17,079
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Turning a communist party leader into an internet meme: the political and apolitical aspects of China’s toad worship culture

Pages 38-58 | Received 24 Mar 2017, Accepted 30 May 2018, Published online: 19 Jun 2018

References

  • Barmé, G. R. (2014). The spring and autumn style. The China Story. Retrieved November 11, 2015, from http://www.thechinastory.org/yearbooks/yearbook-2014/chapter-4-destinys-mixed-metaphors/the-spring-and-autumn-style-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%AC%94%E6%B3%95/
  • Bayerl, P. S., & Stoynov, L. (2016). Revenge by photoshop: Memefying police acts in the public dialogue about injustice. New Media & Society, 18(6), 1006–1026.
  • Beiser, V. (2010, November 1). Digital weapons help dissidents punch holes in China’s great firewall. WIRED, 18(11).
  • Blackmore, S. (1999). The meme machine. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1985). The social space and the genesis of groups. Theory and Society, 14(6), 723–744.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1987). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). New York, NY: Greenwood Press.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
  • Bryman, A. (2004). Social research methods (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Carey, J. (1997). A cultural approach to communication. In Communication as culture (pp. 13–36). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Chen, D. (2010, September 1). Minguo fanr shi ge shenme fanr? [What is “ROC-style”?]. New Weekly, (330).
  • Cooper, J. C. (1990). Chinese alchemy: The Taoist quest for immortality. New York, NY: Sterling Publishing Co.
  • Crystal, D. (2001). Language and the internet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dai, J. (1996). Redemption and consumption: Depicting culture in the 1990s. Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique, 4(1), 127–143.
  • Dawkins, R. (1976). The selfish gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dawkins, R. (2013). Just for hits. Retrieved October 21, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = GFn-ixX9edg
  • Gal, N., Shifman, L., & Kampf, Z. (2016). ‘It gets better’: Internet memes and the construction of collective identity. New Media & Society, 18(8), 1698–1714.
  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New Brunswick: Aldine Transaction Publishers.
  • Gong, H., & Yang, X. (2010). Digitized parody: The politics of egao in contemporary China. China Information, 24(1), 3–26.
  • Goscilo, H. (Ed.). (2013). Putin as celebrity and cultural icon. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Gracie, C. (2016, August 19). The politics of toad kings and fairy tales in China. BBC News. Retrieved October 16, 2016, from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-37127656
  • Han, R. (2015). Manufacturing consent in cyberspace: China’s ‘fifty-cent army’. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 44(2), 105–134.
  • Jenkins, H., Ford, S., & Green, J. (2013). Spreadable media: Creating value and meaning in a networked culture. New York, NY: NYU Press.
  • Katz, Y., & Shifman, L. (2017). Making sense? The structure and meanings of digital memetic nonsense. Information, Communication & Society, 20(6), 825–842.
  • Kelle, U. (2005). Sociological explanations between micro and macro and the integration of qualitative and quantitative methods. Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung, 30(1), 95–117.
  • Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Thorson, K. (2016). Good citizenship as a frame contest: Kony2012, memes, and critiques of the networked citizen. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1993–2011.
  • Lago, F. D. (1999). Personal Mao: Reshaping an icon in contemporary Chinese art. Art Journal, 58(2), 46–59.
  • Landler, M. (2000, October 29). Leader of China angrily chastises Hong Kong media. The New York Times.
  • Lawrence, S. V. (2004, April 14). Falun gong fields media weapons. Wall Street Journal.
  • Leese, D. (2011). Mao cult: Rhetoric and ritual in China’s cultural revolution. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Li, H. (2011). Parody and resistance on the Chinese internet. In D. K. Herold & P. Marolt (Eds.), Online society in China creating, celebrating, and instrumentalising the online carnival (pp. 71–88). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Manseau, P. (2012, June 19). Falun Gong’s march. Salon. Retrieved October 1, 2017, from https://www.salon.com/2012/06/28/falun_gongs_march/
  • Meng, B. (2011). From steamed bun to grass mud horse: E Gao as alternative political discourse on the Chinese internet. Global Media and Communication, 7(1), 33–51.
  • Milner, R. M. (2013). Pop polyvocality: Internet memes, public participation, and the occupy wall street movement. International Journal of Communication, 7, 34.
  • Milner, R. M. (2016). The world made meme: Public conversations and participatory media. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Miltner, K. M. (2014). ‘There’s no place for lulz on LOLCats’: The role of genre, gender, and group identity in the interpretation and enjoyment of an Internet meme. First Monday, 19(8).
  • Mina, A. X. (2014). Batman, Pandaman and the blind man: A case study in social change memes and internet censorship in China. Journal of Visual Culture, 13(3), 359–375.
  • Morgan, D. (1999). Visual piety: A history and theory of popular religious images. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Nissenbaum, A., & Shifman, L. (2017). Internet memes as contested cultural capital: The case of 4chan’s /b/ board. New Media & Society, 19(4), 483–501.
  • Papacharissi, Z. (2014). Affective publics: Sentiment, technology, and politics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Pearce, K., & Hajizada, A. (2014). No laughing matter: Humor as a means of dissent in the digital era: The case of authoritarian Azerbaijan. Demokratizatsiya, 22(1), 67–85.
  • Procházka, O. (2014). Internet memes–a new literacy? Ostrava Journal of English Philology, 6(1), 53–74.
  • Qin, A. (2015, October 20). Ridicule turns to affection as Chinese social media embraces Jiang Zemin. The New York Times. Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/10/20/jiang-zemin-china-toad-xi-jinping/
  • Rahn, P. (2005, January 28). Media as a means for the Falun Gong movement. Asia Media. Retrieved October 1, 2017, from http://archive.li/42dlH
  • Seiffert-Brockmann, J., Diehl, T., & Dobusch, L. (2017). Memes as games: The evolution of a digital discourse online. New Media & Society, 1–18.
  • Shifman, L. (2014). Memes in digital culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. London: Sage.
  • Szablewicz, M. (2014). The ‘losers’ of China’s internet: Memes as ‘structures of feeling’ for disillusioned young netizens. China Information, 28(2), 259–275.
  • Tumarkin, N. (1997). Lenin lives!: The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Vickery, J. R. (2014). The curious case of confession bear: The reappropriation of online macro-image memes. Information, Communication & Society, 17(3), 301–325.
  • Yang, G., & Jiang, M. (2015). The networked practice of online political satire in China: Between ritual and resistance. International Communication Gazette, 77(3), 215–231.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.