References
- Albert, W., & Tedesco, D. (2010). Reliability of self-reported awareness measures based on eye tracking. Journal of Usability Studies, 5(2), 50–64.
- Amoore, L. (2009). Algorithmic war: everyday Geographies of the war on terror. Antipode, 41(1), 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2008.00655.x
- Anderson, C. (2013). Towards a sociology of computational and algorithmic journalism. New Media & Society, 15(7), 1005–1021. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812465137
- Beer, D. (2017). The social power of algorithms. Information Communication and Society, 20(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1216147
- Bucher, T. (2012). Want to be on the top? Algorithmic power and the threat of invisibility on Facebook. New Media and Society, 14(7), 1164–1180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812440159
- Bucher, T. (2017). The algorithmic imaginary: exploring the ordinary affects of Facebook algorithms. Information, Communication & Society, 20(1), 30–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1154086
- Bucher, T. (2018). If..then: algorithmic power and politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Christin, A. (2017). Algorithms in practice: Comparing web journalism and criminal justice. Big Data & Society, 4(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717718855
- Chung, T. S., Wedel, M., & Rust, R. T. (2016). Adaptive personalization using social networks. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(1), 66–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-015-0441-x
- Dencik, L., Hintz, A., & Cable, J. (2016). Towards data justice? The ambiguity of anti-surveillance resistance in political activism. Big Data & Society, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716679678
- Dencik, L., Hintz, A., Redden, J., & Treré, E. (2019). Exploring data justice: Conceptions, applications and directions. Information, Communication & Society, 22(7), 873–881. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1606268
- Diakopoulos, N. (2015). Algorithmic accountability. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 398–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976411
- Dörr, K. N. (2016). Mapping the field of algorithmic journalism. Digital Journalism, 4(6), 700–722. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1096748
- Dupagne, M. (2006). Predictors of consumer digital television awareness in the United States. Communication Research Reports, 23(2), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090600669095
- Dutton, W. H., & Reisdorf, B. C. (2019). Cultural divides and digital inequalities: attitudes shaping internet and social media divides. Information Communication and Society, 22(1), 18–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1353640
- Eslami, M., Rickman, A., Vaccaro, K., Aleyasen, A., Vuong, A., Karahalios, K., Hamilton, K., & Sandvig, C. (2015). I always assumed that I wasn’t really that close to [her]: Reasoning about invisible algorithms in news feeds. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 153–162). ACM.
- Eubanks, V. (2018). Automating inequality : How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. St. Martin’s Press.
- Flynn, L. R., & Goldsmith, R. E. (1999). A short, reliable measure of subjective knowledge. Journal of Business Research, 46(1), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(98)00057-5
- Geiger, R. S. (2017). Beyond opening up the black box: Investigating the role of algorithmic systems in Wikipedian organizational culture. Big Data & Society, 4(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717730735
- Gillespie, T. (2013). The relevance of algorithms. In T. Gillespie, P. Boczkowski, & K. Foot (Eds.), Media technologies: Essays on communication, materiality, and society (pp. 167–194). MIT Press.
- Gillespie, T., & Seaver, N. (2016). Critical algorithm studies: A reading list.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson custom library.
- Hamilton, K., Karahalios, K., Sandvig, C., & Eslami, M. (2014). A path to understanding the effects of algorithm awareness. In CHI ’14 extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems (pp. 631–642). ACM.
- Hargittai, E. (2009). An update on survey measures of web-oriented digital literacy. Social Science Computer Review, 27(1), 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439308318213
- Hargittai, E., & Micheli, M. (2019). Internet skills and why they matter. In M. Graham & W. H. Dutton (Eds.), Society and the internet: How networks of information and communication are changing our lives (pp. 109–124). Oxford University Press.
- Introna, L. D. (2016). Algorithms, governance, and governmentality. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 41(1), 17–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243915587360
- Kitchin, R. (2017). Thinking critically about and researching algorithms. Information, Communication & Society, 20(1), 14–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1154087
- Klawitter, E., & Hargittai, E. (2018). “It’s like learning a whole other language”: The role of algorithmic skills in the curation of creative goods. International Journal of Communication, 12, 3490–3510.
- Lenglet, M. (2011). Conflicting codes and codings. Theory, Culture & Society, 28(6), 44–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276411417444
- Lutz, C. (2019). Digital inequalities in the age of artificial intelligence and big data. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(2), 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.140
- Mackenzie, A. (2015). The production of prediction: What does machine learning want? European Journal of Cultural Studies, 18(4-5), 429–445. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549415577384
- Mondak, J. J. (1999). Reconsidering the measurement of political knowledge. Political Analysis, 8(01), 57–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pan.a029805
- Moore, D. A., & Dev, A. S. (2018). Individual differences in overconfidence. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences. Springer US. http://osf.io/hzk6q
- Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression : How search engines reinforce racism. NYU Press.
- Norušis, M. J. (2011). IBM SPSS statistics 19 advanced statistical procedures companion. Manual Spss.
- Oakley, K. (2009). From Bohemia to Britart – Art students over 50 years. Cultural Trends, 18(4), 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/09548960903268105
- O’Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of math destruction : How big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Boradway Books.
- Park, S., & Humphry, J. (2019). Exclusion by design: Intersections of social, digital and data exclusion. Information, Communication & Society, 22(7), 934–953. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1606266
- Pasquale, F. (2015). The black box society: The secret algorithms that control money and information. Harvard University Press.
- Plantin, J.-C., Lagoze, C., Edwards, P. N., & Sandvig, C. (2018). Infrastructure studies meet platform studies in the age of Google and Facebook. New Media & Society, 20(1), 293–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816661553
- Proferes, N. (2017). Information flow solipsism in an exploratory study of beliefs about Twitter. Social Media + Society, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117698493
- Rader, E., & Gray, R. (2015). Understanding user beliefs about algorithmic curation in the facebook news feed. In Proceedings of the 33rd annual ACM conference on human factors in computing systems - CHI ’15 (pp. 173–182). ACM Press.
- Schiro, E. C. (2019). Norsk mediebarometer 2018. Statistics Norway.
- Seaver, N. (2017). Algorithms as culture: Some tactics for the ethnography of algorithmic systems. Big Data & Society, 4(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717738104
- Slater, B. M. D. (2004). Exposure : Foundation of media effects. Jurnalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(1), 168–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100112
- Smith, A. (2018). Many Facebook users don’t understand how the site’s news feed works.
- Statistics Norway. (2019). Bruk av IKT i husholdningene.
- van Deursen, A., & Helsper, E. (2015). The third-level digital divide: Who benefits most from being online? In L. Robinson, S. Cotten, & J. Schulz (Eds.), Studies in media and communications: Vol. 10. Communication and information technologies annual (pp. 29–52). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
- van Deursen, A., & van Dijk, J. (2014). The digital divide shifts to differences in usage. New Media & Society, 16(3), 507–526. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813487959
- van Dijck, J. (2013). The culture of connectivity : A critical history of social media. Oxford University Press.
- Wilson, M. (2017). Algorithms (and the) everyday. Information Communication and Society, 20(1), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1200645
- Zillien, N., & Hargittai, E. (2009). Digital distinction: Status-specific types of internet usage. Social Science Quarterly, 90(2), 274–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00617.x