References
- Ausserhofer, J., & Maireder, A. (2013). National politics on twitter: Structures and topics of a networked public sphere. Information, Communication & Society, 16(3), 291–314.
- Bae, J. H., Son, J. E., & Song, M. (2013). Analysis of twitter for 2012 South Korea presidential election by text mining techniques. Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems, 19(3), 141–156.
- Bimber, B., & Davis, R. (2003). Campaigning online: The internet in US elections. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Blei, D. M. (2012). Probabilistic topic models. Communications of the ACM, 55(4), 77–84.
- Blei, D. M., & Lafferty, J. D. (2009). Topic models. Retrieved from http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~blei/papers/BleiLafferty2009.pdf
- Bode, L., Vraga, E. K., Borah, P., & Shah, D. V. (2014). A new space for political behavior: Political social networking and its democratic consequences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(3), 414–429.
- Bowman, L. (2008). Re-examining gatekeeping: How journalists communicate the truth about the power of the public. Journalism Practice, 2(1), 99–112.
- Castells, M. (2009). Rise of the network society, with a new preface: The information age: Economy, society, and culture volume I. New York: Wiley.
- Chen, G. M. (2013). Losing face on social media: Threats to positive face lead to an indirect effect on retaliatory aggression through negative affect. Communication Research. doi: 10.1177/0093650213510937
- CNN.com. (2016). Exit polls. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/election/results/exit-polls
- Colleoni, E., Rozza, A., & Arvidsson, A. (2014). Echo chamber or public sphere? Predicting political orientation and measuring political homophily in Twitter using big data. Journal of Communication, 64(2), 317–332.
- Conway, B. A., Kenski, K., & Wang, D. (2013). Twitter use by presidential primary candidates during the 2012 campaign. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(11), 1596–1610.
- Delwiche, A. (2005). Agenda–setting, opinion leadership, and the world of web logs. First Monday, 10(12). Retrieved from http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue10_12/delwiche/index.html
- DiGrazia, J., McKelvey, K., Bollen, J., & Rojas, F. (2013). More tweets, more votes: Social media as a quantitative indicator of political behavior. PloS One, 8(11), e79449.
- Ellison, N. B., & boyd, D. (2013). Sociality through social network sites. In W. Dutton (Ed.), The oxford handbook of internet studies (pp. 1901–2015). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Farrell, H., & Drezner, D. W. (2008). The power and politics of blogs. Public Choice, 134(1–2), 15–30.
- Fraser, M., & Dutta, S. (2008a). Barack Obama and the Facebook election. US News & World Report, 19.
- Fraser, M., & Dutta, S. (2008b). Obama and the Facebook effect. Media Week.
- Gibson, R. K. (2015). Party change, social media and the rise of ‘citizen-initiated’ campaigning. Party Politics, 21(2), 183–197.
- Gil de Zúñiga, H., Garcia-Perdomo, V., & McGregor, S. C. (2015). What is second screening? Exploring motivations of second screen use and its effect on online political participation. Journal of Communication, 65(5), 793–815.
- Gil de Zuniga, H., Molyneux, L., & Zheng, P. (2014). Social media, political expression, and political participation: Panel analysis of lagged and concurrent relationships. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 612–634.
- Goldman, S. K., & Mutz, D. C. (2011). The friendly media phenomenon: A cross-national analysis of cross-cutting exposure. Political Communication, 28(1), 42–66.
- Guo, L., Vargo, C. J., Pan, Z., Ding, W., & Ishwar, P. (2016). Big social data analytics in journalism and mass communication: Comparing dictionary-based text analysis and unsupervised topic modeling. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 93(2), 332–359.
- Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action, volume 1. Boston, MA: Beacon.
- Honey, C., & Herring, S. C. (2009, January). Beyond microblogging: Conversation and collaboration via Twitter. 42nd Hawaii international conference on system sciences (HICSS’09). Alamitos, CA: IEEE.
- Iyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009). Red media, blue media: Evidence of ideological selectivity in media Use. Journal of Communication, 59, 219–239.
- Iyengar, S., Norpoth, H., & Hahn, K. S. (2004). Consumer demand for election news: The horserace sells. The Journal of Politics, 66(1), 157–175.
- Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, not ideology a social identity perspective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405–431.
- Jacobi, C., Atteveldt, W., & Welbers, K. (2016). Quantitative analysis of large amounts of journalistic texts using topic modelling. Digital Journalism, 4, 89–106.
- Just, M., Crigler, A., & Wallach, L. (1990). Thirty seconds or thirty minutes: What viewers learn from spot advertisements and candidate debates. Journal of Communication, 40(3), 120–133.
- Kreiss, D. (2014). Seizing the moment: The presidential campaigns’ use of twitter during the 2012 electoral cycle. New Media & Society. doi: 10.1177/1461444814562445
- Kushin, M., & Kitchener, K. (2009). Getting political on social network sites: Exploring online political discourse on Facebook. First Monday, 14(11), 1–16.
- Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H., & Moon, S. (2010, April). What is Twitter, a social network or a news media? Proceedings of the 19th international conference on world wide web (pp. 591–600). New York: ACM.
- Lasorsa, D. L., Lewis, S. C., & Holton, A. E. (2012). Normalizing twitter: Journalism practice in an emerging communication space. Journalism Studies, 13(1), 19–36.
- Lawrence, R. G., Molyneux, L., Coddington, M., & Holton, A. (2014). Tweeting conventions: Political journalists’ use of twitter to cover the 2012 presidential campaign. Journalism Studies, 15(6), 789–806.
- Marshall, P., & Redmond, S. (Eds.). (2015). A comparison to celebrity. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
- Mascaro, C., Agosto, D., Goggins, S., & Columbia, M. O. (2016, July). The method to the madness: The 2012 United States presidential election Twitter corpus. International conference on social media & society (p. 15). ACM.
- Meraz, S. (2009). Is there an elite hold? Traditional media to social media agenda setting influence in blog networks. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(3), 682–707.
- Mutz, D. C. (2002). Cross-cutting social networks: Testing democratic theory in practice. American Political Science Review, 96(1), 111–126.
- Neale, T. H. (1993, June 15). Campaign debates in presidential general elections. CRS Report for Congress.
- The New York Times. (2016). Climate? What climate?
- Penney, J. (2016). Motivations for participating in ‘viral politics’ a qualitative case study of twitter users and the 2012 US presidential election. Convergence: The International Journal of Research Into New Media Technologies, 22(1), 71–87.
- Shah, D. V., Cappella, J. N., & Neuman, W. R. (2015). Big data, digital media, and computational social science: Possibilities and perils. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 659(1), 6–13.
- Shahin, S. (2016). Right to be forgotten how national identity, political orientation, and capitalist ideology structured a trans-Atlantic debate on information access and control. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 93(2), 360–382.
- Stroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and partisan selective exposure. Journal of Communication, 60, 556–576.
- Sweetser, K. D., Golan, G. J., & Wanta, W. (2008). Intermedia agenda setting in television, advertising, and blogs during the 2004 election. Mass Communication & Society, 11(2), 197–216.
- Tiemens, R. K., Hellweg, S. A., Kipper, P., & Phillips, S. L. (1985). An integrative verbal and visual analysis of the Carter-Reagan debate. Communication Quarterly, 33(1), 34–42.
- Tumasjan, A., Sprenger, T. O., Sandner, P. G., & Welpe, I. M. (2010). Predicting elections with Twitter: What 140 characters reveal about political sentiment. ICWSM, 10, 178–185.
- Vergeer, M. (2012). Politics, elections and online campaigning: Past, present … and a peek into the future. New Media & Society. doi: 10.1177/1461444812457327
- Verweij, P. (2012). Twitter links between politicians and journalists. Journalism Practice, 6(5–6), 680–691.
- Wojcieszak, M., & Mutz, D. (2009). Online groups and political discourse: Do online discussion spaces facilitate exposure to political disagreement? Journal of Communication, 59, 40–56.
- Yardi, S., & boyd, d. (2010). Dynamic debates: An analysis of group polarization over time on twitter. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 30(5), 316–327.
- Zheng, P. (2015). Tweeting Blue and Red: How CNN, MSNBC and Fox News covered 2012 presidential debates on Twitter. In Global media review, XI (pp. 92–104). Tsinghua University Press.