References
- Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211–236. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211
- Amit-Danhi, E. R., & Shifman, L. (2018). Digital political infographics: A rhetorical palette of an emergent genre. New Media & Society, 20(10), 3540–3559. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817750565
- Balmas, M., & Sheafer, T. (2010). Candidate image in election campaigns: Attribute agenda setting, affective priming, and voting intentions. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22(2), 204–229. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edq009
- Banda, K. K. (2013). The dynamics of campaign issue agendas. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 13(4), 446–470. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1532440013498879
- Berger, J., & Milkman, K. L. (2012). What makes online content viral? Journal of Marketing Research, 49(2), 192–205. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.10.0353
- Berger, J., & Milkman, K. L. (2013). Emotion and virality: What makes online content go viral? GFK Marketing Intelligence Review, 5(1), 18–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2478/gfkmir-2014-0022
- Bonsón, E., & Ratkai, M. (2013). A set of metrics to assess stakeholder engagement and social legitimacy on a corporate Facebook page. Online Information Review, 37(5), 787–803. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-03-2012-0054
- Bossetta, M. (2018). The digital architectures of social media: Comparing political campaigning on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat in the 2016 US election. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(2), 471–496. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018763307
- Brader, T. (2006). Campaigning for hearts and minds: How emotional appeals in political ads work. University of Chicago Press.
- Bucher, T. (2017). The algorithmic imaginary: Exploring the ordinary affects of Facebook algorithms. Information, Communication & Society, 20(1), 30–44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1154086
- Cairo, A. (2016). The truthful art: Data, charts, and maps for communication. New Riders.
- Cairo, A. (2019). How charts lie. WW Norton & Company.
- Cairo, A. (2012). The functional art: An introduction to information graphics and visualization. New Riders.
- Callon, M. (2007). What does it mean to say that economics is performative? In D. MacKenzie, F. Muniesa, & L. Siu (Eds.), Do economists make markets? On the performativity of economics (pp. 311–357). Princeton University Press.
- Chielens, K., & Heylighen, F. (2005, April). Operationalization of meme selection criteria: Methodologies to empirically test memetic predictions. In AISB 2005. Proceedings of the joint symposium on socially inspired computing (pp. 14–20). University of Hertfordshire.
- DeLancey, S. (2001). The mirative and evidentiality. Journal of Pragmatics, 33(3), 369–382. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(01)80001-1
- DiGrazia, J., McKelvey, K., Bollen, J., & Rojas, F. (2013). More tweets, more votes: Social media as a quantitative indicator of political behavior. PloS one, 8(11), Article e79449. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079449
- Enli, G. (2017). Twitter as arena for the authentic outsider: Exploring the social media campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election. European Journal of Communication, 32(1), 50–61. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116682802
- Guadagno, R. E., Rempala, D. M., Murphy, S., & Okdie, B. M. (2013). What makes a video go viral? An analysis of emotional contagion and Internet memes. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2312–2319. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.016
- Guerini, M., & Staiano, J. (2015, May). Deep feelings: A massive cross-lingual study on the relation between emotions and virality. In Roceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web (pp. 299–305). ACM.
- Heylighen, F., & Bollen, J. (1996). The world-wide web as a super-brain: From metaphor to model. In R. Trappl (Ed.), Cybernetics and systems’ 96 (Austrian Society for Cybernetics) (pp. 917–922). Austrian Society for Cybernetics.
- Holtrop, T. (2018). 6.15%: taking numbers at interface value. Science & Technology Studies, 31(4), 75–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23987/sts.56743
- Jacobson, G. C. (2016). Polarization, gridlock, and presidential campaign politics in 2016. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 667(1), 226–246. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716216658921
- Kennedy, H., & Hill, R. L. (2018). The feeling of numbers: Emotions in everyday engagements with data and their visualization. Sociology, 52(4), 830–848. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038516674675
- Kennedy, H., Hill, R. L., Aiello, G., & Allen, W. (2016). The work that visualisation conventions do. Information, Communication & Society, 19(6), 715–735. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1153126
- Kim, J. W. (2018). Rumor has it: The effects of virality metrics on rumor believability and transmission on Twitter. New Media & Society, 20(12), 4807–4825. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818784945
- Kim, J. Y., Painter, D. L., & Dunton Miles, M. A. (2013). Campaign agenda-building online: The effects of online information source and interactivity on affective evaluations and the salience of the election. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 10(3), 326–340. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2013.807757
- Kreiss, D., Lawrence, R. G., & McGregor, S. C. (2018). In their own words: Political practitioner accounts of candidates, audiences, affordances, genres, and timing in strategic social media use. Political Communication, 35(1), 8–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1334727
- Krippendorff, K. (2004). Reliability in content analysis: Some common misconceptions and recommendations. Human Communication Research, 30(3), 411–433. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00738.x
- Krum, R. (2013). Cool infographics: Effective communication with data visualization and design. John Wiley & Sons.
- Ksiazek, T. B., Peer, L., & Lessard, K. (2016). User engagement with online news: Conceptualizing interactivity and exploring the relationship between online news videos and user comments. New Media & Society, 18(3), 502–520. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814545073
- Macafee, T., McLaughlin, B., & Rodriguez, N. S. (2019). Winning on social media: candidate social-mediated communication and voting during the 2016 US presidential election. Social Media+ Society, 5(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119826130
- Markowitz-Elfassi, D., Yarchi, M., & Samuel-Azran, T. (2019). Share, comment, but do not like: The effect of politicians’ facial attractiveness on audience engagement on Facebook. Online Information Review, 43(5), 743–759. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-02-2018-0043
- Messaris, P. (1997). Visual persuasion. Sage Publications.
- Nahon, K., & Hemsley, J. (2013). Going viral. Polity.
- Nelson-Field, K., Riebe, E., & Newstead, K. (2013). The emotions that drive viral video. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 21(4), 205–211. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2013.07.003
- Nikolinakou, A., & King, K. W. (2018). Viral video ads: Emotional triggers and social media virality. Psychology & Marketing, 35(10), 715–726. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21129
- Noon-Nave, N., Shifman, L., & Tenenboim-Weinblatt, K. (2018). Talking it personally: Features of successful political posts on Facebook. Social Media+Society, 4(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118784771
- O’Brien, H. L., & Toms, E. (2008). What is user engagement? A conceptual framework for defining user engagement with technology. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(6), 938–955. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20801
- Papacharissi, Z. (2012). A networked self: Identity performance and sociability on social network sites. In F. L. Lee, L. Leung, & J. Qiu (Eds.), Frontiers in New media research (pp. 207–221). Routledge.
- Park, K. H. (2014). Identifying ways of effective communication focused on public campaign design (Master’s thesis). LSU Digital Commons. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3311/
- Picone, I., Kleut, J., Pavlíčková, T., Romic, B., Møller Hartley, J., & De Ridder, S. (2019). Small acts of engagement: Reconnecting productive audience practices with everyday agency. New Media & Society, 21(9), 2010–2028. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819837569.
- Porter, T. M. (1996). Trust in numbers: The pursuit of objectivity in science and public life. Princeton University Press.
- Prims, J., Melton, Z. J., & Motyl, M. (2017). Tweeting morals in the 2016 election. In M. Fitzduff (Ed.), Irrational politics: The allure of Donald Trump (pp. 171–189). Praeger.
- Rossini, P., Stromer-Galley, J., Kenski, K., Hemsley, J., Zhang, F., & Dobreski, B. (2018). The relationship between race competitiveness, standing in the polls, and social media communication strategies during the 2014 U.S. gubernatorial campaigns. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 245–261. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2018.1485606
- Shifman, L. (2018). Testimonial rallies and the construction of memetic authenticity. European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 172–184. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760320
- So, J., Prestin, A., Lee, L., Wang, Y., Yen, J., & Chou, W. Y. S. (2016). What do people like to “share” about obesity? A content analysis of frequent retweets about obesity on Twitter. Health Communication, 31(2), 193–206. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.940675
- Tedesco, J. C. (2007). Examining internet interactivity effects on young adult political information efficacy. American Behavioral Scientist, 50(9), 1183–1194. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764207300041
- Towner, T. L. (2017). The infographic election: The role of visual content on social media in the 2016 presidential campaign. In D. Schill, & J. A. Hendricks (Eds.), The presidency and social media: Discourse, disruption, and digital democracy in the 2016 presidential election (pp. 236–262). Routledge.
- Tufte, E. R. (1983). The visual display of quantitative information. Graphics Press.
- Vepsäläinen, T., Li, H., & Suomi, R. (2017). Facebook likes and public opinion: Predicting the 2015 Finnish parliamentary elections. Government Information Quarterly, 34(3), 524–532. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.05.004
- Weber, C. (2013). Emotions, campaigns, and political participation. Political Research Quarterly, 66(2), 414–428. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912912449697
- Worley, B. (2013). http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/upgrade-your-life/facebook-scam-alert—what-really-happens-when-you–like–150959399.html.
- Wright, J. D., & Tomlinson, M. F. (2018). Personality profiles of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump: Fooled by your own politics. Personality and Individual Differences, 128, 21–24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.02.019
- Xenos, M. A., Macafee, T., & Pole, A. (2017). Understanding variations in user response to social media campaigns: A study of Facebook posts in the 2010 US elections. New Media & Society, 19(6), 826–842. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815616617