T. G., & Fox, C. F. (2007). Applying the Rasch model: Fundamental measurement in the human sciences (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 116–131. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.116
- Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, W. B. G. (1996). Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 197–253. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197
- Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Kao, C. F., & Rodriguez, R. (1986). Central and peripheral routes to persuasion: An individual difference perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1032–1043. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.1032
- Caprara, G. V., Vecchione, M., Capanna, C., & Mebane, M. (2009). Perceived political self-efficacy: Theory, assessment, and applications. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 1002–1020. doi:10.1002/ejsp.604
- Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165–181. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165
- Cattell, R. B. (1971). Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action. New York, NY: Houghton Miffin.
- Christensen, H. S., & Bengtsson, A. (2011). The political competence of Internet participants. Information, Communication & Society, 14, 896–916. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2011.566931
- Dalrymple, K. E., & Scheufele, D. A. (2007). Finally informing the electorate? How the Internet got people thinking about presidential politics in 2004. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 12, 96–111. doi:10.1177/1081180X07302881
- David, C. C. (2009). Learning political information from the news: A closer look at the role of motivation. Journal of Communication, 59, 243–261. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01414.x
- Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Dimitrova, D. V., Shehata, A., Strömbäck, J., & Nord, L. W. (2014). The effects of digital media on political knowledge and participation in election campaigns: Evidence from panel data. Communication Research, 41, 95–118. doi:10.1177/0093650211426004
- Donsbach, W., & Mothes, C. (2012). The dissonant self: Contribution from dissonance theory to a new agenda for studying political communication. In C. T. Salmon (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 36 (pp. 3–44). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Donsbach, W., Walter, C., Mothes, C., & Rentsch, M. (2012). ‘If news is that important, it will find me’? Nachrichtennutzung und ‒ wissen junger Menschen in Deutschland [News use and knowledge of young people in Germany]. Politische Bildung, 45, 138–152.
- Drew, D., & Weaver, D. H. (2006). Voter learning and interest in the 2004 presidential election: Did the media matter? Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83, 25–42. doi:10.1177/107769900608300103
- Eastin, M. S., & LaRose, R. (2000). Internet self-efficacy and the psychology of the digital divide. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00110.x
- Eveland, JrW. P. (2001). The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news: Evidence from nonelection, off-year election and presidential election contexts. Communication Research, 28, 571–601. doi:10.1177/009365001028005001
- Eveland, JrW. P., & Hively, M. H. (2008). Political knowledge. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of communication (pp. 3715–3719). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
- Eveland, JrW. P., & Schmitt, J. B. (2015). Communication content and knowledge content matters: Integrating manipulation and observation in studying news and discussion learning effects. Journal of Communication, 65, 170–191. doi:10.1111/jcom.12138
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 382–388. doi:10.2307/3150980 doi: 10.1177/002224378101800313
- Galston, W. A. (2001). Political knowledge, political engagement, and civic education. Annual Review of Political Science, 4, 217–234. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.217
- Groshek, J., & Dimitrova, D. (2011). A cross-section of voter learning, campaign interest and intention to vote in the 2008 American election: Did web 2.0 matter? Estudos em Comunicação, 9, 355–375.
- Haerem, T., & Rau, D. (2007). The influence of degree of expertise and objective task complexity on perceived task complexity and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1320–1331. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1320
- Hair, J. F., Black, W., Babin, B., & Andersen, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
- Hayes, A. F., & Scharkow, M. (2013). The relative trustworthiness of inferential tests of the indirect effect in statistical mediation analysis: Does method really matter? Psychological Science, 24, 1918–1927. doi:10.1177/0956797613480187
- Hofstetter, C. R., Zuniga, S., & Dozier, D. M. (2001) Media self-efficacy: Validation of a new concept. Mass Communication and Society, 4, 61–76. doi:10.1207/S15327825MCS0401_05
- Honaker, J., & King, G. (2010). What to do about missing values in time series cross-section data. America Journal of Political Science, 54, 561–581. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00447.x
- Jakesch, M., & Leder, H. (2015). The qualitative side of complexity: Testing effects of ambiguity on complexity judgments. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 9, 200–205. doi:10.1037/a0039350
- Jennings, M. K. (1996). Political knowledge over time and across generations. Public Opinion Quarterly, 60, 228–252. doi:10.1086/297749
- Kaid, L. L., McKinney, M. S., & Tedesco, J. C. (2007). Introduction: Political information efficacy and young voters. American Behavioral Scientist, 50, 1093–1111. doi:10.1177/0002764207300040
- Kasser, T., & Sheldon, K. M. (2009). Time affluence as a path toward personal happiness and ethical business practice: Empirical evidence from four studies. Journal of Business Ethics, 84, 243–255. doi:10.1007/s10551-008-9696-1
- Kenski, K., & Stroud, N. J. (2006). Connection between internet use and political efficacy, knowledge and participation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50, 173–192. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem5002_1
- Kruikemeier, S., van Noort, G., Vliegenthart, R., & de Vreese, C. H. (2014). Unraveling the effects of active and passive forms of political Internet use: Does it affect citizens’ political involvement? New Media & Society, 16, 903–920. doi:10.1177/1461444813495163
- Liu, Y. L., & Eveland, JrW. P., (2005). Education, need for cognition, and campaign interest as moderators of news effects on political knowledge: An analysis of the knowledge gap. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 82, 910–929. doi:10.1177/107769900508200410
- Löckenhoff, C. E., & Carstensen, L. L. (2004). Socioemotional selectivity theory, aging, and health: The increasingly delicate balance between regulating emotions and making tough choices. Journal of Personality, 72, 1395–1424. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00301.x
- McCarthy, J. (2014). In U.S., 65% dissatisfied with how Gov’t system works. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/166985/dissatisfied-gov-system-works.aspx
- Mogilner, C., Chance, Z., & Norton, M. I. (2012). Giving time gives you time. Psychological Science, 23, 1233–1238. doi:10.1177/0956797612442551
- Morris, D. S. & Morris, J. S. (2017). Evolving learning: The changing effect of Internet access on political knowledge and engagement (1998-2012). Sociological Forum, 32, 339–358. doi:10.1111/socf.12333
- Niemi, R. G., Craig, S. C., & Mattei, F. (1991). Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1988 national election study. The American Political Science Review, 85, 1407–1413. doi:10.2307/1963953
- O’Hara, R. E., Walter, M. I., & Christopher, A. N. (2009). Need for cognition and conscientiousness as predictors of political interest and voting strategy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 1397–1416. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00487.x
- Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66, 543–578. doi:10.2307/1170653 doi: 10.3102/00346543066004543
- Perse, E. M. (1992). Predicting attention to local television news: Need for cognition and motives for viewing. Communication Reports, 5, 40–49. doi:10.1080/08934219209367542
- Pew Research Center. (2012). Youth engagement falls; registration also declines. Retrieved from http://www.people-press.org/2012/09/28/youth-engagement-falls-registration-also-declines/
- Pew Research Center. (2015). News magazines: Fact sheet. Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/2015/04/29/news-magazines-fact-sheet/
- Pingree, R. J. (2011). Effects of unresolved factual disputes in the news on epistemic political efficacy. Journal of Communication, 61, 22–47. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01525.x
- Price, V. (1999). Political information. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & W. L. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of political attitudes (pp. 591–639). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
- Putnam, R. D. (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: The strange disappearance of social capital in America. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28, 664–683. doi:10.2307/420517
- Schmitt, J. B., Debbelt, C. A. & Schneider, F. M. (2017). Too much information? Predictors of information overload in the context of online-news exposure. Information, Communication, & Society. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2017.1305427
- See, Y. H. M., Petty, R. E., & Evans, L. M. (2009). The impact of perceived message complexity and need for cognition on information processing and attitudes. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 880–889. doi:10.1037/t04601-000 doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.006
- Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 240–261. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240
- Statista. (2015). Ursachen von Wahlmüdigkeit und Politikverdrossenheit in Deutschland in den Jahren 2002 und 2009 [Causes of election fatigue and political alienation in Germany 2002 and 2009]. Retrieved from http://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36666/umfrage/ursachen-von-wahlmuedigkeit-und-politikverdrossenheit/
- Szollos, A. (2009). Toward a psychology of chronic time pressure: Conceptual and methodological review. Time & Society, 18, 332–350. doi:10.1177/0961463X09337847
- Tian, Y. (2011). Communication behaviors as mediators: Examining links between political orientation, political communication, and political participation. Communication Quarterly, 59, 380–394. doi:10.1080/01463373.2011.583503
- Tidwell, P. S., Sadowski, C. J., & Pate, L. M. (2000). Relationships between need for cognition, knowledge, and verbal ability. The Journal of Psychology, 134, 634–644. doi:10.1080/00223980009598242
- Trepte, S., Loy, L. S., Schmitt, J. B., & Otto, S. (2017). Hohenheimer Inventar zum Politikwissen (HIP): Konstruktion und Skalierung [Hohenheim inventory on political knowledge (HIP): construction and scaling]. Diagnostica, 63, 206–218. doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000180
- White, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48, 817–838. doi:10.2307/1912934
- Yang, C., Nay, S., & Hoyle, R. H. (2010). Three approaches to using lengthy ordinal scales in structural equation models: Parceling, latent scoring, and shortening scales. Applied Psychological Measurement, 34, 122–142. doi:10.1177/0146621609338592