Mobilizing media: comparing TV and social media effects on protest mobilization

References

• Ahuja, M. (2017). Earth Day picked as date for science march on Washington. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/01/politics/science-march-earth-day-trnd/
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, K. T., Caren, N., & Browne, A. (2018). Protesting Trump. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 23(4), 393–400. doi: 10.17813/1086-671X-23-4-393
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anduiza, E., Cristancho, C., & Sabucedo, J. M. (2014). Mobilization through online social networks: The political protest of the indignados in Spain. Information Communication & Society, 17(6), 750–764. doi: 10.1080/1369118x.2013.808360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardèvol-Abreu, A., Hooker, C. M., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2017). Online news creation, trust in the media, and political participation: Direct and moderating effects over time. Journalism, 19(5), 611–631. doi: 10.1177/1464884917700447
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulianne, S. (2016). Online news, civic awareness, and engagement in civic and political life. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1840–1856. doi: 10.1177/1461444815616222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulianne, S. (2019). Revolution in the making? Social media effects across the globe. Information, Communication & Society, 22(1), 39–54. doi: 10.1080/1369118x.2017.1353641
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caren, N., Ghoshal, R. A., & Ribas, V. (2011). A social movement generation: Cohort and period trends in protest attendance and petition signing. American Sociological Review, 76(1), 125–151. doi: 10.1177/0003122410395369
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, M., & Lee, F. L. F. (2014). Selective exposure and agenda setting: Exploring the impact of partisan media exposure on agenda diversity and political participation. Asian Journal of Communication, 24(4), 301–314. doi: 10.1080/01292986.2014.903424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy, M., Feezell, J. T., & Guerrero, M. (2015). Terms of engagement: Online political participation and the impact of offline political participation. In V. A. Farrar-Myers, & J. S. Vaughn (Eds.), Controlling the message: New media in American political campaigns (pp. 181–199). New York: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Earl, J., Martin, A., McCarthy, J. D., & Soule, S. A. (2004). The use of newspaper data in the study of collective action. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 65–80. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.30.012703.110603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enjolras, B., Steen-Johnsen, K., & Wollebæk, D. (2013). Social media and mobilization to offline demonstrations: Transcending participatory divides? New Media & Society, 15(6), 890–908. doi: 10.1177/1461444812462844
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahri, P. (2017). How mainstream media missed the march that social media turned into a phenomenon. The Washington Post 22. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/how-mass-media-missed-the-march-that-social-media-turned-into-a-phenomenon/2017/01/21/2db4742c-e005-11e6-918c-99ede3c8cafa_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.daa723d8e19d
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, D. R. (2018). American Resistance. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, D. R., & Boekkooi, M. (2010). Mobilizing friends and strangers: Understanding the role of the internet in the step It Up day of action. Information, Communication, & Society, 13(2), 193–208. doi: 10.1080/13691180902878385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, D. R., Dow, D. M., & Ray, R. (2017). The demographics of the #resistance. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/the-demographics-of-the-resistance-77292
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, D. R., Jasny, L., & Dow, D. M. (2018). Why are we here? Patterns of intersectional motivations across the resistance. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 23(4), 451–468. doi: 10.17813/1086-671X-23-4-451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, D. R., Stanley, K., Berman, D., & Neff, G. (2005). How do organizations matter? Mobilization and support for participants at five globalization protests. Social Problems, 52(1), 102–121. doi: 10.1525/sp.2005.52.1.102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamson, W. A. (2004). Bystanders, public opinion, and the media. In D. A. Snow & S. A. Soule (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to social movements (pp. 242–261). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampton, K. (2003). Grieving for a lost network: Collective action in a wired suburb. The Information Society, 19(5), 417–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassanpour, N. (2012). Localization of the news and urban unrest: A media usage and protest location survey in Cairo. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2104515
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, L. H. (2006). Is Internet content different after all? A content analysis of mobilizing information in online and print newspapers. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83, 58–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inclan, M., & Almeida, P. D. (2017). Ritual demonstrations versus reactive protests: Participation across mobilizing contexts in Mexico City. Latin American Politics and Society, 59(4), 47–74. doi: 10.1111/laps.12033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, B. (2017). An Earth Day protest: The March for Science is set for April 22. Retrieved from http://www.salon.com/2017/02/02/the-march-for-science-is-set-to-happen-on-earth-day_partner/
   Google Scholar
• Karyotis, G., & Rüdig, W. (2018). The three waves of anti-austerity protest in Greece, 2010–2015. Political Studies Review, 16(2), 158–169. doi: 10.1177/1478929916685728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilgo, D., & Harlow, S. (2019). Protests, media coverage, and a hierarchy of social struggle. International Journal of Press/Politics, Online first, 1–23. doi: 10.1177/1940161219853517
   Google Scholar
• Kirkizh, N. A., & Koltsova, O. Y. (2018). Online news and protest participation in a political context: Evidence from self-reported cross-sectional data. Higher School of Economics Research Paper No. WP BRP, 58.
   Google Scholar
• Klandermans, B. (1984). Mobilization and participation: Social-psychological expansions of resource mobilization theory. American Sociological Review, 49(5), 583–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klandermans, B., & Oegema, D. (1987). Potentials, networks, motivations, and barriers: Steps towards participation in social movements. American Sociological Review, 52, 519–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koc-Michalska, K., Schiffrin, A., Lopez, A., Boulianne, S., & Bimber, B. (2019). From online political posting to mansplaining: The gender gap and social media in political discussion. Social Science Computer Review, Online First, 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, F. L. F. (2005). Collective efficacy, support for democratization, and political participation in Hong Kong. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 18(3), 297–317. doi: 10.1093/ijpor/edh105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, F. L. F., Chen, H. T., & Chan, M. (2017). Social media use and university students’ participation in a large-scale protest campaign: The case of Hong Kong's Umbrella movement. Telematics and Informatics, 34, 457–469. doi: 10.1016/j.tele.2016.08.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, D. K. K., & Lee, F. L. F. (2014). Cultivating an active online counterpublic: Examining usage and political impact of internet alternative media. International Journal of Press-Politics, 19(3), 340–359. doi: 10.1177/1940161214530787
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley, B. L., & Brewer, P. R. (2018). Social media, networked protest, and the March for Science. Social Media+ Society, 4(3), 1–12. doi: 10.1177/2056305118793407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdam, D., & Paulsen, R. (1993). Specifying the relationship between social ties and activism. American Sociological Review, 51(3), 464–481.
   Google Scholar
• Moseley, M. W. (2015). Contentious engagement: Understanding protest participation in Latin American democracies. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 7(3), 3–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motta, M. (2018). The polarizing effect of the March for science on attitudes toward scientists. PS: Political Science & Politics, 51(4), 782–788. doi: 10.1017/S1049096518000938
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolini, K. M., & Hansen, S. S. (2018). Framing the Women’s March on Washington: Media coverage and organizational messaging alignment. Public Relations Review, 44(1), 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, P. E., & Maney, G. M. (2000). Political processes and local newspaper coverage of protest events: From selection bias to triadic interactions. American Journal of Sociology, 106(2), 463–505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlic, R. D. (2018). Sentenced to debt: Explaining student mobilization in Chile. Latin American Research Review, 53(3), 448–465. doi: 10.25222/larr.395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas, H., Barnidge, M., & Abril, E. P. (2016). Egocentric publics and corrective action. Communication and the Public, 1(1), 27–38. doi: 10.1177/2057047315619421
   Google Scholar
• Ross, A. D., Struminger, R., Winking, J., & Wedemeyer-Strombel, K. R. (2018). Science as a public good: Findings from a survey of March for Science participants. Science Communication, 40(2), 228–245. doi: 10.1177/1075547018758076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salzman, R. (2016). Exploring social media use and protest participation in Latin America. Journal of Latin American Communication Research, 5(2), 72–85.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders, C. (2014). Anti-politics in action? Measurement dilemmas in the study of unconventional political participation. Political Research Quarterly, 67(3), 574–588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherman, A., Arriagada, A., & Valenzuela, S. (2015). Student and environmental protests in Chile: The role of social media. Politics, 35(2), 151–171. doi: 10.1111/1467-9256.12072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schussman, A., & Soule, S. A. (2005). Process and protest: Accounting for individual protest participation. Social Forces, 84(2), 1083–1108. doi: 10.1353/sof.2006.0034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow, D., Zurcher, L., & Ekland-Olson, S. (1980). Social movements: A microstructural approach to differential recruitment. American Sociological Review, 45, 787–801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somma, N. M. (2010). How do voluntary organizations foster protest? The role of organizational involvement on individual protest participation. Sociological Quarterly, 51(3), 384–407. doi: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01178.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, P. (2017). The woman who started the Women’s March with a Facebook post reflects: ‘It was mind-boggling’. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2017/01/31/the-woman-who-started-the-womens-march-with-a-facebook-post-reflects-it-was-mind-boggling/?utm_term=.f042f6d45b32
   Google Scholar
• Štětka, V., & Mazák, J. (2014). Whither slacktivism? Political engagement and social media use in the 2013 Czech Parliamentary elections. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 8(3), doi: 10.5817/CP2014-3-7
   Google Scholar
• Susánszky, P., Kopper, A., & Tóth, G. (2016). Pro-government demonstrations in Hungary–citizens’ autonomy and the role of the media. East European Politics, 32(1), 63–80. doi: 10.1080/21599165.2015.1128900
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrow, S. (1998). Power in movement: Social movements and contentious politics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tufekci, Z. (2017). Tear gas: The power and fragility of networked protest. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tufekci, Z., & Wilson, C. (2012). Social media and the decision to participate in political protest: Observations from Tahrir square. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 363–379. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, S. (2013). Unpacking the use of social media for protest behavior: The roles of information, opinion expression, and activism. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 920–942. doi: 10.1177/0002764213479375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, S., Arriagada, A., & Scherman, A. (2014). Facebook, Twitter, and youth engagement: A quasi-experimental study of social media use and protest behavior using propensity score matching. International Journal of Communication, 8, 2046–2070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, S., Somma, N. M., Scherman, A., & Arriagada, A. (2016). Social media in Latin America: Deepening or bridging gaps in protest participation? Online Information Review, 40(5), 695–711. doi: 10.1108/OIR-11-2015-0347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Laer, J. (2010). Activists online and offline: The internet as an information channel for protest demonstrations. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 15(3), 347–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassallo, F., & Ding, P. (2016). Explaining protest in the aftermath of the great recession in Europe. PArtecipazione e Conflitto, 9(1), 101–126. doi: 10.1285/i20356609v9i1p101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vissers, S., & Stolle, D. (2014). Spill-over effects between Facebook and on/offline political participation? Evidence from a two-wave panel study. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 11, 259–275. doi: 10.1080/19331681.2014.888383
   Google Scholar
• Watts, M. W. (2001). Aggressive political behavior: Predisposition and protest behaviour, East and West, then and now. Retrieved from https://www.gesis.org/fileadmin/upload/forschung/publikationen/gesis_reihen/Blickpunkt/6/watts.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wouters, R. (2013). From the street to the screen: Characteristics of protest events as determinants of television news coverage. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 18(1), 83–105. doi: 10.17813/maiq.18.1.y6067731j4844067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar